Table of Contents

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni inkululeko yamaphephandaba, zisebenza njengabagcini benye yezona ntsika zisisiseko zedemokhrasi. Inkululeko yoomatshini bokushicilela ikhusela ilungelo lokuqokelela ulwazi luze luxele kwabanye, inkululeko ebalulekileyo encedayo ekukhuseleni idemokhrasi. Ngohlalutyo lobulungisa nezigqibo zeziganeko eziphawula iziganeko, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli namaziko asasaza ijelo-ndaba anokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungeyo okanye ukuhlalutya. Le nkcazelo ibanzi ihlola indlela iinkundla ezithethelela ngayo eli lungelo liyimfuneko, imigaqo esemthethweni eziyisebenzisayo, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezijongenenkululeko yokushicilela kwimihla yanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yamaphephandaba

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba sisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko esiqulethwe kuMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala, oyinxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo. Le nkululeko ikhusela ilungelo lokuqokelela ulwazi nokulunika kwabanye. IsiHlomelo sokuQala sichaza ukuba "Icala aliyi kwenza mthetho... ovala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba," ukuseka ukhuseleko olucacileyo lomgaqo-siseko lwemisebenzi yoonondaba.

Ngeli xesha lokusetyenziswa kwemipu yoshicilelo ngo1791, icandelo loshicilelo olukhululekileyo elibhekiswe kumaphephandaba, ngoku lisebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zokuqokelela nokubika iindaba, ngaphandle kwe-medium. Umabonwakude, unomathotholo kunye ne-intanethi yonxibelelwano ziyakhuselwa nangona zingasebenzisi oomatshini bokushicilela. Le ndaleko ibonisa ukuqonda kweenkundla ezicinezela inkululeko ekufuneka iqhelane neenguquko zobugcisa ngoxa zigcina iinjongo zazo ezingundoqo.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkululeko Igxininise Kwidemokhrasi

Inkululeko yokuvakalisa iimbono zomntu ngokuthetha okanye ngokuqhankqalaza ngaphandle koloyiko lobucuphi bukarhulumente okanye ukuphindezela luphawu lwedemokhrasi esebenzayo. Namhlanje, oku akusebenzi kubemi bemihla ngemihla kuphela kodwa nakumaziko eendaba, aqinisekisa ukuba abo basemagunyeni banokuphenduliswa kwaye uluntu luyakwazi ukufumana ulwazi olunokuthenjwa nokuqalisa ingxoxo. Amaphephandaba asebenza njengesixhobo sokulinda imisebenzi karhulumente, ebhenca ukonakala kunye nokwazisa abemi ngemicimbi kawonke wonke.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala esinelungelo lokufumana uphanda-ndaba okhululekileyo samiselwa njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente yaye sisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbopheleleko yethu kwidemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla loorhulumente, bangayicimi inkcazelo, basebenzise intetho yesidlangalala, kwaye basebenze ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Iinkundla ziyawuvuma lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo xa zivavanya imiqathango kwimisebenzi yokushicilela.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziyikhusela Ngayo Inkululeko Ecinezelayo

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eUnited States ibhekisela ekukhuseleni ukupapashwa, ukunikelwa kwengxelo, ukhetho lomhleli, kunye nokuchazwa okunxulumene nalo phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa Wokuqala.

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho yemiqathango yoxinezeleko

Iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko yokushicilela ngokuhlola amatyala apho eli lungelo licelw ’ umngeni. Zigqiba enoba imithetho okanye izenzo ezithintela oondaba zisemthethweni na kwaye zingumGaqo-siseko. Xa iinkundla zifumana imiqathango engekho mthethweni, zinokuyivala okanye ziyibhukuqe, ziqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokucinezela ihlala ikhuselwe kwiiqhayiya zikarhulumente.

Inkqubo yokugweba ibandakanya ukulungelelaniswa okucokisekileyo kwezilangazelelo zokukhuphisana. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele inkululeko ngokuchasene nezinye imilinganiselo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuzimela ngokwesondo, nokukhuseleka kwabantu. Oku kulungelelanisa kubandakanya ukuba abagwebi basebenzise imigaqo emiselweyo yomthetho ngoxa beqwalasela iimeko ezithile zetyala ngalinye.

Ukumisela Iziganeko Zangaphambili Ezisemthethweni

UHlomelo Lokuqala esilwaziyo namhlanje lwavela kakhulu kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Ngeenkundla eziphawuliweyo, ziye zavelisa iqumrhu elichaza umqathango nemilinganiselo yenkululeko yokushicilela. Le miqathango ikhokela iinkundla ezisezantsi, amagosa karhulumente, nemibutho yamajelo eendaba ekuqondeni oko umGaqo-siseko ukuvumeleyo nokungakuvumeliyo.

Umthetho wetyala nemithetho isebenza kunye: iinkundla zitolika iSiHlaziyo Sokuqala zize ke izindlu zowiso-mthetho maxa wambi zamkele imiqathango okanye imiqathango esemthethweni esetyenziswa kwimimandla ethile. Oku kubandakanya izigwebo zomthetho nesenzo sowiso-mthetho kudala inkqubo ebanzi yokukhusela inkululeko yamaphephandaba.

Uphawu lwetyala eliphakamileyo leNkundla ethethelela inkululeko yokuncitshiswa kwemipu

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zaguqula ngokusisiseko inkululeko yokusetyenziswa kwephephandaba eUnited States. La matyala athetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo oomatshini bokushicilela aze amisele imigaqo eqhubeka ikhokela iinkundla namhlanje.

kufuphi noV. Minnesota (1931): Ukugatya iMiqathango ePhambili

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kufutshane neMinnesota sayamkela inkululeko yamaphephandaba ngokuchasa ngokuphandle imiyalelo ethintelweyo epapashwayo, umgaqo owawusebenza kwinkululeko yokuthetha ngokuqhelekileyo kwisigwebo esilandelayo. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umthetho waseMinnesota ojonge abavakalisi bobugqwirha okanye amaphephandaba ahlazisayo aphule uMphetho-mdali Wokuqala (njengoko wawusetyenziswa kuMphengululo we-14).

Ngenxa yokuba umthetho wawungumthetho olawulayo ngaphambi kokuba ufike, iNkundla yawugqala njengokwaphula umthetho okuchaseneyo nokuLandlwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala kwilungelo lokushicilela ngokukhululekileyo. Le mfundiso yaphawula ukuqala kwemfundiso yangaphambili yokuthintela. Le mfundiso ibonisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuthintela ukupapashwa kwempapasho kusengaphambili ngaphandle kwezona meko zingaqhelekanga, njengokusongelwa kokhuseleko lwesizwe ngexesha lemfazwe.

INew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): Umgangatho weMalice

Ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala namhlanje lunganika imibutho yamajelo eendaba inkululeko enkulu, kodwa oko kwakungenjalo ngeminyaka yee-1960 xa amalungelo otsalo-ndaba ayethintelwe kakhulu yimithetho karhulumente eyayikhusela amanani kawonke-wonke ekungcolisweni nasekuhlawulweni. Ityala le Sullivan laguqula eli lizwe ngokuphawulekayo.

Ngo-1960, i-New York Times yapapasha iphepha elipheleleyo lentengiso evela kumbutho wabucala wacela iminikelo ukuxhasa uMartin Luther King Jr. Isibhengezo sabala i-Montgomery, Alabama, isebe lamapolisa ngenxa yokuphatha kakubi kukaKumkani kunye namanye amalungelo abantu abaqhankqalazi. Ekuphenduleni, uMphathiswa wamapolisa L.B. Sullivan waphakamisa iTimes ukucela inkxaso kuMphathiswa wesibhengezo, ekhankanya iimposiso ezincinane, njengamaxesha okubanjwa kukaKumkani.

Inkundla yathi umthetho osetyenziswa ziinkundla zase-Alabama wawungagunyaziswanga ngokomgaqo-siseko ukuba kusilelwe ukunikela izikhuseli zenkululeko yokuthetha kunye nezimadi eziqinisekisiweyo kuMthetho wokuqala noweshumi elinesine wokuLawula kwisenzo sikarhulumente esiziswa ligosa likarhulumente elichasene nabagxeki behambo yakhe esemthethweni. INkundla yathi isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko somgunyathi sasifuna umthetho owalela igosa eliseburhulumenteni ukuba lichase iziphumo zobuxoki obungachananga zokuziphatha kwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba igosa eli gunya lingqine ukuba le ngxelo ihlazo ichazwe ngobuxoki. Inkundla yachaza inti enyani ithetha ukuba ubuxoki okanye idele ngokuba neqhankqayiso enoba yayibubuxoki okanye akunjalo.

Lo mlinganiselo wobundlobongela unika ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuphefumla kwingxoxo kawonke wonke enzulu ngamagosa karhulumente nangabantu abaphambili. Iyaqonda ukuba iimpazamo ezithile azinakuphepheka kwintetho yesidlangalala eshushu nokuba ukoyika iimpahla zokunxiba akufanele kupholise imbilini engokwasemthethweni kwimicimbi exhalabisa abantu.

INew York Times Co. v. United States (1971: IPentagons Paper Case

INew York Times Co. v. United States (1971), ekwabizwa ngokuba yimeko "Ppetagon Papers", yakhusela ilungelo lokuLandliswa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala wokucinezela ngokukhululekileyo nxamnye nokuthintelwa ngurhulumente. Eli tyala lavela xa urhulumente wazama ukunqanda ukupapashwa kwamaxwebhu ahlulayo malunga nemfazwe yaseVietnam.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho ngokuxhasa ushicilelo, igxininisa umgaqo wokuba ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelwe imiqathango ijongene nengcinga enzima ngokuchasene nobugqeba bayo. Kwisivumelwano sakhe, uMahluleli uHugo Black wabiza imigudu karhulumente ngokuthi "yeyisathusi, engenakuthintelwa, kwaye iqhubekeka ichasene noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko," kunye noJaji uWilliam O. Douglas waphawula ukuba "[t] shese zinokuba nempembelelo enzulu. Kodwa eso asiso sizathu sokuvuma ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili koshicilelo."

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972): Ilungelo Londaba neMithombo Eyimfihlo

Elinye ityala eliphawulekayo lachaza ubuchule boshicilelo lokukhusela imithombo efihlakeleyo esetyenziswa ekunikeleni ingxelo. EBranzburg v.Hayes (1972), umcholacholi weendaba eLouisville, eKentucky, wadlan ’ indlebe nabantu abanxulumene norhwebo lweziyobisi ngeli bali, yaye akazange avume ukubiza imithombo yakhe kwimibutho ebalaseleyo yejaji.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqulunqwa kwisigqibo sokuba inkcazelo isebenza kumdla onyanzelisayo nobalulekileyo karhulumente owathatha indawo yamalungelo akhe okuLandlwa kwakhona, ekubeni kwakuyimfuneko ukuphanda ngezaphuli-mthetho. Nangona esi sigqibo singalimiselanga ilungelo lomcholacholi-ndaba osemthethweni, sakhokelela kwinkqubela-phambili kumthetho karhulumente.

Ukuphendula kwiBranzburg kunye nenkqubela-phambili yamva, amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho ekhusela iintatheli ngokuzikhusela kwiinkcazelo ezithile ezinyanzelekileyo. Le mithetho iyahluka ngokobungakanani kwaye idla ngokuchaza ukuba ngawaphi amantatheli okanye izinto ezifumana ukhuseleko okanye phantsi kwemigaqo enokuthi inyanzeleke. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho yekhasi ithenjiwe ngokwendlela esemthethweni, ukufikelela kwawo kuxhomekeke kumbhalo wesizwe nakwinkcazelo yezomthetho.

Miami Herald Upapasho Co. v. Tornillo (1974): Inkululeko yomhleli

ETornillo, inkundla yawisa umthetho waseFlorida owanika abo babeza kufumana iofisi ilungelo lokupapasha impendulo kugxeko lwephephandaba lobunjani "obuntu okanye ingxelo yabo esemthethweni". Yathi uGawulayo Lokuqala luthintela urhulumente ukuba angalawuli indlela yamaphephandaba "enolwazi olusemthethweni," okokuba, izigqibo malunga noko kufuneka kushicilelwe nokugqunywa kwemicimbi ephambili. Ngaphandle kokukhuselwa, inkundla yathi, urhulumente uyakwazi ukukugxeka oko abantu bavunyelweyo ukukufunda nokukwazi.

Eli tyala lingqina ukuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela amaphephandaba ukuba apapashe imibandela ethile, akhusele inkululeko yokubhala njengenxalenye engundoqo yenkululeko yokushicilela. Lo mgaqo udlulela ngaphaya kwamaphephandaba angokwesithethe kwamanye amacandelo eendaba yaye uhlala ufanelekile kwiingxoxo zale mihla ezingendlela yokuzingca.

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976): Ukukhusela iPrime Firegage

ENebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976), iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba umyalelo onzima ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe inkundla yetyala walwaphula ilungelo lokuLandlwa kwenkululeko yamaphephandaba. Eli tyala laqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azinakusebenzisa imiyalelo egagaga ukuthintela ukukhutshelwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwanaxa ityala elinjalo lisenokuchaphazela ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala.

IJaji enkulu uWarren Burger waqiqa ngelithi "ibutho lonke loluntu alimele lithintelwe ekuxubusheni umbandela ochaphazela ngokusondeleyo ubomi ngaphakathi," ngaloo ndlela likhusela imbopheleleko yomatshini wokushicilela ukunikela inkcazelo enomdla kawonke-wonke. Isigqibo siyaqonda ukuba ukufikelela koluntu kwinkcazelo emalunga nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi.

Iimbambano Eziqhelekileyo Zomthetho Ezijamelene Nezi ngxelo

Iinkundla zisoloko zifumana imingeni engokwasemthethweni evavanya imida yenkululeko yokufuna uncedo.

Imithetho Yobuxoki

Ityala limela omnye weyona mingeni yomthetho exhaphakileyo ejongene noomatshini abacoci. Le ngxelo ipapashiweyo iphazamisa igama lomntu ngolwazi lobuxoki. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise umdla womcholacholi-zincwadi ekukhuseleni udumo lwazo nxamnye nelungelo lomatshini lokuchaza imicimbi yoluntu.

Umgangatho wokoqobo wobubi owamiselwa kwiNew York Times v. Sullivan unikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lokubika ngamagosa aseburhulumenteni nangamanani kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, imilinganiselo eyahlukileyo ingasebenza xa kunikelwa ingxelo ngabantu ngabanye. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko uhlobo lwe-paltiff, umbandela wokunika ingxelo, nomlinganiselo wempazamo oboniswe ngumvakalisi.

Ngaphaya komgangatho weSullivan, iinkundla ziye zavelisa imigaqo eyongezelelekileyo yokukhusela abamangalelwa ekucinezelweni kumatyala ahlab ’ amadlala. Ezi ziquka iimfuno zokuba abamangaleli babonise ukukhohlisa, imiqathango yomonakalo othe wavela, kunye nemilinganiselo engaphezulu yokungqina ukuba iimvakalelo zichaphazele abamangalelwa kumajelo eendaba.

Imiyalelo yezolawulo neyokhuselo

Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athintele ukupapashwa kwencwadi ngaphambi kokuba ipapashwe, kunokuba ohlwaye intetho emva kokupapashwa.

Ityala lePentagon Papers laveza ukuba urhulumente uthwele umthwalo onzima ngokungaqhelekanga ukuze athethelele ngaphambi kokuba athintele. Iinkundla ziya kuvumela kuphela imiqathango enjalo kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, njengaxa impapasho inokuba nengozi enzulu kukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Imiyalelo egatyiweyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho imela olunye uhlobo lokwaliwa kwangaphambili. Ngoxa iinkundla zinomdla osemthethweni wokuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala alungile, azinakusoloko zisithintela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngoondaba. Endaweni yoko, iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise ezinye izinto ezingqongqo, njengokukhetha ngononophelo, ukucela ityala, okanye ukutshintsha indawo.

Imvume yokufikelela kwiimpikiswano zolwazi

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kwisigqibo sokuba iFree Press Claus ayiliniki igunya lokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba anikele inkcazelo okanye ngamanye amaxesha anike ucweyo ulwazi abantu abangenalo. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zawamkela amalungelo okufikelela kwiingxelo neengxelo zikarhulumente.

Kukho uHlaziyo lokuqala olunelungelo lokufikelela kwicandelo elinikiweyo lejaji okanye elinxulumeneyo ukuba (1) kukho imbali yokufikelela kwinkqubela ebuzwayo kwaye (2) ukufikelela kuyingenelo ekusebenzeni kwaloo nto iqhubeka kunye nolawulo-lwazi lobudemokhrasi. Olu vavanyo, olumiselwe kwiRichmond Maphephandaba v. Virginia, lunika isiseko sokuvavanya ukufikelela.

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, amalungelo amaninzi okufikelela kwimithetho efana nenkululeko yoMthetho Wenkcazelo kunye nemithetho evulekileyo. Inkululeko yokuHlaziya kokuqala yokuthetha nokushicilela ibiya kuncitshiswa kakhulu ukuba urhulumente ebenokufihla inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngokusebenza kwayo. Oku kwaba yimpembelelo ephambili ephambili ebangela ukuba i-Freedom of Information Act ka- 1966, eyanika uluntu ukufumaneka kwamaxwebhu amaninzi karhulumente. IiNkundla ziyayichaza ize ziyinyanzele le mithetho, ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyacaca.

Ukhuseleko Lwabantu Abafihlakeleyo

Ukukwazi ukuthembisa imfihlelo kwimithombo kubalulekile kwithala leencwadi eliphandayo. Amabali amaninzi abalulekileyo axhomekeke kwinkcazelo evela kwimithombo enokuthi ijongwe ukuba ifunyanisiwe. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise imfuneko yomatshini wokushicilela yokukhusela imithombo kwezinye izilangazelelo, njengophando lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukufunyanwa kwemiba.

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo eBranzburg ingavumi ukuligqala ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yezokhuselo enika ukhuseleko lomthetho. Le mithetho yahluka kakhulu kumgangatho nakumandla ayo. Eminye inikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kwimithombo eyimfihlo, ngoxa eminye ivumela iinkundla ukuba zinyanzelele ukutyhilwa kwemfuno enyanzelekileyo.

Iinkundla ezisebenzisa imithetho yezokhuselo kufuneka zimisele ukuba umntu othi uyazikhusela uyafaneleka ukuba abe ngumcholacholi-ndaba, enoba inkcazelo efunwayo igqunywe lilungelo na, nokuba ngaba isebenza na. Ezi zigqibo zinokuba ntsokothile, ingakumbi njengenkcazelo ye "iingingqi" yokuguqula iquka abaxhasi bekhompyutha, abacholacholi, nabanye abadlali bezixhobo ze-media abangeyonkcubeko.

Igumbi Lokukhangela Iindaba Neenkuku

Imigudu karhulumente yokukhangela imithombo yeendaba okanye izixhobo zentatheli ezincinane inyusa inkxalabo enzulu yenkululeko yokushicilela. Izenzo ezinjalo zingatyhila imithombo eyimfihlo, zibhence iinkqubo zomhleli, kunye nemisebenzi yokuqokelela iindaba ebandayo.

Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba umatshini wokushicilela awunanto ikhethekileyo yokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esetyenziswayo malunga nokuphengulula kunye nee-popona. Noko ke, imimandla emininzi iye yamkela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna urhulumente ukuba akhuphe enye imithombo phambi kokuba afune izinto kwiintatheli. I-Asspen Protection Act inikeza ukhuseleko lwe-stateory kuphengululo lwamagumbi okugcina iindaba kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe nolwazi olulungelelanisiweyo

Uxanduva oluphakathi kwenkululeko yamaphephandaba nokhuseleko lwesizwe luveza amanye amatyala anzima kwiinkundla.

Ityala lePentagons Papers laseka ukuba urhulumente akanakucela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kuphela ukuze athintele ukupapashwa kwempapasho. Iinkundla zifuna ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba kukho ingozi ekhawulezileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba inkcazelo ethile isongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe ngokwenene yaye urhulumente unomdla ofanelekileyo ekukhuseleni inkcazelo enjalo.

Le micimbi idla ngokubandakanya inkcazelo yokwahlulwa koondaba abafunyanwa ziintatheli ezisuka kwiincwadi zikarhulumente. Ngoxa umatshini wokushicilela ungenakusohlwaywa ngokupapasha ulwazi olufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni, imithombo evuzayo isenokujamelana netyala. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho amandla anzima ekufuneka asetyenziswe ziinkundla.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Ecinezelweyo Namanye Amalungelo Nezinye Izinto Ezinomtsalane

Iinkundla zisoloko zisingatha amatyala enkululeko yokushicilela ngokulinganisela amalungelo abantu kunye noluntu ngemfuneko yokunikela ingxelo ngokukhululekileyo. Zifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango iyafaneleka yaye ayisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ushicilelo.

Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Okuchotshelwa Kwetyala

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukuba ityala letyala elifanelekileyo libekwa lityala lingumgwebi ongakhethi buso.

Kunokuba ithintele ukukhutshelwa kwamaphephandaba, iinkundla zisebenzisa amanye amanyathelo okukhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo. Ezi ziquka ityala eliyingozi ngexesha lokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala, imiyalelo yokungayinanzi ingxelo yetyala, ukuququzelelwa kwamatyala, ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokwazisa, nokutshintsha kwendawo. Kuphela kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga iinkundla ziya kuqwalasela ukuthintelwa kwengxelo yamaphephandaba.

Amalungelo Emfihlo

Iinkundla zimele zigqibe xa imibandela eyimfihlo ifanele ithintele ukupapashwa kwempapasho okanye ibangele ukuba umntu ahlaselwe yimicimbi yezobuqu.

Ukulungelelana kuxhomekeke ekubeni inkcazelo ibandakanya inkxalabo yoluntu nokuba umntu ungowaseburhulumenteni kusini na. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi ekunikeleni ingxelo kumagosa karhulumente nakwimicimbi yoluntu, ngoxa zivuma amalungelo angakumbi ayimfihlo kubantu abazimeleyo ngokuphathelele imicimbi yangasese.

I-ofisi yenkululeko kunye ne-escreens zomntu ngamnye azimelenga ncam kwaye kufuneka zilungelelane. Iinkundla kufuneka zijonge i-"mdla ofanelekileyo kawonke-wonke" oku kulungelelanisa indlela yokuqhuba iinkundla kuvumela ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko nokuzifunela izinto zobuqu ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuzichaza Nentlungu Engokweemvakalelo

Ngoxa umthetho wokunyelisa ukhusela igama elihle, iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba ingxubusho eqinileyo kawonke-wonke ngokuqinisekileyo ibandakanya ukugxekwa okuthile okusenokulonakalisa udumo. Umlinganiselo wokoqobo wobubi ubonisa ukuyiqonda le nto, unika ithuba lokuphefumla ukuba amagosa karhulumente anamandla kunye namagosa kawonke-wonke.

Iinkundla zikwathetha nezityholo zokubangela uxinezeleko lweemvakalelo ngeqhinga kumaphephandaba. Ezi ngxelo azinakusetyenziswa ukuphepha imigaqo ekhuselwayo enikelwa ngumthetho ohlab

Amalungelo eMisebenzi eQumrhu

Umthetho wamalungelo omqulunqi ukhusela imisebenzi yendalo, kodwa ugxininiso lufuna ubuchule bokusebenzisa izinto ezikhutshelwe amaphepha-ndaba. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imfundiso elungileyo ukulungelelanisa ezi njongo, ziqwalasela iinjongo zokusetyenziswa, uhlobo lomsebenzi okhutshelwe amaphepha asemthethweni, imali esetyenzisiweyo, kunye neziphumo zentengiso yomsebenzi wokuqala.

Ukunikela ingxelo yeendaba kufanelekile njengokusetyenziswa kakuhle xa kubandakanya ukucatshulwa okanye ukuveliswa kwenkcazelo ekhutshiweyo ukuze kukhutshwe, kugxekwe okanye kunikelwe ingxelo.

Indaleko Yenkululeko Yokucinezela Inkululeko

Ukuphucula inkululeko kuye kwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaza kwatshintsha ubugcisa, iimeko zentlalo neentanda - bulumko zokugweba. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunceda abantu bafumane ucelomngeni olukhoyo nolwalathiso lwexesha elizayo.

Amatyala Enkululeko Ephambili

Elinye lamatyala okuqala amalunga nenkululeko yamaphephandaba lavavanya ukufaneleka kwenyaniso njengenkuselo nxamnye nokhupho. Kule meko, ikoloni yaseNew York uJohn Peter Zenger yazama ukulwa novukeli nxamnye nerhuluneli. Ngelo xesha, inyaniso yayingagqalwa njengeyokukhusela kwiimeko zokukhulula.

Igqwetha leZenger laphikisa ngelithi abachopheli-mthetho babenegunya kunye nomsebenzi wokugweba umthetho kunye nezibakala; abachopheli-tyala bakhulula uZenger. Esi sigqibo samela uloyiso oluphawulekayo lwenkululeko yamaphephandaba - nangona eli tyala lingazanga lifike phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ityala leZenger laseka imigaqo ebalulekileyo eyaphembelela ukhuseleko lwamva lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukuhlaziywa NgoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Kwezono

Ekuqaleni, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lwalusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni babenokumisela imiqathango yokucinezela ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko karhulumente. Oku kwatshintshwa yimfundiso yokuququzelela, eyasebenzisa ukhuseleko loMphengululo wokuqala kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoMqathango weMqathango ka-14 ka-Claus.

Umthetho karhulumente owawuvumela ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili wawungavumelani nomthetho-siseko. Esi sigqibo sandisa ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokucinezela kumaphondo ngoMphengululo weshumi elinesine. Oku kuququzelelwa kwandisiwe ngokuphawulekayo kokhuseleko lwenkululeko yoomatshini bokushicilela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amanqanaba karhulumente kufuneka awahlonele amalungelo oLawulo lokuqala lokuHlanyiselwa.

Ukwandisa ingcaciso ye "Press"

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba yachazwa kwi Branzburg ka 1972 .Hayes njenge "ilungelo elisisiseko lobuqu", elingekuphela kumaphephandaba nakumaxwebhu aphumayo. KwiSixeko sase-Lovell v. kwisiXeko saseGriffin (1938), iJaji enkulu uCharles Evans Hughes yachaza ushicilelo "naluphi na uhlobo lwempapasho olunika isithuthi solwazi noluvo." Eli lungelo liye ladluliselwa kumaphephandaba, kwiincwadi, kwiimidlalo, kwiifilimu, nakwimidlalo yevidiyo.

Le nkcazelo ibanzi iqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokushicilela luziqhelanisa neentlobo ezintsha zamajelo eendaba nonxibelelwano. Iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba iinjongo ezisisiseko zokucinezela inkululeko, qha ukuguqula uwonke nokuhlola igunya likarhulumente () nokuba kusetyenziswe yiphi indlela.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzama Ukuphelisa Inkululeko

Iinkundla zanamhlanje zijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha ekukhuseleni inkululeko yezavezi zobugcisa, ezorhwebo nezopolitiko.

Izixhobo zobugcisa zamanani kunye nezolwazi olukwikhompyutha

Iingxelo ezikhoyo ze-athom, ezifana nobungcathu beqonga le-intanethi kunye nee-data ezincinci, zivavanya indlela ezisebenza ngayo iimfundiso ezindala namhlanje; ezo ngxaki zitshintsha ngaphandle kokutshintsha imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko yantlandlolo. IiNkundla kufuneka zigqibe indlela ezisebenza ngayo izikhuseli zenkululeko yokushicilela, kubantu abasebenzisa ijelo leewebhusayithi kunye namaqonga eencwadi kwi-intanethi.

Kuphakama imibuzo emalunga nokuba ngubani ofanelekela "uxinzelelo" ngenjongo yemithetho yezokhuselo nezinye izikhuseli. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba abacholacholi-ndaba, abacholacholi be-Webger, nabasebenzisi bezentlalo-ntle bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo nemibutho yeendaba yesithethe. Ezi zigqibo zinokuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo inkululeko yokushicilela kwilixa lamanani.

Yenza Umlinganiselo Nobulumko Bokubhala

Xa kufikelelwa kumatyala amabini amatsha phambi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo, intatheli kunye nejenali leendaba kufuneka zimela amalungelo eqonga okuLandlwa koMphengululo Wokuqala — okanye ubungozi buzidinisa. I-Netchoice v. i-Paxton kunye ne-Moody v. I-Netchoice zombini zibandakanya amalungelo okuQhubela uGawulayo lokuqala kumaqonga ukubandakanyeka kokulungelela ukulungelela ulwaneliseko, okanye ukugcinwa kwemithetho ekwinkonzo yezentlalo-ndaba. La matyala anokuphinda afumane amalungelo oLuntu oLuhlu oluQala lokuHlulela uLawulo lweNtlanga.

Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba imigaqo ecacileyo yomhleli ekwimeko efana ne-Tornillo isebenza njani kwii-drugrafi zamajelo eendaba. Ezi zigqibo aziyi kuchaphazela imisebenzi yaseqongeni kuphela kodwa ziya kuchaphazela nemeko-bume ye-intanethi yoondaba nentetho yesidlangalala.

Ukuvuselelwa kukarhulumente ngokuchasene noxinezeleko

Amatyala atsha nje aye athetha ngemigudu karhulumente yokuziphindezela kwimibutho yeendaba ngenxa yokunganconywa. Isigqibo sejaji Moss sicacisa ukuba ukuphindezela okusekelwe kwimbono echasene nemibutho yamaphephandaba kuchasene nowona mGaqo-siseko ungundoqo.

Isigqibo senkundla yesithili sibopha urhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukuba urhulumente akanyanzeli uLawulo olunobuGqeba oluNgamiselwanga olujolise kwiNPR kunye nePBS kuba uMongameli akathandi ukuxela iindaba zabo nezinye iinkqubo. Njengoko inkundla ivumile, uLawulo oluQala loHlaziyo lutsala umgca, urhulumente angenakunqamleza, kwimigudu yokusebenzisa amandla karhulumente — kuquka amandla engxowa-mali — ukusohlwaya okanye ukuphelisa ukuchazwa kwabanye.

Ukubanjwa Nokukhathazwa Ngeendaba

Iinkundla ziye zathetha ngamatyala abandakanya ukubanjwa okanye ukukhathazwa kweentatheli ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo yokunikela ingxelo. Eli tyala lithatha omnye weyona misebenzi isisiseko yokucholachola zonke: ukucela imithombo kurhulumente ukuze ufumane inkcazelo. Suku ngalunye, intatheli ezininzi zilandela lo mkhwa, zifuna amagqabaza, okanye zikwanee-'popu' kwimithombo karhulumente.

Ukuba uHlomelo Lokuqala luthetha into ethile, ngokuqinisekileyo kuthetha ukuba umcholacholi weendaba unelungelo lokubuza igosa likarhulumente umbuzo, ngaphandle kokoyika ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni iintatheli ekuziphindezeleni ngorhulumente zifihla ukuba zinyanzelisa umthetho.

Iingcinezelo Zezoqoqosho Kwimibutho Yeendaba

Nangona kungeyongxelo engokomthetho ngqo, imingeni yezoqoqosho ejongene noondaba-ndaba ichaphazela indlela iinkundla ezijonga ngayo amatyala enkululeko. Imiqobo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiki asiyomiqobo kuphela ejongene neemeko zokuxinanisa. Imodeli yezoshishino, ingakumbi yeendaba zasekuhlaleni, iyasilela. Ukufika kwe-intanethi, inkqubela yezobugcisa, ivumela ukuba kubekho amalungu akwi-intanethi akhuphisana namaphephandaba, amaphephancwadi, kunye nezosasazo zikamabonwakude ukuze anike ingqalelo kubantu.

Iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele indlela izigqibo zazo ezichaphazela ngayo ubujongo ngexesha loxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho.

Imbono yezizwe ngezizwe ngokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokucinezela

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kwinkundla yaseUnited States, ukuhlolisisa iindlela zokufikelela eziluncedo zamazwe ngamazwe kunikela imeko exabisekileyo. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho zinikela inkululeko nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zinikela uluvo ngezinye iindlela iinkundla ezinokuqwalasela ngazo.

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lunikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwenkululeko yokushicilela, nangona imigaqo ekhethekileyo engokwasemthethweni yahlukile. Amanye amazwe anelungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko elikhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko yokushicilela, ngoxa amanye efumana inkxaso enjalo kumalungelo angakumbi ukuya kuthethwa ngokukhululekileyo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iEuropean Convention on Human Rights ne International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, iphawula inkululeko yokushicilela njengelungelo elisisiseko.

Iinkundla zamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo zijamelene nocelomngeni olufanayo ekulinganiseni inkululeko ekucinezeleni ukukhululeka nxamnye nokuzimela ngasese, ukhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo afanelekileyo okuchonga.

Indima Yeenkundla Ezisezantsi Ekukhuseleni Inkululeko Yokucinezela

Ngoxa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zifumana eyona ngqalelo iphambili, iinkundla eziphantsi zelifa lesizwe nezelizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala enkululeko ekhutshwayo.

Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zijongana neembambano ezincinane ngaphambi kokuba zifike kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Izigqibo zazo zinokuchaphazela indlela ekwandeni ngayo umthetho wenkululeko, ingakumbi xa izahlulo ezijikelezayo okanye izigqibo zenkundla engqubanayo zenkundla yezorhulumente zibangela ukuba kuhlolwe. Iinkundla zamatyala zikwasenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ukufunyanwa, imimiselo yokuqala neminye imibandela echaphazela ngokuphawulekayo inkululeko efuna ukucingisiswa.

Iinkundla zelizwe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla apho umthetho karhulumente unikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunomgangatho ophantsi womgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uqulethe amalungiselelo enkululeko acuthelwe ziinkundla zikarhulumente ngokuzimeleyo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwachaza kwaye zisebenzise imithetho yezokhuselo, imimiselo evulekileyo, neminye imithetho yorhulumente ekhusela amaziko.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo lwenkululeko yokucinezela

Ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo ephantsi yomthetho, iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko yokushicilela ngenkqubo yemiqathango. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokucinezela ifumana ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwanaxa umthetho ongaphantsi usenokuvumela imiqathango ethile.

Uvavanyo Olubude

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uphando oluphangaleleyo kwimithetho ethintela inkululeko. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba imiqathango inika intshukumisa kwaye ilungelelaniswa ngokufutshane ukuze iphumeze ezo njongo. Lo mlinganiselo ufuna inyanzelisa ukuba imiqathango yokucinezela ingabekwa ngokulula okanye ngenxa yeenjongo ezingekho semthethweni.

Umgangatho wohlolo oyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lothintelo kunye nomongo. Imiqathango esekelwe ekuqulethweni ifumana uhlalutyo olungqongqo, ngelixesha imimiselo equlathweyo-phakathi isenokufumana uhlalutyo oluphakathi. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko ulungelelaniso lukarhulumente ziqwalasele ukuba ezinye izinto ezinokungemiqathango mincinane zinokufikelela usukelo olunye.

Impinda egxothiweyo

Ityala lenkululeko elicinezelayo lidla ngokubandakanya imibandela ethatha ixesha elide, enjengemiqathango yangaphambili ekupapasheni okanye ekufikeleleni kwinkundla eqhubekayo. IiNkundla ziyaqonda ukuba ukulibaziseka kokusesikweni kungayiphelisa ngokunempumelelo inkululeko yokushicilela, njengoko iindaba ziphelelwa ngumdla woluntu.

Imithetho emininzi inika iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zokucinezela amatyala enkululeko, ivumela ukuhlolisiswa okukhawulezileyo kwezigqibo zokuvavanywa kwenkundla. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango yokushicilela inkululeko ifumana izisombululo ezikhawulezileyo, ithintela imiqathango yexeshana ekubeni ibe yimiqathango esisigxina.

Imithetho yenkcazelo eyodwa

Amanye amagunya aye amisela imithetho ekhethekileyo yesithethe kwimiba yokushicilela inkululeko. Ezi ziquka iimfuno ezinokukhutshwa zizinto ezingezizo urhulumente ngaphambi kokuba afune ubungqina beendaba, imilinganiselo ephuculiweyo yokukhupha iipoyinti kwiintatheli, okanye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuvavanya imiyalelo enzima ye-gag.

Ezi zixhobo zokukhusela ezixhasa amalungelo enkululeko eencwadi, ziqinisekisa ukuba umatshini wokushicilela uyakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokunempumelelo ukhuseleko lwawo lomgaqo-siseko. Zikwanciphisa umthwalo neendleko zokukhusela inkululeko yokushicilela, ziyenza ibe nokwenzeka ngakumbi kwimibutho yeendaba ukuxhathisa imiqathango engekho mthethweni.

Ikamva Lokhuseleko Lwejaji Lwenkululeko Yokucokisa

Njengoko ubugcisa, uluntu nezobupolitika ziqhubeka ziguquka, iinkundla ziya kujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha ekukhuseleni inkululeko yephephandaba.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo NobuJonga Bobugcisa Obuzenzekelayo

Njengoko ubukrelekrele obungebobobunyani budlala indima ekhulayo ekuqokelelweni nokuxelwa kweendaba, iinkundla kuza kufuneka zimisele indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo izikhuseli zenkululeko yokushicilela. Imibuzo inokuvela malunga nokuba oko kuqulethwe yi-Al-gene ifumana ukhuseleko olufanayo na nolusetyenziswa ngabantu, indlela yokunika ityala ngeempazamo kwingxelo ezithe zasetyenziswa ngabantu, nokuba ukuqokelelwa kweendaba ngemithetho-algorithm kuzenza zigobe ingqiqo yomhleli.

Umthamo kunye noqokelelo logcino-lwazi

Ubuchule bokujonga ulawulo lukarhulumente buyaqhubeka bandisa, kunyuswe amaxhala amatsha enkululeko yoomatshini bokusasaza. Iinkundla kufuneka ziphendule enoba ukujongwa kweentatheli, ukuqokelelwa kweminye imisebenzi yokuhlola kuyayichaphaza inkululeko. Le miba idityaniswa nemibuzo ebanzi yesiHlaliso sesine ephathelele ukuzimela nokujongwa ngurhulumente.

Ijenali yelizwe lonke

Ijenalism iya inqumla imida yesizwe, iintatheli zisebenza ehlabathini lonke zize zipapashe kubantu abasehlabathini lonke. Iinkundla kufuneka zimisele indlela yokusebenzisa ukhuseleko lwenkululeko lokushicilela kwiimeko zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo, iimfazwe phakathi kwemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo, kunye nokukhusela abaququzeleli bamazwe angaphandle.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Inkxalabo ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nenkcazelo engachananga ibangele ukuba kumiselwe imithetho engakumbi yokuqulethwe yi-intanethi. Iinkundla kufuneka zahlule kakuhle phakathi kwemigudu esemthethweni yokuthetha ngenkcazelo yobuxoki kunye nokungachasi kwendlela yokuhlola. Nayiphi na imimiselo kufuneka inike intlawulo yokucinezela inkululeko ngoxa ithetha ngezona ntlungu zobubuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zeendaba Nemibutho Yeendaba

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezikhusela ngayo inkululeko yokushicilela kubaluleke kakhulu kubacholacholi - choli bephephandaba nakwiintlangano zamajelo eendaba.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka baqonde ukukhuselwa okungokwasemthethweni abanokukufumana, kuquka amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ukukhuselwa ngokwemigaqo-mthetho efana nemithetho yezokhuselo, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ekhusela izithethe. Olu lwazi lunceda abacholacholi-ndaba ukuba baxhathise iimfuno ezingafanelekanga zenkcazelo, bacel

Imimandla eyahlukeneyo inikela imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokhuseleko, ngoko intatheli kufuneka ziyazi kakuhle imithetho engqalileyo esebenzayo kwindawo yazo. Imibutho yeendaba yeSizwe kufuneka iqonde indlela ukhuseleko olwahluka ngayo kwiingingqi zelizwe nakumaphondo.

Phendla InjiniName

Kwinkululeko yokushicilela, uxwebhu lokuqokelela iindaba kunye neenkqubo zomhleli lungabaluleka kakhulu. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka bagcine iingxelo zemithombo yabo, uphando, ukukhangela inyani, kunye nezigqibo zomhleli. Olu xwebhu lunganceda ukubonisa ukuba ukufikelela kwimigangatho yobugcisa kwaye luqhutywa ngokholo olulungileyo.

Noko ke, intatheli kufuneka zilinganise amaxwebhu achasene nemibandela eyimfihlo. Iingxelo ezinokutyhila imithombo eyimfihlo kufuneka zikhuselwe ngenyameko, kwaye iintatheli kufuneka ziqhagamshelane nesiluleko somthetho malunga namaxwebhu omele uwagcine.

Funa Isiluleko Esisemthethweni Kusekuseni

Xa kujongwa iingxaki okanye izisongelo ezingokwasemthethweni, iintatheli zifanele zidibane namagqwetha anamava kumthetho wamajelo eendaba kwangoko kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Imibutho emininzi yamajelo eendaba inesiluleko okanye ulwalamano kunye neenkampani zomthetho we-media. Iintatheli zeFreelance kunye nemibutho emincinci ingafuna uncedo kwimibutho yenkululeko yokushicilela enika inkxaso esemthethweni. Ukufumana inkcazelo engakumbi ngokucinezela ugcino-lwazi lwenkululeko, tyelela iKomiti yenkululeko yePhondo[FLT:].

Ukuqonda Imida

Ngoxa iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko yokushicilela, ezi ntetheli azinakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kunceda intatheli ukuba yenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele ukuchotshelwa kwengxelo, ihlole iingozi ezikhoyo ngokusemthethweni ize igqibe nangexesha lokulwa amatyala asemthethweni, ize incede imibutho yeendaba ivelise iinkqubo ezinciphisa ukuchana kwasemthethweni ngoxa ibalaselisa imiphumo engoonondaba.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho Wenkululeko

Zininzi izinto ezifumaneka kwabo bafuna ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezikhusela ngayo inkululeko.

Imibutho Esemthethweni

Imibutho emininzi igxininisa ngokukhethekileyo kwinkululeko kunye nomthetho we-media. I-The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press inika oovimba bomthetho, ubungangamsha, kunye nomelo lweentatheli. IFreedom of the Press Foundation isebenza ukuxhasa nokukhusela ubundixesha obuthandwa nguwonke-wonke. IZiko leStudents Press Law ligxininisa kwimibandela yenkululeko echaphazela abafundi abacholacholi.

Le mibutho inikela izikhokelo ezisemthethweni, ithetha ngokutsha-tshintsha iintatheli ezijongene nemicimbi yomthetho, kwaye igunyazisa ukuhlahlela imicimbi yenkululeko. Kwakhona ifaka ii-amicu kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yenkululeko yamaphephandaba, inceda iinkundla ziqonde oko kuthethwa zisigqibo sazo sobuzwilakhe.

Oovimba bobuGcisa

Izikolo zomthetho nezikolo zogcino-lwazi zinikela izifundo, iikliniki, kunye neziko lophando ezijolise kumthetho we-media zenze iinguqu. Ezi nkqubo zemfundo zivelisa ulwazi oluhlalutya izigqibo zenkundla, oluchaza izimvo, nolucebisa utshintsho. Ubuncwane be-Academ bunganikela ngokucokisekileyo uhlalutyo lwemiba yenkululeko yokushicilela kunye nomongo wembali wokuqonda iingxaki zangoku.

Kwinkcazelo ebanzi yomthetho weSihlaziyo sokuqala kunye nenkululeko yokushicilela, i- Copright Amendment Encyclopedia kwiYunivesithi yeMbindi yeTennessee yeLizwe inika amanqaku achaza iinkcukacha ezingoombandela, iingcamango, kunye nemibandela.

Iimbono Zenkundla Neesiseko Sezomthetho

Ukufunda iimbono zenkundla yokwenene kunika ingqiqo enegunya yomthetho wenkululeko ephepheni. Izigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zifumaneka nge-intanethi njenge-Google Schor, Justia, kunye neewebsite zenkundla. Ii-database ezisemthethweni ezifana ne-Weslaw neLexisNexis zinika ungenelo olupheleleyo kwizigqibo zenkundla, nangona zifuna umrhumo.

Xa ufunda izimvo zenkundla, nikela ingqalelo kwiimbono zoninzi kunye neembono eziphikisanayo. Iimbono ezingavumelaniyo zingabona ubuthathaka kwiingcinga zoninzi kwaye maxa wambi ziphembelela inkqubela phambili yomthetho.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni inkululeko yamaphephandaba, zisebenza njengabalondolozi belungelo elisisiseko ledemokhrasi. Ngezigqibo eziphawulweyo, ngocoselelo lokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, nangokuqhubeka kusetyenziswa ubuchule obutsha, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba amaziko asebenza ngokuzalisekisa imisebenzi yawo ebalulekileyo yokwazisa uluntu nokubeka urhulumente etyala.

Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokushicilela kuxhomekeke ekuqapheleni ukuba umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo ubalulekile kwidemokhrasi. Iinkundla ziye zamisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zithintelwe, ifuna inkohlakalo yokwenene yokunyeliswa ngamagosa karhulumente, ikhusela inkululeko yomhleli, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ungenelelo lwemicimbi karhulumente. Le migaqo inika indawo ebalulekileyo yokuphefumla kwingxoxo yoondaba neyoluntu.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba inkululeko yokushicilela ayiphelelanga. Zilungelelanisa ngobuchule amalungelo okucinezela nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, ukuzimela, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nodumo. Oku kulinganisela kufuna uhlalutyo olucacileyo kunye nezigqibo ezithi ziqwalaselwe iimeko ezithile kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo.

Njengoko ubugcisa noluntu lutshintsha, iinkundla zijamelana neengxaki ezintsha zokukhusela inkululeko yamaphephandaba.

Ikamva lenkululeko yokushicilela lixhomekeke ngokuphawulekayo kwindlela iinkundla ezilawula ngayo le mingeni. Ukukhusela okuqinileyo kwenkundla ukuze kuhlawulwe inkululeko yokushicilela kufuna abagwebi abayiqondayo imisebenzi yedemokhrasi yoondaba, abayiqondayo imisebenzi yenyani ekhoyo yokuqokelela nokunikela ingxelo, kwaye baxhathise imigudu karhulumente yokucinezela okanye ukohlwaya ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala.

Kubantu abacholacholacholi-ndaba, imibutho yamaphephandaba nabemi, ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezikhusela ngayo inkululeko yokushicilela kubalulekile. Olu lwazi lunceda abantu bakwazi ukulwela amalungelo, ukwenza izigqibo ngolwazi, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo enenjongo malunga nemigaqo yenkululeko yokushicilela. Kwakhona lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuxhasa iinkundla ezizimeleyo ezikwaziyo ukuxhathisa ingcinezelo yezobupolitika nokukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

Inkululeko ephambili ixhomekeke kumaziko nabadlali abaninzi ngokugqibeleleyo . /iinkundla, kodwa kwanezindlu zowiso-mthetho, amagosa aphezulu, iintatheli, kunye nabemi abatshayelelweyo. Noko ke, iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo njengeengcali zokugqibela zentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko kunye nengqwalasela epheleleyo nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Ukuqhubeka kwazo zikhusela inkululeko ekhuthaziweyo kusebalulekile ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nabemi abanolwazi.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngemiba yenkululeko yoondaba-ndaba yangoku nendlela onokuxhasa ngayo ubujenali obuzimeleyo, tyelela i inkululeko ye-Profes Prese Foundation kunye ne ye-Melika i-Inkululeko yaBami ye-Offcialist's Iphepha elikhululekileyo lokuthetha [.