Kuqinisekiswe ngoJulayi 9, 1868, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States mhlawumbi lolona luphendulo lweziphumo oluye longezelela kuxwebhu lokusekwa. Lwalungisa ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente, lucacisa imigaqo yobumi besizwe, ukulingana, kunye nokungaguquguquki okusisiseko kwilaphu lomthetho waseMerika. Ngoxa uhambo lwalo luzaliswe ngumzabalazo, ukutolikwa, nengxoxo enzulu yezopolitiko, uMmiselo weshumi elinesine uhlala usisisixhobo esingundoqo sokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye noqinisekisa ukuba kusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Lo mcimbi wolu shwankathelo unika ukujonga ngendlela olubanzi indlela okuguqulwa komthetho okuyilo lwezinzo oluyilo oluyilo oluyilo olubumba ngayo inkqubo yezo namhlanje.

Imongo Yembali: Kwakutheni Ukuze Kufuneke UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwe - 14?

Iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zemfazwe yamakhaya zashiya i-United States ikwimeko yengxaki enkulu. Ngelixesha uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu luye lwaphelisa ubukhoboka ngo-1865, amazwe aseMazantsi akhawuleza amisela "Imithetho Emnyama" eyenzelwe ukumisela ngokuqatha inkululeko namalungelo ama-Afrika asandul' ukukhululwa. Le mithetho yabeka imiqathango engqongqo kwimfuyo, kumalungelo omnqophiso, kunye nokuhamba, ngokunempumelelo idala inkqubo egunyazisiweyo yokunyanzelwa nokungalingani kweminyanzeliswa.

Ngempendulo, iRoxacal Republican Republican Rekondmentance yadlulisela uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1866, owavakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States (abazimiselayo amaMelika Omthonyama) babengabemi kwaye banelungelo lokulingana. Umongameli uAndrew Johnson waphakamisa inyathelo, ephikisa ukuba lidlule igunya likarhulumente. Ngoxa iNgqungquthela yemithetho ngempumelelo ingaphezulu kweveto, amathandabuzo aqhubekayo malunga nesenzo somgaqo-mgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqu yexeshana lento engundoqo yemithetho yowiso siseko yakhuthaza abalawuli ukuba basebenze. Bafuna ukubeka le migaqo ngokusisigxina ngaphaya kokuguquka kwemimoya yezobupolitika ngokubavumela ukuba bangene ngqo emgaqweqweni. Isiphumo sasiyilwe ukupheliswa kwelungelo lesizwe, ummiselo wesizwe, ummiselo, amandla orhoxinze intsingiselo entle yentsingiselo yenjongo enkulu ye-Melika.

Ukuwohloka koLawulo loLawulo

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine sikhiwe ngamacandelo amahlanu ahlukeneyo, nangona iCandelo 1 liqulethe amalungiselelo asoloko ebekwe kwaye eqatshelwe ngokubanzi. Icandelo ngalinye laye lenzelwe ngenyameko ukucombulula ukungaphumeleli okuthile komGaqo-siseko wokuqala kunye nobunzima obukhawulezileyo be-Reconsoleon.

Icandelo 1: Ubumi, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo

Icandelo 1 liqulethe izigaba ezintathu ezisisiseko ezibumba umthetho wale mihla. Ulwimi lwalo lubanzi, lukhuthaza izizukulwana zabagwebi, amagqwetha nabemi ukuba baphikisane ngentsingiselo yalo engqalileyo.

Ummi UClaus

Isigqibo sobumi singuNondyebo Claus sayilawula ngokuphandle iNkundla Ephakamileyo DDred Scott v. Sandford [1857], esithi ama-Afrika angenakuze abe ngabemi baseUnited States. Isigqibo simisela umthetho ocacileyo, olinganayo:
[[FLT]]] ] bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye baphantsi kwegunya labo, bangabemi baseUnited States kunye nobeLizwe lamanye amazwe ahlala kulo. [[[3] [iFLT][5] [iiiimeko ephakamileyo yetyala lobunini-Melika, i-Melikan.[6]

Inkqubela KaClaus

I-System Claus yenqabela ukunqanda "nabani na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli binzana libonakala lilula lineenkcazelo ezimbini ezahlukileyo nezinamandla.

INkqubo eFunekayo eNika iMthendeleko ifuna urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezisesikweni nezimiselweyo ngaphambi kokuba asuse ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu banelungelo lokuqaphela isenzo sikarhulumente esizayo, ithuba lokuviwa, ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni phambi kwenkundla engakhethiyo, kunye nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina. Umzekelo, phambi kokuba urhulumente anqamle amalungelo omzali, agxothe amalungelo omntwana kwindlu kawonke-wonke, okanye arhoxe imvume yezobugcisa, kufuneka anikezele izikhuselo ezaneleyo. Iimfuno ezithe ngqo zisekelwe kwindlela entle yomdlalo esibondalweni nakumngcipheko wokungalungiswa.

Inkqubela ye-[FULT'Squative Act iyimfundiso ethanda ukuqhutyelwa phambili. Ikholelwa ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yesizwe nakwiisithethe zenkululeko kangangokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuwachasa, nakanjani na ukuba isesikweni kwenkqubo. Eli candelo lisetyenziswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukubetha imithetho ephazamisana buqu, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela, kunye nelungelo lokunyusa abantwana. Ukusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe, eyaziwa njengemfundiso equlukileyo, ikwasemthethweni kwi-Claus Ceas Ceas ye-1491, njengoko ikhusela "uberli" engundoqo wokukhupha ukuthintela i-enkqubo.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sinamandla sokulungisa intlalo, i-Acticole Protection Claus iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente "ungavumela nabani na onegunya lakhe ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho." Yi-mgaqo-siseko yesithembiso sokuba umthetho umele uphathe bonke abantu ngomdla ofanayo kwaye urhulumente akanakukwazi ukutsala imigqaba-mgca eyahlula abantu ngamaqela ukuze aphathe abantu ngendlela engalinganiyo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavelisa inkqubo elandelelanayo yokuhlolisisa imithetho evavanywa phantsi kweSikhuseli Esilinganayo sikaClaus:

  • [[NTLT: 0] Scritic Scrutiny: Ijoliswe ekuhlelweni ngokwemvelaphi yesizwe, okanye amalungelo asisiseko. Phantsi komgangatho, umthetho ucingelwa ukuba awunyanzelekanga ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente angayingqina inokwenziwa ngokunqamlezileyo ukulungiselela inzala karhulumente enyanzelekileyo. Lo mgangatho wavela kwiimeko ezifana ne brown v. Board yemfundo [15]] [1254]) kunye [FLT:] kunye [FLT] v.[4]
  • [[FLT: 0] Isetyenziswa ukuhlela ngokusekelwe kwiintlobano zesini okanye kumthetho. Lo mthetho kufuneka udibane kakhulu nomdla obalulekileyo karhulumente. Lo mgangatho wamiselwa kwi Craig v. Boren [197] kwaye kamva usetyenziswe ku [[FLT:] United States v. Virginia [1966], eyathi yabetha phantsi inkqubo yokwamkelwa komkhosi wamadoda kwi Javanian Cordinary Institute.
  • Impinda yesiseko seRondational Impinda:[ Isetyenziswa kuzo zonke ezinye izintlu (umz., imimiselo yezoqoqosho, ubudala, ukukhubazeka). Umthetho ucingelwa ukuba ungumGaqo-siseko kwaye uza kuxhaswa ukuba unxulumene ngokomthetho nomdla worhulumente osemthethweni. Oku kumgangatho obekelwe ixesha eliphezulu, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho ihlala ihleli kwisiseko esinengqondo.

ICelate Protection Claus yayiyinjongo yokuqala yokukhusela amakhoboka asandul ’ ukukhululwa, kodwa umbhalo wayo ("nabani na") uye wavumela ukuba itshintshele ekukhuseleni uludwe oluninzi lwabantu ekusebenziseni ulawulo lobuhlanga.

Icandelo 2-5: Ukuhlawulelwa, ukudityaniswa, amatyala, kunye nokunyanzeliswa

Ngoxa iCandelo 1 libalaselisa intetho yesidlangalala, amacandelo aseleyo oMphetho - melo we - 14 athetha ngesakhiwo esineengxubevange neempawu zokulungisa kwakhona.

Uthutho 2 luthetha ukwahlulwa kwabameli kwiBhunga. Yazama ukohlwaya amazwe awala ilungelo lokuvota kubemi abakhulileyo abangamafana ngokucutha umlinganiselo womelo lwabo. Nangona eli lungiselelo lingazange linyanzeliswe ngokunempumelelo ngokunciphisa umelo, libalaselisa injongo yabaxhasi ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota nokudibanisa igunya lezobupolitika kuluntu.

Uthutho 3 luthintela nawuphi na umntu oye wafunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko aze angene ekuvukeleni okanye ekuvukeleni ekubambeni isikhundla samakhaya okanye somkhosi. Eli candelo, eliye lahlala ixesha elingaphezu kwekhulu, laphinda lafaka isilumkiso sohlanga emva komhla kaJanuwari 6, 2021, uhlaselo lwe-U.S. Capitol. Liye lasetyenziswa kwiimeko zenkundla kunye netyala likarhulumente ukunqanda amagosa athile ekubeni agcine isikhundla sawo sexesha elizayo sisekelwe kwi-broyinjini, iqalisa ingxoxo enzulu engokwasemthethweni ngesikhundla salo kunye nokunyanzeleka.

[[NTL:0] Ulwahlulo 4 luqinisekise ukufaneleka kwetyala lesizwe sase-U.S. kwaye lwawalahla ngokucacileyo amatyala eKhontrakthi, luthintela abo babephethe amakhoboka kunye nomgangatho welizwe ekufuneni imbuyekezo yokulahlekelwa "kukonwaba" ngemvukelo okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwamakhoboka.

Ukuqulunqwa 5 unika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo okulungiswa komthetho ofanelekileyo. Eli candelo liyila isiseko somgaqo-siseko semithetho yamalungelo abantu yesizwe, kuquka uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 kunye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965. Umlinganiselo wamandla eBhunga phantsi kweCandelo 5 ubengumbandela weNkundla ePhakamileyo ePhakamileyo, kunye neeNkubumba eziminqikelezelela ukutyekwa kwamalungelo angaphezulu koko iJaji ichaze phantsi kweCandelo 1.

Imfundiso Engokwamkeleka: Ukusebenzisa IBhili Yamalungelo EUnited States

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo (izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi) zasetyenziswa kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Barron v. Baltimore (1833), iJaji ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall wakholelwa ukuba ezi zindululo azizange zibanyanzele oorhulumente. ULawulo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho lwaguqula ulwalamano ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango yobumi bohlanga kunye nokhuseleko lwamazwe ekulawuleni kwetyala.

Ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba kukubandakanya okukhethiweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise i-Adred Processol Claus ye-14th Amendment ukusebenzisa inkoliso yamalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo. INkundla iye yaqiqa ngelokuba amalungelo agqalwa njengangundoqo kwibutho ledemokhrasi okanye asekelwe ngokunzulu kwingcamango yohlanga yenkululeko eyayalelwayo aqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo ngu "iBhorty" ekhuselwe yiMphetho-14.

Iincopho eziphambili zokuqukwa ziquka:

  • [FLT] GITLOW v. New York (1925): Isebenzisa uKhuseleko loLuhlu Lokuqala olukhululekileyo lokuthetha kumazwe.
  • [FLT] Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Wasebenzisa umthetho wesine woMhlaziyiso, okuthetha ukuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni abunakusetyenziswa enkundleni yephondo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Wasebenzisa ilungelo loMthambeko weSithandathu ukucebisa, ufuna amaphondo ukunikezela ngamagqwetha kubamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuthenga omnye.
  • [[NTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Igunya lokuHlaziya lesihlanu lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho kumongo woncinwa lwamapolisa, ukuseka imfuneko ye "Miranda izilumkiso."
  • [[NTL:0][FLT]McDonald v. Chicago [2010]]: Wasebenzisa ilungelo lesibini lokuzigcina nokuthwala izixhobo nxamnye norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Namhlanje, phantse zonke iinkuselo zeBhili yamaLungelo zidityanisiwe ngokuchasene namaphondo. Oku kwenza uLawulo lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine lube sisithuthi esiphambili sokunyanzelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente kumgangatho wengingqi kunye nowasekuhlaleni, ngokusisiseko kutshintshwa ulungelelwano lwamandla kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika.

Iimbambano Zale Mihla Neemfazwe ZeNkundla Eziphakamileyo

Ukutolikwa koMphetho - melo we - 14 kuyaqhubeka kuthandatyuzwa ngokukrakra kule nkulungwane yama - 21, kubangela ukuba ezinye iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika ziqhekeke kwibutho labantu baseMerika.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-Aumencial Protection Claus ingumbindi wedabi lemfazwe yokwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayisoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukwahlulwa kohlanga, kwanaleyo izimisele ukucombulula ucalucalulo, kufuneka iqhubeke ijonge uphando olungqongqo. Izigqibo zeFair Adgigistrations, Inc. v. umongameli kunye nookanye nabasebenzi baseHarvard Collegenti [[FLLD] [2002] [2023], iNkugqibele ukuvuma ngokuphandle iinkqubo zohlanga kwimfundo ephezulu. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zichasene noKhuselo olupheleleyo luka Clauslaus kuba zingenamfaniswa, iinjongo ezimfakelwayo kwaye zixhomekeke ekungaxhomekekiyo kwi-slideriting. Oku kumele ukutshintsha okukhulu kwemidio-odmistling.

Amalungelo

Ukudlala phakathi koMthetho weSigqibo weshumi elinesine newokuHlahlela kwamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu ekufuneka kwimicimbi yokuvota. Selby County v. Homer [2013], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha ilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko we-1965 othe wafuna imbali ethile enocalulo lobuzwe ngaphambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Inkundla yathi imigaqo yokuqululela i-mthetho i-mthetho i-ethe yaphelelwa lixesha kwaye yawuphula umgaqo wolawulo olulinganayo ochazwa nguMgaqo-siseko we-siseko we-14. Esi sigqibo sikhokelele kwimbali yoluvolo olutsha kunye neyokucelwa kwemiqathango ye-mali kulo lonke ilizwe, iphikisa nge-Exmastleans.

Ukuzalwa Kwabemi Nokufuduka

Umizo wobuSizwe uClausle uyindawo ephambili kwingxoxo yesizwe emalunga nenkqubo yokufuduka. Abanye amanani ezobupolitika kunye nabaphengululi bomthetho baye baphikisa ngelithi ubumi bobuzibulo abufanele busebenze kubantwana abafuduki abangaxelwanga. Noko ke, isivumelwano esixhaswe ngumthetho, esixhaswe ngumbhalo ocacileyo we-mendement ("futhiswayo) kunye nomzekelo obekwe kulawulo [[FLT: 0] United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1898], kukuba phantse bonke abantwana abazalelwe e-U.S.

Inkqubo Ebalulekileyo Efanele Iphunyezwe Nokuqhomfa

Ilungelo lokuqhomfa, ngaphambili elifunyaniswe likhuselwe yi-Access of the Istestement of 145 Development Claus Roe v. Wade [1773] kunye ne[FLT]. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhutshwanga kakhulu kwimbali yesizwe okanye isithethe kwaye ayifaneleki njenge "imeko yasekunene" phantsi kwe-1495 complete. Esi sigqibo sibuyisela i-Jackson's Health Organization ofs's Organization [[FLT:] [202] [202]. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ekubeni ilungelo lokuqholo akunanzelwa nokuphuma kwengxelo yesizwe, kwaye ibambe intetho yesizwe ebambene mvume.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nomgangatho womtshato

UKhuselo olulinganayo kunye neMsebenzi ka-Fathers Claus ingumphakathi ekuqhubeni phambili i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, iSindululo se 145 seSigqibo siqinisekisa izibini ezifanayo ezingundoqo ekutshateni. INkundla yasebenzisa zombini iNkqubo esesikweni kaClauska (ukukhusela inkululeko yokutshata) kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Clauslaus (ukukhusela ukucalula izibini ezitheneyo) kunye nokuzichaza ngamandla imigaqo engokwasexeni). Kutsha, kutsha, [[FLT.2] Bhostton. uChostrity [FLt:] [20], iNkuphembelela iNkuqinisekisa ukuba i-Out Active Active Active Active Active Acts systicial Actives systicer, i-ography

Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine singunobangela owehlayo wamalungelo abemi kunye nenkululeko yale mihla eUnited States. Sisibhalo somgaqo-siseko esisoloko sicelwa kakhulu ekumangaleleni ekucelweni kwetyala elicelw'ityala likarhulumente kwingingqi kunye nomgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Izigwebo zaso ziye zasetyenziswa ukuphelisa izikolo, ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezisesikweni, ukukhusela ukuzimela, kunye nokwandisa ukulingana komtshato. Ugcino-Malimo lwesizwe lulondoloza isigqibo esidityaniswe kwasekuqaleni [ njengesikhumbuzo esibalulekileyo sezithembiso ezenziwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwe-Reconformationon kunye nomzaleli othabatha ixesha elide ukuzalisekisa izicelo.

Intsingiselo yoMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine ayimi ndawonye. Imfazwe eqhubekayo phakathi kwe-Indardism jqwney-imbono yokuba utshintsho kufuneka luchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwayo, kwaye imbono ephilayo yezomgaqo-siseko, ikholelwa ukuba amagama awo abanzi afana "loberty" kunye "nokhuseleko olulinganayo" kufuneka lujikeleze ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemeko ezintsha zentlalo-ntlalo-------------------zolonke, ukunyukela nzulu kwemilinganiselo esemthethweni eyaphululwelweyo phantsi kwerejini, [[FLT:] i-CMGenell Information Institutementation Institute inikeza uhlaluko olubanzi lwezomthetho lweziko-onkimbini

Ukusuka kwimeko yophawu olubalulekileyo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ukuya kumgangatho womtshato wokulawula obergefell v. Hoddegs[, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-Mbeko luye lwaba yisithuthiso solona lunzulu olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Njengoko iUnited States iya isiba ngolwahluka-hlukeneyo kwaye intsonkothile, uHlukwano lweshumi elinesine leSinyuko luya kuhlala embindini yomzamo oqhubekayo wokwakha ngokugqibeleleyo "[FLT]' i-UNINGXINXINX . ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zenkululeko nolungeleneyo naphantsi komcimbiso wonke umntu phantsi kolawulo lwayo.