Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla Kube Yingxaki

Inkqubo yenkundla ingundoqo wesigqibo sempikiswano engokwasemthethweni, kodwa kwabaninzi, isahlala ingumcimbi owethusayo wenkqubo, amagama, kunye nezenzo. Ukuba ungumbutho ekumangalelweni, kungqina, kumfundi wejaji, okanye kumfundi womthetho, ukuqonda oko unokukulindela ukuguqula amava adidayo abe ngawona alawulekayo. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olubanzi, lwenyathelo lokudlula kwinkqubo yenkundla, ukugquma isakhiwo seenkundla, amanqanaba etyala, abathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzi, isimilo esiluncedo, kunye namabinzana asemthethweni ayimfuneko. Ngokwazi indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, uyakwazi ukufikelela nayiphi nayiphi na indlela esemthethweni eqhutywa ngentembelo engakumbi necacileyo.

Inkqubo yenkundla eUnited States isebenza kumanqanaba amabini angundoqo: iinkundla zetyala ezingundoqo kunye [FLT] neenkundla zomthetho zesizwe. Iinkundla zekomkhulu zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, imiba engomgaqo-siseko, okanye iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela avela kumazwe ahlukeneyo (ulawulo lolawulo lobuzwe). Le ngxelo yezoburhulumente ithetha ngeminye imibandela, enjengemiba yetyala yolwaphulo-mthetho, iimpikiswano zentsapho, ukudibana, kunye netyala lobuqu. Kwinkqubo nganye, amatyala anokubekwa ngokwamaqela aphakathi kwabantu (iimpikiswano e-socawabo okanye imibutho) okanye izaphuli-mthetho (ukuchana okuchatshazelwa ngurhulumente ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho).

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla ingumphathi-mikhosi, oneenkundla zamatyala ezisemazantsi, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo) phezulu. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala athethwa kuqala kumgangatho wokuvavanywa, apho izibakala ziqinisekiswe, kwaye ngoko zingabuye zilungiswe ziinkundla eziphezulu ukwenzela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

  • IiNkundla eziPhambili: Ezi ziinkundla apho amatyala aqala khona. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, iinkundla zamatyala zibizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla zeSithili zase-U. kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla eziPhakamileyo, iiNkundla zesiphaluka, okanye iiNkundla zeLifa leMveli. Iinkundla zeNkundla ziva ubungqina, zihlolisisa amangqina, kwaye zinike izigwebo (ngejaji okanye ijaji).
  • IiNkundla ze-Intermetermeta Applications: Asizo zonke imicimbi ezi, kodwa kwinkqubo yengingqi ziNkundla yeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso ye-U.S. indima yazo kukuhlola izigqibo ezisuka kwiinkundla zokuvavanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenzisiwe ngokuchanekileyo. Izibheno aziyoenkupho zomthetho, azijoliselw'impikiswano esemthethweni, aziyoenyaniso.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo: Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inguMphathi wokugqibela womthetho wesizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye ukwanenkundla ephakamileyo, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeLizwe (Awumbi iNew York ibiza inkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMgangatho, ebangela isiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi). Ezi nkuqulo ziva inani elikhethiweyo kuphela lamatyala, ngokufuthi eziquka imibuzo engomthetho okanye iingxabano ezithiwayo phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi.

Ukongeza kwiinkundla zolawulo jikelele, kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezijolise kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala. Imizekelo iquka [[FLT: 0] iinkundla zeentsapho (ityala, ukugcinwa kwabantwana), iinkundla ezilayishiwe[[[FLT:]] (ukunganyaniseki nokuthembeka), [[FLT:]] iinkundla zenkundla (iiiiiimpepho neendawo), kunye ezincinci] iinkundla ezibandakanya iindleko ezincinane, ngaphandle kwegqhinga. Ukuqonda okunetyala lakho kuyinto yokuqala enzima. [iiiiityala: [FLT]

Inkqubo Yetyala Lenkundla

Nangona ityala ngalinye lihlukile, iimvavanyo ezininzi zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho zilandela inkqubela efanayo ukuya kumaqondo achaziweyo. Ukwazi la manqanaba kunceda ekususeni imbonakalo ebonakala iyinto engabonakaliyo.

Ukukhalaza

Le nkqubo iqala xa ummangali-mthetho (kumatyala asekuhlaleni) okanye umtshutshisi (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) eqalisa inyathelo elisemthethweni ngokufaka uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba sizikhalazo okanye ityala. Kwisimangalo somthetho, ityala lichaza izityholo ezisemthethweni ezinxamnye nommangalelwa kwaye isindululo esifunwayo (umz., ityala lemali, imiyalelo yezemali). Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi ukhupha izityholo ezisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Inkundla yandula ikhupha isiqinisekiso okanye ifuna ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule. Jurisdiction / `==igunya le nkundla limele liqulunyulwe, ngokusekelwe kwimicimbi okanye apho amaqela ahlala khona.

2. Ukuphendula nokukhokela

Xa enikezelwe ngesikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka afake impendulo ngexesha elibekiweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama 20-30). Iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuphendula (ukurhoxisa okanye ukukhaba izityholo), ukuhambisa intshukumo (ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni), okanye ukucela inkcazelo ecacileyo. Eli candelo lingabandakanya ii-aclaims, apho ummangalelwa ashenxi i-pecttiff. Ukutshintshisana kwala maxwebhu kwaziwa ngokuba kukungxengxengxeza, kwaye bafaka ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo (ilty, hayi esoluvo, okanye engonamphini.).

3. Ukufumanisa

Ukufunyanwa kwengxelo kusoloko kulelona xesha lokufumana nexabiso eliphezulu. Bobabini baqokelela ubungqina nolwazi ukuze bakhe imeko zabo. Iindlela zokufumana ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Imithetho: Umbuzo womlomo wamangqina (okanye amaqela) phantsi kwesifungo, kunye nomntu ocholacholi-ndaba wasenkundleni okhoyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • Imiyalelo efuna amaqela esithathu ukuvelisa ubungqina okanye ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye aphikise, acuthe impikiswano.

Imithetho yokufumana ingqongqo; ukungasabeli kakuhle kungaphumela kwizingqiniso, kuquka ukugxothwa kwentelekelelo okanye imigwebo engagqibekanga. Kwimeko ebanzi yeenkqubo zokufumana, bona isikhokelo seMelika Bar Association [[FLT: 1].

4. Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, omnye umntu angafaka ifayile yentshukumo ukusombulula imiba ethile engokwasemthethweni okanye kwanaso ukuphelisa ityala. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi komthetho ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: Impikiswano yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo, ngoko inkundla ingalawula ngokusekelwe kumthetho kuphela. Ukuba iyavunywa, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kwi Limine: Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekunikezelweni ekuvavanyweni (umz., ingcaciso okanye izinto ezingasetyenziswayo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umqukumbelo wokufumana i-Discovery: Izicelo zokuba inkundla iyalele iqela eliphikisanayo ukuba livelise ulwazi oluceliweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho wotshintsho lweVenue: ufuna ukushukumisa ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo ngenxa yekhethe lasekuhlaleni elingalunganga okanye ulungiso.

Ijaji isenokuqulathe iindlebe kwezi ntshukumo kwaye inike imigaqo ebumba imida yetyala. Iingqungquthela zangaphambi kwetyala zikwangumgangatho, apho abagwebi namagqwetha baxubusha ngocwangciso, ukuhlaliswa, kunye nokuvavanywa kwemiqathango.

5. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala liyincopho yenkqubo yenkundla, apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina kwaye kufikelelwa nesigqibo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, okokuqala iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala likhethwa ngako lihlasimlisw'[ . .Inkqubo apho amagqwetha nabagwebi babuza khona ukuba abaququzeleli bejaji bangaqinisekisa ukungacaluli. Ityala landula ke liqhubeke ngolu myalelo:

  • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: kwicala ngalinye lichaza oko baceba ukukungqina. Ezi asibobungqina kodwa ziimaphu zendlela zabachopheli.
  • Unikezelo lobungqina: Umtshutshisi (umgcinshi onoxanduva lobungqina) uhamba kuqala, ebiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ukhuselo lunganqamla-i-examine. Emva kokuba umlandu ehleli, ingxube yokuzikhusela iveza imeko yakhe, ngenkqubo efanayo.
  • Impikiswano ezichazayo: omabini amacala ashwankathela ubungqina kwaye akhuthaze abachopheli-mthetho (okanye ijaji) ukuba balawule bebaxhasa.
  • [[NTL:0] IMithetho neSindululo: Ijaji icacisa umthetho osebenzayo kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Abachopheli bejaji bandule ukuququzelela ngasese baze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Ukuba ityala liyityala lebheri (ngaphandle kwejaji), umgwebi ubhala umthetho obhaliweyo.

Ubude bovavanyo bahluka kusuku olunye ukuya kwiiveki okanye iinyanga, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, imithetho ecacileyo [ ilawula oko kunokuthethwa okanye kuboniswe. Amagqwetha (umz., “isingqi,” ziqhelekile, kwaye abagwebi balawula kuzo ngoko nangoko.

6. Isigwebo nomgwebo

Xa ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo, ijaji ingena kwisigwebo `inkundla esemthethweni' ikhupha umyalelo wetyala obonisa iziphumo. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, umgwebo ungayalela iqela eliphulukana netyala ukuba lihlawule umonakalo okanye lithobele umyalelo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo setyala sikhokelela ekugwetyweni (kunokuba kutheni kutheni kutheni emva kokuchotshelwa). Isigqibo esingapheli-galelo sigqibelela ityala, nangona urhulumente angabhenela kwimiqathango elinganiselweyo (umz., iimpazamo ezisemthethweni).

7. Izibheno

Iqela elinganelisekanga lingafaka isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno aziyotyala kwakhona; zigxininisa kusini na ukuba inkundla egwebayo yenza iimpazamo zomthetho ezachaphazela isiphumo. Iqela (appellate) elinomtsalane linikezela iimpazamo ezibhaliweyo ezifutshane zengxoxo, kwaye iqela eliphikisayo (appellee) liphendula. Iimpikiswano zomlomo zingalandela. Inkundla yenkundla ye-appellate ingenza:

  • Isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] buyisela umva isigqibo (kufumanelwe i-apulant).
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand (emva ityala emva ukwenzela iziganeko ezihambelana nolawulo lwe-appellate).

Izibheno ezingakumbi zokuchaza iinkundla eziphakamileyo okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States zimele zibekwe ityala elingu-8. Olo xwebhu luyavuma ukuva ipesenti encinane yezicelo. Le nkqubo yokubhenela isenokuthabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka.

Oko Umele Ukulindele Enkundleni: Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo

Ukwazi imilinganiselo yenkundla kunciphisa ixhala yaye kubonisa ukuba uyayihlonela le nkqubo.

Imithetho yesiNxibo kunye neNkangeleko

Iinkundla zilindele isinxibo esisesikweni, esinesidima. Kumadoda: isuti okanye iibhulukhwe ngebhatyi, ihempe, neqhina. Kumabhinqa: isuti, isinxibo, okanye ibhulukhwe eneejazi okanye isikeyidi ezimxinwa ezinde emadolweni okanye ngaphezulu. Kuphepheni, iijean, izithoba, izithoba ezineziqu, izihlangu, iiglasi zelanga, kunye nezihlangu ezithe qhotyo.

I-Etiquette yeNkundla

Iqala [ Imizuzu engama-30 phambi kwexesha lakho elicwangcisiweyo. Ukhuseleko luyiyo, luvumele ixesha elongeziweyo. Xa ungaphakathi kwenkundla, zicime zonke izixhobo ze-elektroniki (iziqhubi, izaziso). Musa ukuqaqaqa, yitya, yitya (ngaphandle kwamanzi), okanye funda izinto ezingahambelaniyo. Yima xa ijaji ingena okanye ishiya igumbi. Idilesi izakuthetha ngokucacileyo kuphela xa iqwalaselwa. Qaphela ukuba akukho nkqubo yokuthetha ngaphandle kokuba ikhokelwa. Kuphephe ukulalisa, ukutyibilisa intloko yakho, okanye ukwenza iintetho zobuso ngexesha lobungqina.

Ukulibazisa Okuqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokukusingatha

Izicwangciso zenkundla azinakuchazwa ngokungenakuxelwa. Iityala zingalitshayelelwa (ziqhubekeke) ngezizathu ezininzi: ukubuyisana, iingxoxo zamagqwetha, iingxabano, amangqina alahlekileyo, okanye amazibuko axinezelekileyo. Yiza incwadi okanye umsebenzi oza kuwugcina uxakekile, kodwa hlala unikele ingqalelo kuso nasiphi na isaziso. Ukuba ulingqina okanye iqela, hlala kwindawo olinde kuyo de ubizwe. Ukuba unexhala ngokulibaziseko, thetha nonobhalana wenkundla okanye igqwetha lakho.

Ukuqonda [[NTL: 0] izikhewu zabasebenzi basenkundleni zikwa luncedo. Ibheyilefi igcina ucwangco nokhuseleko; umcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla ubhala yonke into ethethiweyo; umbhala- zincwadi uphatha amaxwebhu nemifanekiso. Musa ukuzama ukuthetha ngqo nejaji ngaphandle kokuba umelwe yigqwetha. Xa kukho iincam ezininzi kwisimilo senkundla, ukhokelo lwe-Lawlt.org unika ulawulo lwe-Promote.

Iindima Engcangweni

Ukwazi ukuba ngubani onokwenza into enokunciphisa ukudideka ebudeni bezo zihlolo.

  • Ugwebi: Igosa elilawulayo eliqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhutywa kakuhle, limisela imithetho ephikisayo, liyalela abachopheli-tyala, kwaye (kwizigwebo ezisemagqabini) ligqiba ngetyala. ABagwebi banokunyulwa okanye bamiselwe, kuxhomekeke kulawulo nakwiqondo.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-JURY: Iqela labemi (ngokomzekelo 6-12 kwi-pul, 12 kwi-grand) ekhethelwe ukuva ubungqina nokunika isigqibo esisekelwe kwizibakala. Abalawuli mabangakhethi buso kwaye bayalelwa ukuba bangaxubushina ngetyala langaphandle.
  • Umcuphi we-Prose (Ityala Elikhulu): igqwetha elimela urhulumente (igqwetha lephondo, igqwetha likarhulumente, igqwetha le-U.S.) elizisa izityholo kummangalelwa. Umtshutshisi makangqine ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indima yabo kukukhusela amalungelo omxhasi, ukuvavanya ubungqina becala elichaseneyo, nokuxhasa iziphumo ezingcono.
  • Igqwetha elifaka ityala kumntu oqhelekileyo, lifuna imbuyiselo okanye enye inkulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] UClex: Ulawula iirekhodi zenkundla, unika izifungo, imiqondiso, kunye nokusingatha imisebenzi yolawulo. I-ofisi yomabhalane ibalulekile ekuqokeleleni amaxwebhu nokuhlawula iindleko.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Igosa lomthetho eligcina ucwangco, elikhapha amabanjwa, lize lincedise ijaji. Kwezinye iinkundla, ibheyilefif ikwaphatha ukhuseleko lwabachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikharensi: Yenza intetho-mvume eshukumayo yazo zonke iziganeko. Le rekhodi esemthethweni ibaluleke kakhulu ekufakeni izibongozo.
  • [[UMTL:0] INgqina eliphangaleleyo: Ingcali (umz., umz., umgcini-mali, ugqirha wezamayeza) onika ubungqina boluvo kwimibandela entsokothileyo.
  • [[NTLALA:0] Umthetho uClegil: unceda amagqwetha ngophando, ngokulungiselela uxwebhu, nangenkxaso yokuvavanya. Oonobhala boMthetho bangasebenza ngokungqalileyo kubagwebi, bancedise iimbono zedrafti.

Imithetho Eqhelekileyo Yokwazi

Umthetho unokuba yingozi. Nantsi ingcaciso eyandisiweyo yamagama onokudibana nawo:

  • Isenzo sokuthatha impikiswano engokwasemthethweni enkundleni, ukusuka ekufakeni ityala ukuya kugwebo lokugqibela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Defanti: Umntu okanye umbutho omangalelwayo okanye otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zabemi, i-antment; kwisaphuli-mthetho, ityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Upolaptiff: Iqela eliqala ukumangalelana kwamakhaya, lifuna uncedo.
  • Ityala: Ukufunyanwa okusesikweni kwento eyenziwe ngumgwebi okanye ijaji. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, “kubo obunotyala” okanye“kungabi natyala”; kuluntu,“kufanelekile” okanye“ akunatyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu avele aze angqine okanye avelise amaxwebhu. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela kungaphumela ekudeleni.
  • [[UMTHLO: 0] Ukubekwa: Ngaphandle kwesahlulo sengxelo esifungiweyo esithatyathwe njengenxalenye yokufumana, esisetyenziswa kamva ekuvavanyweni kwemposiso okanye ubungqina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibhedi yobungqina: Imbopheleleko yokungqina imeko kabani. Kwizilingo zolwaphulo-mthetho, “kungaphaya kobuthandabuzo obusengqiqweni”; kuluntu, ngokwesiqhelo,“ ukuqwalasela ubungqina” (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu).
  • Into eyenzekayo: Ingxelo yegqwetha ingqina ukuba umbuzo, ubungqina, okanye impikiswano iphula imithetho esemthethweni. Ijaji ilawula “ifakelwe” (igunya elixhasweyo) okanye“ igunya” (livunyelwe).
  • [[FLT: 0] Isicelo esisemthethweni esicela inkundla ukuba ithathe isenzo esithile (umz., shukuma ukupheliswa, shukuma ukwenzela ukuqhubeka).
  • Umgwebo Omiselweyo: Umthetho wangena nxamnye nommangalelwa ongakwaziyo ukuphendula kwityala okanye ukuvela enkundleni.
  • Appal: Isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuphinda uhlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi sempazamo esemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungasileli Imida: Ixesha elilixesha apho ukumangalelwa kumele kugcinwe khona. Ukuba kugqithisiwe, ityala lingarhoxiswa.
  • Injustruct: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liphephe ukwenza isenzo esithile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] iProfire: ukuzimela ngokwakho ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Pro se i-ligigits kufuneka ilandele imithetho yenkundla enye namagqwetha.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Ekunyanzeleni Inkqubo Yenkundla

Enoba ungumbutho, unikela ubungqina okanye ujongile, eli cebiso lilandelayo linokuwaphucula amava akho.

Cinga Ngendawo Efihlakeleyo Ekwindawo Encinane Ekwindawo Ethile

Inkqubo yenkundla yeyokuveza ingqiqo kwaye intsonkothile. Kwanakwizinto ezincinci okanye ezilula, igqwetha linganika ukhokelo olubalulekileyo kubuchule, kubungqina, nakwiimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuba iindleko zixhalabisa, zihlola imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, iikliniki zesikolo, okanye umelo lwezikolo. Kwinkcazelo yokufumana uncedo olunokufikeleleka olusemthethweni, i- i-Legal Servicestion [ inikezela ngothungelwano lweenkqubo zoncedo lwasemthethweni lwamakhaya.

Ukuba Uzimela (Isiqinisekiso)

Kufuneka ulandele imithetho efanayo neyamagqwetha agunyazisiweyo. Fumana imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ziqhelanise nemisebenzi yexesha elimiselweyo yokuhamba ekhutshelweni, kwaye uqonde indlela yokuzisa ubungqina. Ii-website ezininzi zenkundla zinika amaziko okuzinceda azimeleyo aneefomu nemiyalelo. Zilungiselele ukuyekelela kwisiluleko esiphikisanayo; abagwebi bangalindela ukucaca nokufinyela. Qwalasela ukuya kwintlanganiso ezimbalwa zenkundla kwangaphambili ukuze uqwalasele ukuqukuqela.

Lungisa Amaxwebhu Akho

Yenza inkqubo yefayile enezitampu zenqanaba ngalinye letyala: izingcelo, ukufumanisa, uthungelwano, imiboniso, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla. Gcina ikhalenda yazo zonke iimeta ezigqityiweyo, njengempendulo kwizicelo zokufumana okanye imihla yokushicilela kwangaphambi kovavanyo. Ukungahambi kwexesha elimisiweyo kungayi kukufa kuwe.

Ukuqonda Iindleko Nexesha

Ukukhupha ityala kusenokubiza imali eninzi ngezantsi, iindleko zemali zenkundla, iindleko zoogcisa bobungqina, kunye neendleko zokongezwa kweemali zongezelelelo. Cela ucwangciso lwemali kwiofisi yomabhalane. Ixesha lokunika ixesha: ityala elilula lingaconjululwa kwiinyanga; elinzima linokuthatha iminyaka. Ukuzinza kusoloko kunokwenzeka yaye kubiza imali encinane. Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela unxibelelwano okanye iinkqubo zokulungisa ukusombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla, nangona intsonkothile, yenzelwe ukudlulisela okusesikweni kwiinkqubo zononophelo kunye nokuhlola. Ngokuqonda imigangatho yeenkundla, amanqanaba etyala, iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba, kunye namathemba enkundla, ungayiphelisa inkqubo esemthethweni kwaye unciphise uloyiko lokungazaziyo. Nokuba ngaba ubandakanyeke kwinkundla, usebenza njengejaji, okanye ufune ulwazi, sisixhobo sakho esingcono. Zixhobisa ngolwazi, funa icebiso elisemthethweni xa udinga, uze usondele kuhambo ngomonde nangentlonelo ngomthetho. Okukhona ukwazi ngakumbi, okunamandla akho angakumbi kuwenziwa kwinkqubo.