Table of Contents
Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho kubalulekile kubemi ukuba bangenelele ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sinikela ucalucalulo olunenkcukacha kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala setyala ukuya kukumiselwa kwalo komthetho wokugqibela. Ngokuqonda inyathelo ngalinye elibandakanyekileyo, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngokulunge ngakumbi kubameli babo, bamele utshintsho, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba amazwi abo aviwa kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Ukwazisa Kwinkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho
Inkqubo yokuyila imithetho yenye yemisebenzi esisiseko karhulumente wedemokhrasi. IBhunga liyindawo yokwenza umthetho wesebe likarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kwaye iqonda indlela elisebe elisebenza ngayo ibalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, iqinisekisa ukuba loo mthetho uphengululwa ngokucokisekileyo, uxutyushwa, kwaye ucocwa ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho. Le nkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelaniswa inceda ekuthinteleni umthetho ongxamisekileyo okanye oqwalaselweyo lo gama inika amathuba okungeniswa kolwazi nocoselelo.
Imithetho iqala njengeengcamango, kwaye ezi ngcamango zinokuvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga – mhlawumbi kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu okanye abameli – abanoluvo lomthetho bangenza umthetho. Ezi ngcamango zisuka kumalungu eBhunga ngokwalo okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela angoorhulumente abanobuchule. Oku kulula kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yemigaqo-siseko kubonakalisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba urhulumente afanele athabathe iimfuno nenkxalabo zabantu abawusebenzelayo.
Uhambo olusuka kwingcamango ukuya kumthetho lunzima kwaye lubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, kuquka abaququzeli-mthetho, amalungu ekomiti, abasebenzi, amaqela abantu abanomdla, kunye nabemi. Isigaba ngasinye senkqubo sifeza injongo ethile, enoba sisulungekisa ulwimi lwemali, siqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe, sisenza isivumelwano, okanye siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wokugqibela ubonisa ukuthanda kwabantu kwaye unceda umdla ebantwini.
Apho Iibhili Zivela Khona: IGenesis Yomthetho
Imithombo yeMithetho
Ityala lisisindululo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. Isicelo somthetho sinokuvela kwimithombo emininzi, ukwenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho imele iimfuno neenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo. Ingcamango yemali ingavela kwilungu elihleliyo leBhunga le-U.S. okanye iNdlu yabameli, isicelo ngexesha lephulo lonyulo lombutho wombutho, okanye isibongozo sabantu okanye amaqela abemi ancomela umthetho omtsha okanye olungisiweyo kwilungu leBhunga eliwamelayo.
Le ndlela ininzi yokufikelela kwiingcamango zomthetho iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ihlala isabela kubagcini-mthetho abahlukeneyo. Abameli bangavelisa amatyala asekelwe kwimiba ephambili yenkqubo yabo, imicimbi edityanisiweyo, okanye ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile. Iphulo leCandelo lisoloko liguqulela kwiizicelo zowiso-mthetho xa umvotelwa enyuliweyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abemi abaqhelekileyo namaqela alungelelaniswe adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni iingxaki ezifuna izisombululo zemithetho kunye nokunika amayeza athile.
Izambuku kunye neCo-Sponsors
Ilungu eliyintloko leBhunga elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasayo lo mthetho abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsors". Umxhasi ngumphathi-mthetho othatha imbopheleleko yokuqala yokwalusa ityala kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuba neqela elininzi le-co-sponsslars linokubonisa inkxaso ebanzi yomthetho kwaye linokwandisa amathuba awo okungena. Ikhoponslatha amagama abo nekomkhulu lezobupolitika kumthetho, libonisa iqabane labo kunye neziququ ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa.
Inani kunye neenguqu zezobupolitika zeico-sponsers zingabaluleka ngokucwangcisiweyo. Imali ene-bipartisan co-sponsers ingaba namathuba angcono okudlula kunalawo axhaswa kuphela ngamalungu eqela elinye. Ngokufanayo, ukuba neekhompathimenti ezisuka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yelizwe okanye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchule bunganwebisa isibheno somthetho-mali kwaye bubonise ubuchule baso kwii-contituenue.
Iziseko Ezinenkcukacha Zokwenza Umthetho
Isicatshulwa 1: Ukwazisa nofundo lokuqala
Okokuqala, ummeli uxhasa ityala. Xa ityala libhaliwe, kufuneka liqaliswe. Ukuba ummeli ngumxhasi, ityala liziswa kwindlu. Ukuba iSenator ngumxhasi, ityala livezwe kwiBhunga. Eli nyathelo lokuqala libalulekile kuba lisemthethweni libeka ityala kumbhobho wemithetho-siseko lize liqalise uhambo lwalo olusemthethweni kwiBhunga.
Xa kuveliswa ityala, lifumana isalathisi esilichaza kuyo yonke inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa kuveliswe isindululo somthetho, singafunyanwa kwiBhunga.gov, ekwiwebhsayithi karhulumente esemthethweni egcina umthetho karhulumente. Oku kukhanyisa kuvumela abemi, iintatheli, amaqela oonongeno-ndaba, namanye amaqela anomdla ukuqwalasela inkqubela yomthetho aze abandakanyeke nenkqubo kwiinqanawa ezahlukeneyo.
ISiqendu 2: Umsebenzi neNjongo yeKomiti
Ityala linikwa ikomiti yokufundisisa. Esi sabelo sekomiti sisebenza ngokubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Emva kokuba kuveliswe isindululo somthetho, sibhekiswa kwikomiti. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu ineekomiti ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela eeBhunga anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela efana nemicimbi yempilo okanye yezizwe ngezizwe.
IiKomiti zisebenza njengamahashe asebenzayo eBhunga, apho kuqhutyelwa khona uhlolo olunenkcukacha nokucocwa komthetho. Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba okudlula kwalo yiBhunga lonke amisiweyo. Ikomiti ingakhetha nokuba namatyala ukuze iqonde iziphumo zetyala. La mava ngamathuba abalulekileyo okuqokelela ulwazi, ukwakha ingxelo yenkxaso okanye inkcaso, nokuvumela abaxhasi beebhodi abahlukeneyo bachaze iimbono zabo.
Ukuchongwa kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye amagosa karhulumente nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho omele ubhalwe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zixelwe ngeembono ezahlukeneyo nolwazi olungokweenkcukacha. Amalungu eKomiti angabuza amangqina, ahlolisise iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zomthetho, achaze iindawo apho lo mthetho usenokufuna ukuhlaziywa khona.
Indima Yeekomiti Ezingaphantsi
Iikomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti zilungelelaniswe phantsi kweekomiti kwaye zinokuphinda zibekwe ngokukhethekileyo kumbandela othile. Ngokufuthi, iikomiti zithumela amatyala kwikomiti encinci ukuze ifundelwe kunye nokuva kwazo. Olu lwaleko lohlolo lolwandiso luvumela uhlolo oluthe lwanezona zizodwa lomthetho. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zijolise ingqalelo kwimimandla emincinane yenkqubo kulawulo olubanzi lwekomiti epheleleyo, inceda amalungu anokukwazi ukuqhuba uhlalutyo oluthe ngqo okanye umdla wokwenza uphando olunekileyo.
Iqonga elincinci lekomiti elikwindawo apho umsebenzi omninzi ophantsi womthetho uyenzeka khona. Amalungu angacebisa ukuba kulungiswe, kuxoxwe, kwaye kusebenze ukwakha izivumelwano ngokunxulumene netyala. Izicelo zekomiti engaphantsi zibuyela kwikomiti epheleleyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe.
Isenzo seKomiti:
Emva kokuva nokucamngca, ikomiti ingena kwisigaba "sophawu", apho amalungu acebisa nokuvota ekulungisweni kwetyala. Kulapho umthetho uthatha khona indlela yawo ephuculiweyo. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nyathelo kwimali, ityala lithathwa njenge "lifile". Oku kubonakalisa amandla asetyenziswa ziikomiti kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, ibizwa ngokuba yi "ichazwe" kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ikomiti ilungiselela ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza injongo yemali, ingcebiso yokuncomela ukudlula kwayo, kunye naziphi na izindululo ezenziwe ngexesha lenkqubo yekomiti. Le ngxelo iba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yemithetho-siseko kwaye ingakhangelwa kamva xa kutolikwa umthetho.
Umboniso 3: Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, liphikiswe okanye lilungiswe. Ingxoxo yomgangatho yile apho amalungu apheleleyo eNdlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso iqwalasela umthetho. Eli qonga linika onke amalungu ithuba lokuvakalisa izikhundla zawo, licebisa iinzame ezongezelelekileyo, lizama ukuguqula abo asebenza nabo.
IBhunga neNdlu ineembono ezingafaniyo. Ngeli xesha zombini zilinganayo kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo: Yindlu kuphela enokumisela umthetho werhafu kunye nengeniso, kuphela iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMasa engoomongameli enxulumene nomthetho wogunyaziso kunye nezivumelwano, ngelixa iSentenethi isenza umthetho ngokuvota okuninzi, yenza njalo ngokuqwalasela nokuphikisana ngaphambi kokuvota. Le ngxoxo ibonisa iindima ezahlukileyo abaseki abacebisi abazicingelayo kwigumbi ngalinye.
Ngexesha lonke lenkqubo yokulungisa kudityanisiwe kwaye kwenziwa utshintsho kwimithetho yekomiti nakumgangatho weBhunga neNdlu. Ngalo ndlela ngevoti yokugqibela ityala lisenokuba lidlule kwiimpinda eziliqela zokuzihlaziya kwaye lijongeke ngokwahlukileyo kwimali exhaswayo. Le nkqubo yendaleko ibonisa ukungalingani kwendlela esesikweni yenkqubo yemithetho-mthetho, apho ukulalanisa nokwakhiwa kwesivumelwano kubalulekile ekuqhubeni umthetho phambili.
Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obulula (218 of 435), ityala lisiya kwiBhunga leNtsimbi. Lo mqobo uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho unenkxaso yamalungu angaphezu kwesiqingatha phambi kokuba afikelele kwinqanaba elilandelayo.
Iqonga 4: Ukuqwalaselwa
Ukuba ityala lidlula iqumrhu elinye leBhunga, liya kwelinye iqumrhu ukuya kuqhubekeka kwinkqubo efanayo yophando, ingxubusho, iinguqu, kunye nokuvota. Le nkqubo ye-bimadral inika umaleko owongezelelweyo wohlolo kunye nocetyiswa. Igumbi lesibini lingayamkela ityala njengoko lidluliswa ligumbi lokuqala, kodwa ngokuqheleke ngakumbi, liza kwenza utshintsho lwalo.
Imfuneko yokuba omabini amagumbi avumele iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo ngeembono ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwaye akukho mthetho onokumiswa ngaphandle kwenkxaso ebanzi kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga.
Ukulungisa Iingxaki: IKomiti yeNkomfa
Xa iziqu zombini zivota ukuze zamkele ityala, kufuneka zikhuphe naluphi na umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini. Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yenkomfa isoloko isekwa ukuze ixolelanise umahluko. Xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ineentlobo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kunye/okanye iingxabano ezininzi, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiselwa ngokusemthethweni ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini kwisivumelwano esinye.
Iikomiti zenkomfa ziquke amalungu aphuma kuzo zombini iigumbi asebenza ukuxubusha ngohlobo lokulalanisa lwesivumelwano. Ukuba abanikeli-mali abakwaziyo ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, umthetho uyafa. Ukuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe, ingxelo yenkomfa ilungiselelwe ukuchaza iingcebiso zamalungu ekomiti. Zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka zivume ingxelo yenkomfa. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yokugqibela yemali inenkxaso yamagumbi omabini.
Isiqhobosho 5: Isenzo soMongameli
Emva kokuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela ivumile ukuba kunikwe umthetho ofanayo, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli. Kweli qonga, uMongameli uneenketho ezininzi. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga liseseqesheni, umlomo uba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
Noko ke, uMongameli angakwala umthetho. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuchasa lo mthetho, bangawubuyisela umlomo. Aveto angabuyisela ityala kwiKhomishini kunye nokuphikisa koMongameli. Kukwakho uhlobo olukhethekileyo lweveto olubizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni. Ukuba akukho sinyathelo esithatyathwayo seentsuku ezilishumi neBhunga sele ligqunyiwe, kukho i"pocket". Esi senzo sibizwa ngokuba yingxowa yeveto, kwaye asinakusetyenziswa yiBhunga.
Ukukhwelisa iVito EnguMongameli
Iveto engumongameli ayisosiphelo sohambo lwemali. Ukuba uMongameli ususe umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukudlula iveto. Ukuba iCathenal neNdlu idlulisa isiko ngenani eliziisithathu ezibini, iveto ilawulwa nguMongameli, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Le mfuneko iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba ngumthetho kuphela onenkxaso enamandla kwiBhunga unokuba ngumthetho phezu kwemiqathango kaMongameli.
Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba, nokokuba, iKhomishini ibe neevoti zokukhupha i-veto enguMongameli. Umqobo ophezulu wokulawula iveto uthetha ukuba ukungavumi kukaMongameli kudla ngokulawula ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unenkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisa.
Isicatshulwa 6: Ubuchule
Xa uMongameli etyikitya umthetho okanye iKhomishini iphazamisa i-veto, umthetho uba ngumthetho. Umthetho omtsha unikwa inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke uphinde upapashwe. Amasebe omanyano aqalisa inkqubo yokuzalisekisa umthetho, esenokubandakanya ukusungula imimiselo, ukuseka iinkqubo, kunye noovimba abaququzeleli. Eli candelo lokuzalisekisa libalulekile kuba limisela indlela umthetho oza kusebenza ngayo kwaye uchaphazela ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla.
Ukuqonda Ixesha Neentsomi
Kukho amanyathelo ali-9 emali enokuthi idlule ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngumthetho, nangona inkqubo yenkcitho ingaba entsonkothile ngakumbi kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezithile. Ezinye iziko lihamba ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngoxa ezinye zinokuthatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka. Umthetho odibeneyo okanye ontsonkothileyo ufuna ixesha elininzi lokucinga, ukunxibelelana, kunye nolwakhiwo lokwenza isivumelwano.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ngabom kunokuba ikhawuleze. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ifumana ulwazelelelo olucokisekileyo kwaye kukho iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuvakala. Noko ke, le ndlela yokuzibophelela ikwathetha ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inokuba nesantya kwaye iindleko ezininzi azize zibe ngumthetho. Enyanisweni, liphesenti encinane kuphela yemali ehlawulwayo ekwakusungulwa kuyo kwiBhungane.
Uhlalutyo Olukhethekileyo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho
Izicelo neeBhili zoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
Ezinye iintlobo zomthetho zilandela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo omnye wamatyala anyukayo nyaka ngamnye yi- "approring," okanye ukuchithwa kwamaphepha, amatyala, axhasa iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zeentsana, njengokunyanyekelwa kwabantwana, iinkqubo zempilo okanye iNtloko yokuqala. Iindleko zezicelo zibalulekile ekuxhaseni imisebenzi neenkqubo zikarhulumente, kwaye kufuneka zidluliselwe nyaka ngamnye ukuze urhulumente aqhubeke.
Kweli nqanaba, ityala lenkcitho lisoloko lidityaniswe kwiipakethe ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi "omnibus" ityala. Ukuba iKhomishini ayinakugqitha iziphumo zemali okanye irhafu ye-omnibus, zingagqithisa umlinganiselo wemali yexeshana, "Isigqibo esinika inkxaso-mali, ukunyusa imigangatho yangoku ukunqanda ukuvalwa komthetho. Ezi misebenzi ibonisa iinyani ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nemfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwemisebenzi karhulumente.
Ukuhlaziywa Komthetho
IziHluzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho. IiBhili zingalungiswa ngamanqanaba amaninzi kwinkqubo yemithetho-wistom(in komiti, kwikomiti engaphantsi kwekomiti yewiso-mthetho, kumgangatho wegumbi ngalinye, nakwikomiti yengqungquthela. Ezi zindululo zisenokuba lulungiso lobugcisa oluncinane okanye utshintsho olunzulu kumbandela wemali nobungakanani bayo.
Le nkqubo ivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba baphucule umthetho, bathethe ngemibandela, bakhe imibutho, baphendule kwiimeko ezintsha okanye ezitshintshayo. Kodwa ke, kwakhona kuthetha ukuba utshintsho lokugqibela lwemali lungahluka kakhulu koko kwakucetyiwe. Ukufumana ezi nguqu kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe oko umthetho ukwenzayo ngokwenene nendlela ovele ngayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Iinkqubo zomthetho weRhulumente
Ngeli xesha esi sikhokelo sijolise ngqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yokwenza umthetho. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zilandela iipateni ezifanayo zesiqhelo(iintlobano-ikomiti, uhlolo, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, kunye nemvume yegunya eliphezulu) kodwa imithetho kunye nenkqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokwemeko nganye.
Kumgangatho wesizwe, abalawuli benza indima efanayo neyoMongameli kumgangatho worhulumente. Ngeli xesha iGatya ikho kwintlanganiso, iRhuluneli ineentsuku ezilishumi (ayinazo iiCawa) ukutyikitya okanye ukuwabala amatyala adluliswe zizo zombini izindlu. Amatyala asayi kuba ngumthetho; amatyala awasayi kusebenza. Noko ke, ukusilela kweRhuluneli ukutyikitya okanye ukurhoxa phakathi komthetho omhla weshumi kuthetha ukuba iba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Iindlu zolawulo zikarhulumente ziyakwazi ukuvala i-gabernatorial vetoes, nangona iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zingafani nemeko.
Indima Ebalulekileyo Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yokwenziwa Komthetho
Ukuba nenxaxheba kwabemi kwibutho labo lezentlalo-ntle norhulumente kubalulekile, ukuba akwanele, imeko yedemokhrasi. Ngoxa abameli benyulwa benza izigqibo ezisesikweni ngomthetho, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba nokuganana.
Iindlela Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika
INGXELO yeBHAYIBHILE ibhekisela kwimisebenzi yokuzithandela yabemi ekumisweni nasekuxhaseni imibutho ezimeleyo engeyoyamarhulumente enegalelo kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu namaqela ajolise ekuphembeleni izigqibo zikarhulumente wabo. Zombini ezi ndlela zokuthabatha inxaxheba ziyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esempilweni.
Ngokuthabatha kwabo inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, abemi bakhuthaza abameli babo kurhulumente ukuba baphendule ebantwini. Oku kuphendula kubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi emela idemokhrasi(8) kumele amagosa agwetywe ahlale esabela kwizabelo zawo okanye abeke ubomi bawo esichengeni sokuphulukana nezikhundla kunyulo olulandelayo.
Ukuncoma: Isiseko Sokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika ngabemi kukuvota kunyulo lwabameli babo erhulumenteni. Ukucela kuvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abaya kubamela kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ephendule ngezigqibo zabo. Unyulo lunika abemi amathuba athe rhoqo okuvavanya indlela abasebenza ngayo abameli babo baze bagqibe enoba baza kubabuyisela eofisini okanye bakhethe ukhokelo olutsha.
Noko ke, idemokhrasi yeyona inamandla nenamandla kakhulu xa abemi bengabavoti bangaphezulu kunalowo uphela umjikelo wonyulo. Kuthetha ukuba nokulungileyo kunye nethuba lokuba nenxaxheba kubomi bukawonke-wonke, kungekuphela nje iminyaka embalwa kwibhokisi yokuvota, kodwa yonke imihla phakathi. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ngokunempumelelo kudlulela kude lee lee leembaleki.
Ubandakanyeko oluthe ngqo nenkqubo yoMthetho
Abemi baneendlela ezininzi zokuphembelela ngokuthe ngqo umthetho ngaphandle kokuvota. Ezi ziquka:
- Abaququzeleli bomthetho abahambelanayo: ababhali boonobumba, ukuthumela ii-imeyili, ukwenza umnxeba, okanye ukudibana nabameli abanyuliweyo ukuvakalisa iimbono kumthetho obekiweyo okanye ukusungula imithetho emitsha
- Uvavanyo eMacaleni: Ukunika ubungqina kwiikomiti ezichongiweyo ukwabelana ngobuchule, amava obuqu, okanye iimbono kumthetho ocetyisiweyo
- Idibanise imibutho yokwabelana: exhasa amaqela enzala kunye nemibutho yezorhwebo esebenzela ukukhuthaza iinjongo ezithile zenkqubo ethile
- Iquka amaxesha amagqabantshintshi kawonke-wonke: amagqabantshintshi kwimimiselo nemithetho ecetyisiweyo ezalisekisa umthetho
- Ukubeka iZibonelelo zeDolophu kunye neZicwangciso zikawonke-wonke: Ukusebenzisana ngqo namagosa anyuliweyo kwiintlanganiso zoluntu nakumaqumrhu
- Izabelo zeGrassroot eziququzelelayo: zithundeza abanye abemi ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa umthetho othile
- Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zentlalo kunye nezobuzwe namanani:[[FT:1] ukunyusa iqonga le-intanethi ukuphaphamisa, ukulungiselela abaxhasi, nokunxibelelana nabamisi-mthetho
Amandla Okufunda
Ummi ophumelelayo kufuneka axelelwe ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho nangemiba ethile yezomthetho. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngobuchule kunceda abantu bafumane ulwazi olungakumbi noxanduva. Xa abemi bethatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo, bazuza ukuqonda okunzulu ngendlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nendlela yokurhweba okubandakanya ngayo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwakha ukuthembana namaziko edemokhrasi kwaye kwenza abemi bavakalise ukuba ngabaphathiswano ngenkqubo yezobupolitika.
Ukuze abemi bangenelele ngokunempumelelo, kufuneka bahlale bewazi umthetho ocetyiswayo, baqonde iingxoxo ezikwimiba eyahlukeneyo, baze bakwazi ukuzichaza ngokucacileyo iimbono zabo. Oku kufuna ukuba bafumane imithombo yolwazi ethembekileyo, bahlolisise iingxelo nobungqina, baze baphuhlise iimbono ezisekelwe kwizibakala kunokuba zisekelwe kwinkohliso.
Iimodeli zolawulo-moya ezibandakanyekileyo
Idemokhrasi, idemokhrasi ethabatha inxaxheba, idemokhrasi efuna izalathisi, okanye idemokhrasi engachaphazelekayo luhlobo lorhulumente apho abemi bangenelela ngokobuqu nangokolula kwizigqibo zezobupolitika kunye nemigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo, kunokuba isetyenziswe ngabameli abanyuliweyo. Iinkalo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo nezimeleyo zidityaniswe kulo mzekelo.
Ezinye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ziquka iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi wobumi wokwenza umthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu bokwenyaniso babandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo ekulungiseni izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo, enoba ngamanyathelo abemi, ukucela, ukunxibelelana noluntu, ukubhatala, iindibano, okanye ezinye iindlela zokungenisa abemi kwingxoxo yezobupolitika. Ezi nkqubo zingaba nenxaxheba kulawulo-demokhrasi ngokunika amajelo awongezelelekileyo amaziko alongezelelweyo abemi.
Ukoyisa Izithintelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba
Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke ngokusisiseko ekubandakanyeni abantu kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Kodwa, abemi basoloko bengenalo ithuba lokuba nenxaxheba kumaziko olawulo-mpukane nakwizigqibo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekungabini nokuthembana kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Ukulungisa le miqobo kubalulekile ekomelezeni idemokhrasi.
Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zinokuthintela ukuthabatha inxaxheba, kuquka ukunqongophala kwenkcazelo, ixesha kunye nezinto, iimvakalelo zokungabi namandla okanye ukwahlukana, kunye nemiqobo yesakhiwo eyenza kube nzima ngamaqela athile ukuba angenelele. Imigudu yokunyusa le miqobo kufuneka icombulule inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwenza ukuba ifumaneke, icace, kwaye iphenduleke kwilizwi ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Abanye abemi, ingakumbi abo bazimfundo nezityebi, ngokuqhelekileyo bayakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kunabanye abantu.
Ubuchule Bokuba Ngummi Ophumelelayo
Ukwakha Izixhobo Zokwakha Nezinethwekhi
Izindululo zokutshintsha amandla ombutho wabemi kunye namaqela afana nemibutho yasekuhlaleni okanye amaqumrhu oshishino. Bavelisa izivumelwano zokukhuthaza utshintsho, besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuphembelela abenzi besigqibo ngokuthe ngqo okanye ukukhuphisana nokuphembelela isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke. Ukusebenza nabanye abaneenjongo ezifanayo kunokunyusa amazwi omntu ngamnye kwaye kwandise amathuba okuphembelela inkqubo.
Le zivumelwano zinokudibanisa oovimba abanolwazi olungafaniyo, zisebenzisana, zisebenzisane, zilungelelanise imigudu yokulawula, zize zimanyanise imigaqo-nkqubo. Ukwakha nokugcina loo mibutho kudinga unxibelelwano, ukulalanisa, nokugxininisa kwiinjongo ezifanayo.
Ukunxibelelana Nabenzi Bomthetho
Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi abanokuphembelela ngazo umthetho kukunxibelelana nabameli babo abanyuliweyo.
- [[UMTL:0] cacisa kwaye uchaze ngokungqalileyo: ichaza ngokucacileyo intelekelelo okanye inkupho oza kuthetha ngayo kwaye uchaze indawo yakho
- Chaza Inzala Yakho: Chaza indlela le mbambano echaphazela ngayo wena, intsapho yakho, okanye uluntu lwakho
- [[UMTLL:0] Ubungqina obuyiprojekthi: Ukuxhasa indawo yakho nezibakala, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nemithombo ethembekileyo
- Yiba nentlonelo: Gcina isandi sengcali nesobubele, kwanaxa uvakalisa ukungavumelani
- [[UMTLL: 0] cela inyathelo elikhethekileyo: Cela ummisi-mthetho ukuba enze isenzo esithile, esifana nokuvota okanye ukulwa nomthetho
- [[UMTL:0] Landela Phezulu: Abamisi-mthetho abanombulelo abaxhasa indawo yakho kwaye baqhubeke bebandakanyeka kulo mba
Abaququzeleli bomthetho kunye nabasebenzi babo banikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano olukhoyo, ingakumbi xa befumana imiyalezo emininzi kwinkupho enye. Ngelixesha ileta enye okanye umnxeba ungangatshintshi ukuvota, ukubotshwa okuxhaswe ngabameli kungaphembelela izinto eziphambili zomthetho nezigqibo.
Ukujongwa koMthetho
Ngethamsanqa, oovimba abaninzi benza oku kube lula kunanini na ngaphambili. iKhomishini inika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngomthetho wesizwe, kuquka umbhalo wemali, isikhundla, iinkxaso, izabelo zeekomiti, neengxelo zokuvota.
Abahlali bangatyikitya isaziso malunga namatyala athile okanye imiba ethile, balandele amatyala ekomiti, bahlole iikhalenda zowiso-mthetho ukuze bazi ixesha elicwangcisiweyo. Le nkcazelo ivumela abemi ukuba babandakanyeke kwizihlandlo ezifanelekileyo xa igalelo labo linokuchaphazela kakhulu.
Ukuqonda Imeko Yezobupolitika
Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda kungekuphela nje inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kodwa kwanemeko yezobupolitika apho isebenza khona. Oku kuquka ukwazi iindawo zabamisi-mthetho abazizintloko, iimpembelelo zeqela elinolwazelelelo, ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi iikomiti ezilawula imicimbi ethile, nokuqonda imekobume yezobupolitika ebanzi enokuchaphazela amathemba entelekelelo.
Kwakhona abemi kufuneka baqonde ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ukulalanisa kwaye iziphumo ezigqibeleleyo zinqabile. Ukuzimisela ukuxhasa inkqubela ekhawulezileyo ngoxa uqhubeka uxhasa iinjongo ezibanzi kuyindlela elula yokufikelela utshintsho lwenkqubo.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesityalo
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kuyinxalenye esisiseko yokufundiswa kwezentlalo. Kwesi sifundo uza kufunda ngamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu okuba ngummi. Eli lilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni uhlanga lwethu. Esi sifundo siza kuxubusha iindlela ezahlukeneyo onokuthabatha inxaxheba kuzo. Imfundo yeKBIP inceda abemi balapho baqonde amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo, basebenzise amaziko ezobupolitika, baze baphumeze inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokunempumelelo.
Noko ke, ukufunda ngentlalo kuyinto engaphaya kwemfundo engokwemfundo. Izakhamuzi zinokuqhubeka zikhulisa indlela eziyiqonda ngayo urhulumente nezobupolitika ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukufunda iindaba nokuhlolisisa, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo eziphathelele imicimbi yoluntu.
Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo Nokufunda
Kwimeko-bume yolwazi yanamhlanje, abemi kufuneka bakwazi ukuhlolisisa imithombo nokukhetha phakathi kolwazi olunokuthenjwa kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Oku kufuna ubuchule bokuphuhlisa ulwazi lokufunda kwijelo-lwazi, kuquka ubuchule bokufumana imithombo ethembekileyo, ukuqaphela ikhethe, ukujonga ubungqina, nokuqonda indlela ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa okanye luchazwe ngayo ngeendlela zokulahlekisa.
Xa bebandakanyeka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, abemi kufuneka bafune inkcazelo kwimithombo emininzi, kuquka iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni, imibutho yophando engangeni kwicala lasekuhlaleni, iindawo zokukhupha iziphumo zendaba ezinemilinganiselo eqinileyo yentatheli, kunye neembono ezahlukahlukeneyo kwimibandela yezomthetho. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuqonda kwabo kusekelwe kwinkcazelo echanileyo kunokuba kusekelwe kwimiqathango egqwethekileyo okanye kwiingxelo zobuxoki.
Ucelomngeni Namathuba Kulawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje
Utshintsho Lwamanani Lobandakanyeko Lwesibi
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini anesihlanu, unxibelelwano lwezentlalo lwakhokelela kwiinguqu kwindlela yokuziphatha yedemokhrasi yokukhetha. Ubugcisa bamanani buye bavelisa amathuba amatsha okuthembisana kwabemi, nto leyo ekwenza kube lula ukufikelela ulwazi, ukunxibelelana nemithetho, ukulungiselela amaphulo okukhuthaza ubugqeba, kunye nokukhuthaza. Amaqonga akwi-Online avumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngeendlela ezazingamkeleki kumaxesha angaphambili.
Noko ke, izixhobo ze-millimeter zikwadala imingeni, kuquka ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukudalwa kwamagumbi okukhupha intlokoma apho abantu bajongana nembono efanayo neyabo, kunye nenkxalabo ngokuzimela ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi. Ukusebenzisa ezi ngxaki ngoxa ubugcisa bunika amathuba kuyinkalo ebalulekileyo kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni yale mihla.
Ukuthetha Nedemokhrasi
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwintsebenziswano yamaziko olawulo-mpukane kungundoqo ekuphuculeni ukuthembana kwaloo maziko nokuthetha ngeentsilelo zedemokhrasi. Ukucinga ukuba abaenzi bezigqibo baphulaphula ilizwi lebutho lasekuhlaleni kufuneka libe lisiseko kwibutho loluntu elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba amazwi abo avakalayo kwaye banamathuba anenjongo okuphembelela izigqibo, ukuthembana namaziko olawulo-demokhrasi kuyakhula.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba abakhutshwa ekwenzeni izigqibo okanye bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ayisabeli kwizinto ezibaxhalabisayo, ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kuyathinteka. Ukuqinisa inxaxheba yommi akuthethi nje ngokuphucula iziphumo zenkqubo kodwa kwakhona nangokugcina impilo namandla amaziko edemokhrasi ngokwawo.
Indima Yokubonisa ngaphaya Komoya Nokuphendula
Ukuthabatha inxaxheba, okubumba ingongoma yokuqala ebalulekileyo phakathi kwempembelelo esisiseko yedemokhrasi, kufak' isandla ekuqondeni okucace ngakumbi nokunetyala ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweenkqubo zowiso-mthetho kuvumela abemi babone indlela ezenziwa ngayo izigqibo, ophembelela ezo zigqibo, nendlela abameli babo abavota ngayo. Oku kubonakala kubalulekile ekuphenduleni ityala.
Iinkqubo zokuphendula amagunya anyuliweyo ziqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anokubekwa ityala ngezenzo zawo. Ezi ziquka unyulo oluthe rhoqo, iimfuno ezityhilwa nguwonke wonke, imithetho yemigaqo yokuziphatha, kunye nokungamela ngamajelo eendaba nemibutho yoluntu. Xa ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokunempumelelo, zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifeza umdla woluntu kunokuba ifezekise izilangazelelo ezincinane zabucala.
Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okubandakanyeka
Kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, nawa amanyathelo aqinileyo amele athathwe:
Qala Ubulali
Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphumelela nokuyiqonda ngobuchule yile mithetho yasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwindawo ephambili yoqheliselo lokuthabatha inxaxheba njengoko besondele kubemi. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika iinkalo zokungena ezifikelelekayo zokudibana kweso sixeko okanye iintlanganiso zequmrhu lephondo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yocwangciso lwasekuhlaleni, okanye ukuthelela iibhodi zobucukubhedengu basekuhlaleni kungakunika amava axabisekileyo kwaye kwenza umahluko ocacileyo kwingingqi yakho.
Zazi Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kuwe
Qonda ukuba yiyiphi imbambano ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe kwaye yiyiphi apho ufuna ukunikela ingqalelo kumandla akho. Kuluncedo kakhulu ukubandakanyeka ngokunzulu kwimibandela embalwa kunokuzibeka undoqo kwimibandela emininzi. Qwalasela amava akho, ubugcisa, kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu xa uchaza izinto eziza kuqala.
Qhagamshelana neziQhagamshelana
Dibanisa imibutho esebenzayo kwimiba onomdla kuyo. La maqela anganikela inkcazelo, uqeqesho, namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kwimigudu yokulungelelanisa ulawulo. Anokukudibanisa nabanye abanolwabelana ngeminqweno yakho kwaye bancede ukhulise ilizwi lakho.
Yakha Ulwalamano Nabameli
Ukwakha olu lwalamano kunokwenza ulwalamano oluqhubekayo nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo nabasebenzi babo.
Hlala Unolwazi Uze Ube Nesabelo
Ukwenza izifungo zoluntu zihlale ziyinxalenye yobomi bakho kunokuba zibe yinto oyenzayo kuphela ngexesha lonyulo.
Yabelana Nomntu Ngolwazi Lwakho
Ukuthetha nabahlobo, intsapho, nabantu osebenza nabo ngemibandela yezentlalo. Yabelanani ngenkcazelo nemithombo ethembekileyo. Ukwakha isithethe sokubotshwa kwequmrhu kuluntu lwenu kuqinisa ulawulo-melo lwabo bonke.
Impembelelo Ebanzi Yokuba Nenxaxheba Emmini
Ukuba nenxaxheba kunokwenza izigqibo zolwazi nezifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kweengenelo ezinokubakho, abathathi-nxaxheba bangazuza ngokufumana ubuchule, ulwazi, ikomkhulu lentlalo, namandla. Iingenelo zokubotshwa kweso sizwe zingaphaya kokuphembelela iziphumo ezithile ezikhethekileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Inxaxheba inceda ekukhuliseni ubuchule obubalulekileyo, ulwakhelo, ukwandisa ulwazi lwezobupolitika, kwaye inika abantu amandla okukhuthaza imimandla nebutho labo.
Ukusetyenziswa okunempumelelo kwenkqubo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kuya kuxhasa abemi ukuba baqonde ubunzima kunye neziphendu ezinxulumene nenkqubo yolawulo, ukwenza iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke kwimekobume enxulumanisiweyo nokuphuhlisa imvakalelo yokuba nembopheleleko. Kwangaxeshanye, kuya kwenza abemi bafunde kule nkqubo, bakhulise impahla yabo, kwaye bavakalelwe ukuba bayinxalenye yenkqubo. Le ngcamango yokuba ngabaphathi kunye nokuba ngamalungu ayimfuneko ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi esempilweni.
Ngaphezu koko, okubandakanya abemi kunye nabantu ekugqityweni izigqibo ezikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zenkqubo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi xa imiba exhotyiswayo intsonkothile okanye idityaniswe nemilinganiselo enxulumene nokuqhekeka kwezobupolitika. Izigqibo zezobupolitika, ingakumbi ezo zidala ulwahlulo phakathi kwabantu, ziya kwamkelwa kwaye zithembeke ngakumbi ukuba abemi baye bathetha kwaye baphenjelelwa. Iinkqubo zokuyila izigqibo eziquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo zidla ngokuvelisa imigaqo esebenzayo nesemthethweni.
Isiphelo: Idemokhrasi njengesenzo esisebenzayo
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kubalulekile ukuze kubekho ubumi obuphumelelayo kwidemokhrasi. Ukusuka kwingcamango yokuqala yengcamango yowiso-mthetho ngohlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, uxolelwaniso phakathi kwamagumbi, isenzo somongameli, kunye nokumiswa kolawulo lokugqibela, iqonga ngalinye lenkqubo linika amathuba okungeniswa komngeniso kunye nempembelelo. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba ntsokothile kwaye maxa wambi idimaza, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ngokucokisekileyo nokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo.
Abemi banendima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, kungekhona ngovota kuphela kodwa ngokuqhubeka beganana, bebhalisana, benenxaxheba. Ngokuhlala benolwazi, benxibelelana nabameli, bethelelana nabanye kwimigudu yokulawula, yaye bebeka amagosa anyuliweyo etyala, abemi bayanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifeza umdla woluntu yaye ibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu.
Idemokhrasi asingomdlalo ojongwa ngababukeli .Ifuna ukuba uthathe inxaxheba ekhutheleyo kubemi abanolwazi nabathenjiweyo. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho inika amanqaku amaninzi okungena ukuze kungenelelwe, ukusuka ekungqineni ngokuva ukusa ekulungiseni amaphulo okubhala nje ileta kummeli wakho.
Njengoko uqhubeka nohambo lwakho njengommi otshate naye, khumbula ukuba idemokhrasi ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo ofuna ingqalelo nomgudu oqhubekayo. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokungafezeki, kodwa inika ubuchule bokutshintsha nokuphucula. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo kwaye ithatyathelw' inxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo, ungayinceda ekulungiseni imigaqo echaphazela ubomi bakho, uluntu lwakho, nelizwe lakho.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, tyelela .gov.gov., iwebsite esemthethweni yokulandelela umthetho wesizwe. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngokubhalisa nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Oku kunceda ukuba uhlale usazi kakuhle kwaye ubandakanye izibonelelo kwiintlangano ezifana neCBIO Education[.
Amandla edemokhrasi axhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwabemi abanolwazi. Ngokuyiqonda inkqubo yokwenza umthetho nokubandakanyeka kuwo ngokunempumelelo, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela, enetyala, yaye ezinikele ekukhonzeni okulungileyo koluntu. Ilizwi lakho libalulekile, kwaye inxaxheba yakho yenza umahluko ekulungiseni imithetho elawula ibutho lethu.