Inkqubo yokuyila imimiselo luphawu olubalulekileyo lokulawula oluqinisekisa ukuba imithetho kunye nemigaqo iphunyezwe ngokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunganceda abafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye neengcaphephe ziqonde ubuntlola obubandakanyekileyo ekuguquleni injongo yomthetho ibe yimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Imithetho iguqulela ulwimi olubanzi lwemithetho kwimfuno ezithile ezimele zilandelwe ngabantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi, inyathelo ngenyathelo lokuhlola indlela imimiselo ehamba ngayo ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya ekuqhubeni phambili, ukubalaselisa isiseko somthetho, ukubophelela abagcini-mathi, izixhobo zokulinganisa, kunye nemingeni eluncedo elawula iziphumo.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokulungisa Indlela Yokulungisa Umzimba

Imithetho ingummiselo osebenzayo wenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngelixesha imithetho edluliswa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho imisela imigaqo jikelele, imimiselo inika ulwalathiso olunenkcukacha olufunekayo ekuzalisekiseni. Le nkqubo yobugcisa ilawulwa ngumthetho wolawulo (ngokungakumbi umthetho we-U.S.A. Procediture Procediture Active Active Active Active Act (AA) ka- 1946 nemimiselo efanayo kweminye imimiselo ) emisela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo lohlalutyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kawonke wonke, nokuphendula. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isekelwe kubungqina, ibonakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ihlala kumgangatho wegunya elinikwe yiBhunga okanye i-console karhulumente.

Inkqubo yokwenza imithetho inokwenziwa inokwenziwa ibe ngamaqondo asibhozo angundoqo: ukuchonga imfuneko, ukuqhuba uphando kunye nohlalutyo, ukuzoba umbhalo wemithetho, ukukhangela uwonke-wonke, ukuqinisekisa ngokusekelwe kwingxelo, ukukhusela imvume esemthethweni, ukuzalisekisa nokumisa umthetho wokugqibela, nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwawo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Iqonga ngalinye lifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwabasebenzi besebe, iingcali zezezimali, izazinzulu, kunye nabagcini-mathiriyeli abachaphazelekayo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-nkqubo

Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe nakuphi na ukutyhalwa, abameli kufuneka basebenze phantsi kogunyaziso olucacileyo olusemthethweni. Oku kugunyaziswa kuvela kumthetho ogunyazisayo (Ngomzekelo, uMthetho we-Ceather Air Arhente yokusingqongileyo (EPA) unika igunya lokulawula ukukhuselwa kongcoliseko lomoya. I-APPPPPPPP kufuneka ilandele imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nemigaqo karhulumente ngokubanzi efuna uhlalutyo lwexabiso lobugcisa, uhlolo-mthetho, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kolunye uhlobo. EUnited States, i-Ocreal Actation kunye noHlaviment (OMB) ingceleleko yemithetho engundoqo ecetyiweyo ecetyisiweyo nge-OofisiniercioProgial and Regativentigativement (ORA).

Esi siseko sisemthethweni siqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayingomthetho onyanzelisiyo okanye ongekho mthethweni. Iinkundla zingayibetha imigaqo engaphumeleliyo ukuqwalasela oothunywashe abanxulumene nayo okanye ukuxhomekeka kwiingcinga eziphosakeleyo.

Umgaqo 1: Ukwazi Imfuneko Yokuphinda Ulungelelane

Uvuselelo lomgaqo omtsha lungavela kwimithombo emininzi: amanqam (njengenkqubo yokuchitheka kwemichiza ekhuthaza ukhuseleko), umyalelo wemithetho (Isicelo esifuna umbutho ukuba unikezelo lunikezele imigangatho), isicelo esivela kushishino okanye kumaqela olawulo, okanye utshintsho oluthe ngcembe kubugcisa, iimeko zentengiso, okanye ulwazi lwenzululwazi. I-Aprojecters zigcina imimiselo yokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo , umzekelo, i-Agenda eqinisekisiweyo yezenzo zobuFederal Regatary kunye ne-Dreagetagentious uludwe lomthetho ozayo, okanye ulwazi lwenzululwazi.

Izizathu Zokwenza Umthetho

  • [[NTL: 0] Izicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo zomqeqeshi-maxesha : Imithetho emininzi iquka ixesha elimiselweyo lokumisela umthetho i-indufice (umz., ukuzalisekisa umgangatho omtsha wemekobume kwiminyaka emibini).
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zokumisela imithetho: Amalungu kawonke-wonke okanye imibutho anokucela ngokusesikweni umbutho ukuba udale, uququzelelo, okanye uqulunqe umgaqo phantsi kwe-APA.
  • Imiyalelo yequmrhu elikwi-: Inkundla ingafuna umbutho ukuba unikezele umthetho wokulungisa ukwaphulwa okanye ukuthobela isivumelwano sokuhlalisa.
  • Umngcipheko odityanisiweyo : imveliso entsha, izinto, okanye ukuziphatha (umz., iiopioids ezidityanisiweyo, ubuchule bokufakelwa) zingenza iingozi ezingafakwanga.
  • [[UMTHLO:0] Inkxalabo yezoqoqosho okanye yento elinganayo : Imithetho ingayilwa ukulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwentengiso (umz., ungcoliso lwangaphandle) okanye ukukhusela abantu abasengozini.

Xa kufunyaniswe ukuba kukho imfuneko, eli qumrhu limele ligqibe enoba imithetho ekhoyo okanye imilinganiselo yokuzithandela yanele kusini na, kodwa limele liphande.

Isiqendu 2: Uphando nohlalutyo

Uphando olucokisekileyo lusisiseko semimiselo engenakuguqulwa. Iinkqubo ziqokelela zize zihlalutye ugcino-lwazi olukwinqanaba lengxaki, ingcambu, imisebenzi yangoku, iindleko ezinokwenzeka, kunye neengenelo zomgangatho wongenelelo olwahlukileyo. Eli nqanaba lisoloko libandakanya:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lwezibonelelo lwezifundo zenzululwazi, iingxelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nohlahlo-hlolo lwangaphambili.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuququzelelwa kweengcali kwimimandla enjengetyhefu yezobugcisa, injineli, imali, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • udliwano-ndlebe oluthatha indawo [ nabameli boshishino, abaphandi bemfundo, imibutho engeyoyamagunya orhulumente, kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo.
  • [[UMQONDISO: 0] Ingqokelela yemali ngohlolisiso, ukujonga imekobume, okanye ukutyhilwa kwemali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphawula [ ngokuchasene nemimiselo kwamanye amazwe okanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi isoloko ivelisa uhlalutyo lweNkcubeko yeNkcubeko ePhakamileyo (i-TIA) oluthi lulinganisele iindleko neenzuzo ezilindelekileyo, lwahlula ezinye iindlela, kwaye icacisa isizathu sokuba indlela ekhethiweyo ikhetheke. Kwimithetho ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho (leyo inesiphumo sonyaka sezigidi ezingama-100 okanye ngaphezulu), i-RIA kufuneka iphindwe yi-OIRA. Oku kusetyenziswa ngokwezibonelelo kuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo iphumele kwiinjongo zayo ngaphandle kokubeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga.

Izixhobo Ezisetyenziswa Kuhlalutyo

  • Uhlalutyo lweCost-benefit: iziphumo ezilindelekileyo apho kunokwenzeka, kuquka amaxabiso angengawo amaxabiso ophawulo, njengobomi bomntu (Uncedo loqikelelo lobomi lwe-Octalistical) kunye neenkonzo ze-ekholomes.
  • Uhlolo lwe-Risk: lubonisa ubunjani kunye nobukhulu beziphumo ezingalunganga phantsi kwemeko ezahlukeneyo.
  • [[Uhlahlelo:0] Uhlaziyo lokubonakalisa : Ubugcisa bobugcisa, uqoqosho, kunye nobuchule bolawulo bokuvumelana.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Uhlaziyo lonikezelo: Luhlolisise indlela iindleko neengenelo ezichaphazela ngayo amaqela ahlukeneyo amanani, imimandla, okanye ushishino.

Isicatshulwa 3: Ukulungisa umgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuguqula amaguquka afunyenweyo kunye neenketho zenkqubo zibe lulwimi oluchanekileyo olusemthethweni. Umgaqo wokoqobo uqulathe amacandelo ngenjongo, ububanzi, iinkcazelo, iimfuno ezincinci, imigca engqinelanayo, ingxelo, kunye namalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukuba kukho uphando. Abalawuli kufuneka bachaze indlela umthetho onxulumene ngayo nemimiselo ekhoyo (umz., iimfuno ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezingqubanayo).

Isiqalelo esingundoqo somthetho olungiswe kakuhle siquka:

  • Intsingiselo ezicacileyo yamagama angundoqo ukucutha ukungaqondani.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imigangatho ye-Purformation vs. imigangatho yoyilo : Imigangatho yomsebenzi ikhankanya iziphumo (umz., "imiyalelo akufunekanga igqithe ku-X pm") ngexesha imigangatho yeyila inika iindlela ezithile (umz., "ifuneka ifake uhlobo Y lweklipb").
  • Iindlela ezinokufezekisa: Ezinje ngemibhobho, ezinye iindlela zokuthobela, okanye uzalisekiso olunesigaba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icandelo elinokufezekiswa [ ukwenzela ukuba ilungiselelo elinye libethelelwe phantsi enkundleni, eliseleyo lihlala lisebenza.

Ukudrafta yinkqubo elawulayo. Amagqwetha e-arhente, abahlalutyi benkqubo, kunye neengcali zezenkcazo zemibandela zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lunesandi esisemthethweni nolawulo olufanelekileyo. Uhlolo lwangaphakathi lungabakho ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ucetyiswe ngokusesikweni.

Isicatshulwa 4: Uvavanyo lukawonke-wonke

Ukhangelo lukawonke-wonke luphawu lolawulo olucace gca. Phantsi kwe-APA, abameli kufuneka bapapashe iNotice of Propaced Ruleging (NPRM) kwi [ uBregiso-mvume [ [okanye ulindi olinganayo wegunya kumanye amazwe]). I-NPRM iquka umbhalo ocetyisiweyo wemithetho, isishwankathelo segunya elisemthethweni, ingxoxo ye-gcicici, kunye nemiyalelo yokunikezela amagqabaza. Ixesha likawonke lihlala kangangeentsuku ezingama-30, kodwa amaxesha amade avunyelwe ukuba kwenziwe imithetho entsonkothile.

Iindlela Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

  • ````Iigqabaza''': Ifakelwe kwilayini (umz., idlula imigaqo.gov) okanye ngeposi. Izimvo ziquka ugcino-lwazi, iimpikiswano, okanye icetyiswe utshintsho.
  • Indlebe ze-Public: Ubungqina obugqithisileyo obuthatyathwe ngokobuqu okanye phantse, ingakumbi kwimithetho ephikisayo.
  • Iindawo zokusebenza kunye neentlanganiso zokuphulaphula: Zimbalwa iingxubusho eziqhelekileyo ezinceda amaqumrhu aqokelele igalelo kumaqela athile (umz., amashishini amancinane, uluntu lwesizwe).
  • Uhlolo lwepeyinti: Kwimithetho entsonkothileyo ngokwenzululwazi okanye ngokobugcisa, abameli bangalunika uhlalutyo oluxhasayo kwiingcali ezizimeleyo.

Ingxamiseko kufuneka iqwalasele [[FLT: 0] all inike amagqabaza kwaye iphendule kwimibandela ebalulekileyo kwisiqalo somthetho wokugqibela. Oku kuyimfuneko kuthintela abameli ekutyesheleni ubungqina obuphikisana nesiphumo sabo esikhethiweyo. Ingxelo yamagqabaza kunye neempendulo zombutho ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yolawulo ehlolisiswa ziinkundla kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni.

Isicatshulwa 5: Uphengululo nohlolo

Emva kokuvalwa kwexesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, abasebenzi besebe bahlola amanqaku onke, balinganise imixholo, kwaye baqwalasele ukuba umthetho ocetyiswayo uzakulungiswa kusini na. Uguqulelo lungahluka ukusuka kucaciso oluncinane ukuya kulwahlulo olukhulu olusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olutsha okanye kwimpikiswano. Umzekelo, igqabaza lingabonisa ukuba unikezelo olucwangcisiweyo alukwazi ukufumaneka, lukhuthaza umbutho ukuba ulwandiso lulunyusele. Enye igqabaza ingabonisa ukuba enye indlela impumelelo yenjongo enye kwixabiso eliphantsi.

Isibonelelo ngoko silungiselela [[Umthetho:0] womthetho wobuNcedo [[Umthetho:1] oquka:

  • Umbhalo womgaqo-siseko wokugqibela.
  • Isandulela esicacisa isiseko nenjongo, kuquka ukusabela kumagqabaza anzulu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uhlalutyo olulungelelaniswayo olulungelelanisiweyo ukuba umthetho unempembelelo ephawulekayo kumashishini amancinci.
  • UMthetho wePhepha osebenzayo weReduction umthwalo woqikelelo (lwemithetho yase U.S.).

Umthetho wokugqibela unikezelwa kwi OIRA ukuphinda iqwalaselwe ukuba ibalulekile. I-OIRA inganyusa inkxalabo malunga nolungiso lwexabiso lokulingana, ukungaguquguquki kunye nezobungangameli, okanye iingxabano ezinokwenzeka nezinye izenzo zombutho. Emva kokucacisa, umthetho usayinwa yintloko yombutho kwaye upapashwe kwiFederal Register. Ngaphandle kokuba kungenjalo ichazwe, ithatha isiphumo iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokupapashwa (okanye kamva kwimithetho emikhulu).

Isiqendu 6: Imvume nokukhuliselwa

Iinkqubo zokuvunywa kogunyaziso zahluka ngokolawulo. Kumthetho wombutho omkhulu e-U.S., imithetho emininzi ekhutshwa ngqo ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho, kodwa iKhomishini ingabhukuqa imithetho ethile esebenzisa iCongregational Review (CRA) uMthetho (i-CRA).

Xa uthatyathwe, lo mthetho uyamiswa, qha, e-U.S., uba yinxalenye yemithetho yomanyano (CFR). Upapasho lunika isaziso esisemthethweni kwaye lwenza umgangatho onyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni.

Isiqendu 7: Uzalisekiso

Ukuphumeza kufuneka okungaphezulu kunokupapasha nje umthetho.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaxwebhu akhokelayo achaza amanyathelo okuthobela, achaza amagama adidayo, kwaye anika imizekelo.
  • [[UMQONDISO:0] Abahloli, abaphicothi-zincwadi, kunye nabaphathi bonikezelo kwiimfuno ezintsha.
  • [[UMTL:0] yenza okanye uhlaziyo lwenkqubo yokunika ingxelo, yokuhlola, kunye nokugcina ingxelo (umz., iisiseko sogcino-lwazi lokhupho logcino-lwazi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iinkqubo zonyanzelo lokunyanzelisa isalathisi , kuquka izigwebo zamakhaya, imiqathango, okanye izaphuli-mthetho zokwaphula ngabom.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi yophakamiso noncedo ukunceda amaqumrhu alawulwayo, ingakumbi amashishini amancinci, aqonda kwaye ahlangabezane nezibophelelo zawo.

Unyanzeliso lungaqhubekeka (umz., uhlolo lwenkqubo) okanye uhlolo oluthatha ingqalelo (umz., ukuphendula kwizikhalazo okanye iingcebiso). Izinto eziphambili ezisekelwe kumngcipheko(iindawo zokuthutha izithuba) ezinembali yokwaphula umthetho okanye ingozi enokubakho zinokuqwalaselwa ngakumbi. Ukusebenzisana norhulumente kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni kusoloko kwandisa ukunyanzeleka komthetho nokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukujongwa koMsebenzi weNkqubo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukunikela ingxelo yokwemathiselo: Imimiselo emininzi ifuna iingxelo zexesha elithile (umz., ukhuthuzo lwezikhuphi-khuphi-zikhuphiso zonyaka).
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi : olungakhethiyo okanye olujoliswe kulo lweerekhodi nemisebenzi.
  • Izatifiketi zenxenye-ezethu ze-: abahloli-zincwadi abazimeleyo baqinisekisa ukuthobela (okomnkileyo kukhuseleko lokutya nakumandla okuhamba emoyeni).
  • Inxaxheba yePublic: iisuti zommi ezivunyelwe phantsi kwemithetho emininzi yemeko- bume zinika umntu amandla okuqhuba ityala labaphuli-mthetho.

Ukunyanzelisa kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo ocacileyo, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye nezigwebo ezinokuthenjwa ezithintela ukungahambelani.

Isiqhobosho 8: Uvavanyo kunye nohlenga-hlengiso

Imithetho ayimi ndawonye. Iingxakeko maziqwalasele ngamaxesha athile ukuba imithetho iphumeza iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo nokuba ngaba inkqubela-phambili entsha ifuna uhlaziyo. Ulawulo oluninzi lufuna ukhangelo lokwenzeka kwakhona (Ngomzekelo, uLungelelo olunoLawulo oluPhezulu lwe-U. 1363 (2011) lwamaqumrhu akhokelayo ukuze aqwalasele ukutshintsha okanye ukuphinda imigaqo ekhoyo ephelelwe lixesha, engeyo, engafanelekanga, okanye enzima kakhulu.

Iindlela zohlolo ziquka:

  • Inkqutyana ivavanya [[FLT:] ngabasebenzi besebe okanye abaphandi bangaphandle.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Utshintsho lwemilinganiso (umz., ukucuthwa komphunga, iqondo lomonakalo elisezantsi).
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiphumo sokuthatha ukusuka kwizinto ezilawulwayo kunye neengenelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Fakela amalungiselelo azakucima ngokuzenzekelayo imimiselo emva kwenani elimiselweyo leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba ivunyiwe kwakhona.

Ukuba uhlolisiso lubonisa iintsilelo, umbutho usenokumisela umthetho omtsha ukuze ulungise lo mthetho, okanye usenokunikela ulwalathiso ukuze kucaciswe iimfuno ezikhoyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokulungisa Indlela Yokuzilungisa

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo ezimiselwe kakuhle, imimiselo yobugcisa inika ubunzima obuninzi:

  • I-Balding inkcubeko ekhuphisanayo [: Ishishini lisoloko lifuna ubhetyebhetye kunye neendleko eziphantsi; abaxhasi bakawonke-wonke bafuna ukhuseleko olomeleleyo. I-Profection kufuneka zikhuphele ezi ngxaki ngeli lixa zihleli phantsi kwegunya lazo elisemthethweni.
  • Inkxalabo yolwazi: Iinkonzo kufuneka zisoloko zenza izigqibo phantsi kokungaqiniseki ngeemeko zexesha elizayo, utshintsho lobugcisa, okanye ubunganganga bobungozi.
  • Uxinzelelo lwePhondo : Amagosa akhankanyiweyo namaqela enzala angabhenela kwimithetho yokubumba, maxa wambi ebonakalisa ubungqina okanye igalelo likawonke-wonke.
  • Umngcipheko wonyuso : Phantse wonke umthetho obalulekileyo uyacelw'elw'e enkundlani. Iingxamiseko kufuneka zidibanise irekhodi yolawulo olunamandla ukuze zisinde kuhlolo lwezogwebo.
  • umthombo wemiqathango: Abameli abangaphantsi kwabasebenzi bayazama ukuqhuba uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo, ukulungiselela imiqulu ephezulu yamagqabaza, kunye nokunyanzelisa imithetho ngokunempumelelo.
  • Ukuzala kunye nomthamo: Imithetho ye-U.S. iqulathe amashumi amawaka amaphepha; imithetho egqithisiweyo nephelelwe lixesha ingenza udideko nokuguquguquka.

Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ukuphucula okuqhubekayo kwinkqubo yokulawula, ukuvela kwembonakalo nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukufundisisa Ngemeko: Umthetho Ococekileyo Wamanzi

Umzekeliso wesigqumathelo esipheleleyo, qwalasela umgaqo wokulinganisela i-perfluoroalkl kunye ne-polyfluoralkyl izinto (PFAS) emanzini okusela. Le nkqubo iqala ngogunyaziso olusuka kuMthetho we-Ntempet Water Act. I-EPA iya kuphanda ngeziphumo zempilo, ugcino-lwazi lwendalo, kunye nobugcisa bokunyanga. Emva kokulungisa umgangatho we-MCL ocetyiweyo (MCL), umthetho wokugqibela uzakupapashwa. Ngexesha le-NPRM, i-NPRM izakuvela ngexesha lama-60 logqabaza, i-omatshini bokuvelisa amanzi, imichiza yemichiza, kunye neqela lemeko yokulungisa ixabiso-benefitting kunye noncedo lwemigangatho efunekayo. Ukuba kusetyenziswe imigangatho efunekayo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokuyila imimiselo ngumsebenzi onzima kodwa obalulekileyo wolawulo lwangoku. Ukusuka ekuchazeni ingxaki yokuvavanya ubuchule obude bexesha, iqonga ngalinye lifuna uhlalutyo olungqongqo, uqikelelo olucacileyo, nokulungelelanisa ngenyameko amaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi baqonde isizathu sokuba imigaqo ithathe ixesha lokuphuhliswa kwaye ilungelelaniswe ngendlela eyiyo. Kubafundisi, ukusebenzisa le nkqubo eklasini kungaxhobisa abafundi ngembono yokwenene yendlela enokwenziwa ngayo kwaye inyanzelelwe ngayo ukuba ngabaninimzi nobuchule bomsebenzi womthetho, ulawulo lukawonke wonke, kunye nobuchule.

Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yokwenza imithetho esekelwe kubungqina nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuquka, iinkqubo zolawulo zingasabela kucelomngeni olucinezelayo lwebutho labantu ngexa kuxhaswa umthetho. Njengokuba isantya sotshintsho lobugcisa kunye noluntu sisenza ngokukhawuleza, ubuchule bokwenza imimiselo esebenzayo, elungeleleneyo iza kukhula kuphela. Imithombo efana nomthetho ophambili we- Ingqungquthela yezolawulo yeUnited States kunye nomgaqo wobuGcisa CD-Emoral Regatery Cality [] inikela ukufunda okuqhubekayo kwimisebenzi engcono nokungena kulawulo oluthe krwano.