Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zibumba indlela ezisebenza ngayo iidemokhrasi, zingaphembeleli nje kuphela ophumelele unyulo kodwa zikwaphembelela nophawu kunye nokugxininiswa kwengxoxo yezopolitiko. Ukuqonda imidlalo phakathi kwezi nkqubo kunye nentetho yamaphulo kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla kunye nokusikelwa kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela iinkqubo zolawulo-melo ezizichaphazela ngayo iingxoxo zonyuselo kunye neenkqubo zamaphulo, ukuzoba kwimizekelo ethelekisanayo kunye nophando lwabaphengululi ukuze zinike ushwankathelo olunzulu.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zezikhulu

Iinkqubo ze-Majoritarian, ezisoloko zibhekiselwa kuzo njenge "indawo epheleleyo" okanye "iindlela zobundlobongela", ziphumle kumgaqo olulula: umvoti okanye iqela elamkela eyona mvume zikhusela isihlalo okanye iofisi. Oku kumela ngokuchasene nolwahlulo lomelo (PR), olunikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yevoti nganye eyamkelayo. Olunye uguquko oluqhelekileyo lukwindawo yokuqala yesiphelo (FTPP), olusetyenziswa kumazwe afana nolo Zwe, iUnited States, i-Canada, neIndiya.

Ezinye iimodeli ezingundoqo ziquka indlela engqukuva ezimbini (i-loff), eziqeshwe eFransi kunye nonyulo oluninzi lomongameli, kunye nolunye uvoti (olukwindawo encinci) olusetyenziswayo e-Australia. Utshintsho ngalunye lufuna ukuvelisa umnqophisi ocacileyo, kodwa lwahlukile kwindlela ivoti ekhutshwe ngayo kwaye nokuba ngaba kufuneka uninzi (ngaphezu kwama-50%). EFPTPP, umvotesi angaphumelela ngobukhulu obulula qhambukayo qhaqhaqhaqhazelo-ngo-ngo-_ukukhokelela kwiziphumo apho iqela eliphumeleleyo lingaswela inkxaso enkulu kuvoti.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo zolawulo zikhuthaza urhulumente onamandla, oziphendulelayo ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezigqibekileyo. Abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi basoloko begqwetha ukhetho lomvoti kwaye bacebise amaqela amancinane. Olu xinezeleko lunentsingiselo enzulu kwintetho yezobupolitika, njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba namaqela bevumelanisa imiyalezo yabo nemithetho esungulwa yimithetho yonyulo.

Iingxoxo ezi-Electorial Kwimimiselo Yeziqendu Ezingundoqo

Iingxoxo ze-Electoral zisebenza njengendawo ephambili yokuthelekisa abavoti kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Phantsi kwemithetho emikhulu, impikiswano idla ngokuqwalasela incinanana, isoloko igxininisa kwinani elincinane labaphikisi. Ngenxa yokuba mnye kuphela ophumeleleyo ekuwiseni isihlalo esinikiweyo, impikiswano idla ngokugxininisa ukuma okucwangcisayo kuphando olunzulu lwenkqubo. Oku kungabonakala ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Ukunyusa imiyalezo ejolise ekuvoti: Izabelo ezisoloko zisenziwa zibanzi, zicuthene nokudambisa kunezintlu-goqo zenkqubo ezinenkcukacha, ingakumbi xa kujoliswe abavoti abangajoliswanga qha kwimimandla yokhuphiswano.
  • Igxininiso ekuchanekeni kwemigaqo egqwethekileyo: kunye nabaphikisi ababini okanye abathathu abaphambili, abaququzeleli bengxoxo kunye nolindelo lwabaphulaphuli lunyanzela abathathi nxaxheba ekudibaniseni umahluko kunokuba bachaze urhwebo oluntsonkothileyo.
  • Inkcazo ephambili kubuntu kunye ne-charisma: Ekubeni iintlanga eziphambili zisoloko ziphumelela ngemida emincinci, iimpawu zobuqu zomntu oza kubhaptizwa (njenge likability, ubuchule bokuphendula, kunye nokuqondwa kobunyani.]

Umzekelo, kwiingxoxo zomongameli wase-U.S. phantsi kwe-ellactoral College ephumeleleyo, abatshati banikela ingqalelo engalinganiyo kwimiqathango yokujinga-jinga-jinga kwaye baphephe ukurhoxa kwemivoti ephakathi. Ngokufanayo, kwiingxoxo zonyulo jikelele ze-UK, iinkokeli ezisuka kwi-Labour kunye neConservatives zilawula ixesha lomoya, ngelinye ixesha amaqela amancinane njenge Liberal Democrats okanye iGreens afumana inteyina elinganiselweyo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha zibambe umlinganiselo wamandla.

Uphando olusuka kwi Electoral Reformation Society lubalaselisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili zinciphisa intshukumisa yokuba amaqela enze imibutho ebanzi okanye amkele iindawo zokuvumelana ngexesha lamaphulo. Endaweni yoko, iingxoxo ziba yindawo yokulwa ukuhlasela ubuthathaka babachasi, amandla anokucinezela ukuvota nokuthembana.

Intetho YeCandelo: Imisebenzi Nempumelelo

Impumelelo yentetho yephulo kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwijongo elicwangcisiweyo. Ikhandidi ligxininisa kwimithombo yengingqi ekhuphisanayo. Ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba "zihlalo eziphezulu" kwi UK okanye "izihlalo zokutsala" kwi US/ apho isiphumo singaqinisekanga. Le ndawo iqwalaselwayo ichaza indlela enzulu yokuthumela imiyalezo:

  • Imiyalezo yephulo lesizwe elivavanya iziqu zamaqela ajolisekileyo, enikezelwe ngokutsha: amaqela ahlolo amaqela, aze athumele kwimida yasekuhlaleni engaqhelananga kakhulu. Le homogenize intetho kwaye icuthe umahluko wenkqubo yengingqi.
  • Iphulo lokulinganisa: kuba uloyiso ludla ngokufuna ukujika isiseko sikabani ngexa ucinezelayo uhlaselo lwezibhengezo zomchasi, ukuhlasela nokubulala iimpawu zobuntu kuqhelekile. Uphando kwi-PLT yenzululwazi yePhondo yeMelika lufumanise ukuba izibhengezo ezingalunganga zixhaphakile kwiinkqubo zeFPTP kune PR (Lau & Pomper, 2004).
  • [[NTLA] Uvoto lobuchule bexesha lobuxhakaxhaka: ubugcisa beCandelo ngokufuthi bukhuthaza abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo", ukukhusela umntu ongathandwayo ongoneliyo ukuba athintele enye indlela engathandwayo, --nakuchaza izinto ezikhethwayo zokwenene. Oku kunokugqwetha iingxubusho zenkqubo kwaye kunciphise ukucaciswa kwengqiqo.

Iinkqubo zoomongameli zingakhuthaza "iicandelo lesibini elidimaza inxaxheba yesithathu. EUnited States, amaqela aluhlaza kunye neLibertrian anqabile ukufikelela kumnyango wokuvota ofunekayo we15% ukudibanisa iingxoxo zomongameli, uthintela amandla abo okuzisa ezinye iimbono. Oku kuqinisa intetho encinane kwimibandela enjengezempilo, inguqulelo yemozulu, kunye nerhafu.

Noko ke, abanye abaphengululi bathi iinkqubo zolawulo zivelisa imiyalelo ecacileyo yokutshintsha inkqubo. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela afumana inkxaso-mali asoloko elawula imigaqo-siseko yowiso-mthetho, anokuzalisekisa izithembiso ezikhawulezileyo kunezo rhulumente abamanyeneyo kwiinkqubo zePR. Le ngxelo, isenokulola unxulumano phakathi kwentetho yephulo nolawulo.

Ingqikelelo yeNkcubeko: Iinkqubo zePropotical

Ukuqonda amandla angaqhelekanga entetho yephulo lenginginya, kuluncedo ukuwathelekisa nenkqubo yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo. Kwinkqubo ye-PR, ukhuphiswano oluninzi luba yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ukuthelekisa ingxubusho emva konyulo kulindelekile. Oku kuphembelela ingxoxo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Umgama obanzi wenkqubo: Iinkqubo zePR zinika ilizwi kumaqela amaninzi, ngoko ke impikiswano igquma iinguqu ezininzi zemibandela ngezantsi ukusuka kwinkqubano yemekobume ukuya ekunene kwesizwe.
  • Inika iphulo elibi: Kuba amaqela kufuneka asebenzisane kwintsebenziswano, ayakuphepha ukuhlasela amaqabane anokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Oku kunciphisa ulwelo lobuqu kunye nentlaselo ye-hominem.
  • Inkxalabo enkulu kurhwebo-mthetho: incoko yemali ifuna amaqela acacisa izinto eziza kuqala, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo encinci ngexesha lamaphulo.

Ngokomzekelo, kwinkqubo exutyiweyo yamalungu eJamani, iingxoxo ziquka abameli abasuka kwiCDU/CSU, SPD, Greens, FDP, AfD, kunye neKhohlo Partili. Oku kugxininisa uludwe lweenketho zenkqubo kwimiba efana nokufuduka namandla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ingxoxo yomongameli waseFrentshi phantsi kwenkqubo yezikhulu ezibini ezingqukuvayo ibonakalisa kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-enjini, ifinyeza isithuba somgaqo-nkqubo.

Ufundo lwamashumi amabini ane19 ku i- British Journal of Political Science . lufumanise ukuba abavoti kwiinkqubo zePR bachaza ulwaneliseko oluphezulu ngoluhlu lweenkhetho ezinikezelwe ngexesha lamaphulo, kanti abavoti-zincwadi abaphambili banokubona iingxoxo njenge "kancinci" okanye "zibhalwe ngokuchasana".

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwentetho Ebalaseleyo

Nangona iinkqubo eziphambili zinika isiqinisekiso, zikwabeka imingeni yesakhiwo abahlalutyi abathi bayayiphosa ingcinga yedemokhrasi.

  • Ngaphantsi kokwenziwa kwemiqathango yamaqela amancinane: ukudityaniswa kwe-ecoography yesizwe, yolwimi, okanye yemibutho emincinane ingawashiya ngaphandle kwelizwi elinyuliweyo, njengoko esoloko ekhutshelwa kwimimandla ekwilungu elinye. Oku kunqongophala komelo kungenza impikiswano ingabi ngobandakanyekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulwahlulo kunye nolwahlulo: Uhlobo lweqanda- olunomphumo- wonke ukhuthazo olukhuthaza abaphumeleleyo ukuzoba umahluko okhaliphileyo, ngokufuthi ngokudedanisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungaqinisa i-MVSCIT kwaye kunciphise incoko enqamlezayo.
  • umahluko wemithetho edityanisiweyo: enokhuphiswano olusebenzayo olulinganiselweyo kumaqela amabini, iingxoxo ezinkulu zidla ngokungayinanzi imibandela exhaswe ngamaqela amancinane . "ezifana notshintsho lokhetho, ingeniso esisiseko, okanye ukungakhuli kweqela elikhulu elizidibanisayo.
  • Ukujijwa kwenjongo yomvoti: ukuvota kobuchule kungagquma izinto ezikhethwayo zokwenene, kwenza unyulo lube neziphumo ezingentle zoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Oku kuphelisa ixabiso lolwazi lwentetho yesehlo.

Ezi ngxaki azikho jikelele kuzo zonke iinkqubo zolawulo. Uvoti olunye uhlobo, umzekelo, ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo, behlisa imfuneko yokuvota okucwangcisiweyo kwaye besenza ukuba abavoti becandelo lesithathu babonise ukhetho lokuqala ngaphandle "kokugada" i-color. Amazwe afana ne-Australia aye abona ingxoxo etshintshayo njengeziphumo, nangona inkqubo isavelisa ulawulo oluneenxenye ezimbini kwizihlalo ezininzi.

Indima yesixhobo sokusasaza kwiinkqubo eziphambili eziqhubekekayo ukudibanisa le miba. Iindawo zokukhupha eendaba, ingakumbi kwiUS ne-UK, zityekele ekufakeni unyulo njengonyulo njengemigqalwa yamahashe ``ijolise kumanani ovolo, iigaffes, kunye namahlazo endaweni yemiqathango. Le "Ifomu" ihambelana nezihlomelo zokhuphiswano loonontlalo, apho inkcazo kunye nesantya zingaguqula iziphumo ngeencopho ezimbalwa.

Amajelo eendaba, ukuzinikela koomatshini bokuloba, nokubhalisa ngamanani

Ukuvela kwezixhobo zamajelo eendaba kuye kwaguqula intetho yamaphulo kwiinkqubo eziphambili, maxa wambi kukhulisa imiqathango yazo. Ii-ccut zezonxibelelwano lwezentlalo yenza imiyalezo emincinane ethwalwayo ``izalathiso'' kumaqela anciphileyo asekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunxulumene nolwazi. Kwimeko ezinkulu, oku kudla ngokuthetha ukubetha ingxowa yabavoti kwimimandla ephambili ngokufaka izibongozo eziphikisanayo: umbhexeshi-mali erhafu kwimali yerhafu enye edisiweyo nakuwonke wonke kwenye, ngokuxhomekeke kubaphulaphuli.

Lo mkhwa ungadibanisa impikiswano kwaye unciphise ukudibana kwamaqonga. Iivoter kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo zifumana iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zephulo, zidida ingcamango yentetho yesizwe eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungaziwa kwentetho kunye nesantya sonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi kukhuthaza ukupheliswa kokungalungisi nokungaqini kwenkcazelo, okunokuba konakalisa ngokukhethekileyo kwimibangxuma eqinileyo apho iinguqu zincinci.

Izixhobo zamanani zivumela abo bakwizihlalo zokhuphiswano ukuba bagqithe kwimithombo yezorhwebo kwaye bangene ngqo kwimijelo yeholo yedolobha. Imisinga ye-Q&A, kunye neentlanganiso zemigaqo zingabangela ingxubusho entle, kodwa imigudu enjalo isoloko igqunywa luhlaselo oluzingisileyo lwabahlaseli. Ukusebenza kwezi ndlela zokhuphiswano kuyahluka ngokubanzi, kunye nezinye izikhuphisi ezidibanisa iimpahla ezinamandla zasekuhlaleni ezibagquma kwiimeko zesizwe.

Ukudibana kweevoter kwiinkqubo eziphambili kukwabunjwa lukhuphiswano olucingelwayo lwemijaho yasekuhlaleni. Kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo ." apho omnye umbutho ebamba uninzi lwabaninzi((icampaign) ngokufuthi intetho iba yeyokugcina ithe gqi, kunye nabaququzeleli abajolise kwiinkonzo ezikhoyo kunokuba bathethe ngengxoxo yemithetho. Oku kunokudandathekisa ukujika nokunciphisa umdla woluntu kunyulo, njengoko abavoti beva imicimbi yabo incinane.

Uphando olusuka lweInternational Institute for Democratic and Electoral Uncedo lubonisa ukuba umvoti uthambeka esezantsi kwiinkqubo ze-FPTP xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zePR, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokwanda kwezihlalo "ezikhuselekileyo". Oku kungalingani kwelizwe ekubopheni kuqinisa ulawulo lwemimandla embalwa ejinga-jingayo ekulungiseni intetho yesizwe.

Izindululo Zotshintsho Nezixhokonxiso Zazo Zokuphikisana

Ekubeni beqonda iimpazamo zentetho yamaphulo amakhulu, abavoti baye bacebisa iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo.

  • Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ze-MMP: ezisetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, nase Scotland, iMMP idibanisa imimandla enamalungu elinye neendawo zoluhlu olunoludwe, iqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso jikelele. Oku kuthanda ukwandisa ingxoxo ngokunika izalathiso zepalamente ezincinane kunye nezixhobo ezikhuthaza umbutho wezobupolitika.
  • ukuvota okunechoice-i-RCV: Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake iziqendu, i-RCV iphelisa iziphumo eziphangayo kwaye inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga, njengoko abavumi befuna ivoti yesibini kubaxhasi abaxhasiweyo. Ngokuqhelisa, ingxoxo ye-RCV emadolobheni njenge San Francisco neMinneapolis ibonise isandi esisebenzisanayo.
  • I-primpringies ezivulekileyo kunye nengxowa-macandelwana engangeni kwicala lecaligu: Ezi ziguqulo zijolise ekunciphiseni ukwenziwa kwemimandla esukthi ngokuvumela bonke abavoti ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili, benyanzelisa abatsha ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo. "ephezulu-2" ephambili eKhalifoniyani ikhokelele kwintswana ephakathi kwaye, ezinye ziphikisa, impikiswano encinci.
  • Imali etshintshiweyo yotshintsho: Ukulinganisela impembelelo yabanikeli abaninzi kunye nenkcitho yenkampani ingayinciphisa ibala lokudlala, ivumela abathathi-nxaxheba abaneengcamango ezintsha ukuze bafumane ukubonakala ngaphandle kokuqokelelwa kwemali eninzi.

Utshintsho ngalunye luthwala urhwebo. I-MMP ingavelisa iingxoxo ezintsonkothileyo ezinciphisa ukucaca koxanduva. I-RCV, ngeli xesha inciphisa iphulo elingafanelekanga, ingadida abavoti abaqhelene nokuvota okuziintlobo ezininzi. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi nakuphi na ukuphambuka kulawulo olupheleleyo lobuntloko boluntu kuya kuphucula ubunjani bengxoxo yokukhetha ngokukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka okubanzi nengxoxo yenkqubo.

Umzekelo wotshintsho olunempumelelo yiNew Zealand, eyatshintshelwa ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996. Ukususela ngoko, amaphulo onyulo aye abonakalisa amaqela amaninzi, ukuthelekisa intsebenziswano eenkqubo ezininzi, kunye neenguqu ezinkulu zezicelo zenkqubo. Ngoku iingxoxo ziquka iinkokeli ezivela kwiGreen Party, New Zealand Kuqala, kunye neMāori Parti, ecaleni kwe-Labour namaqela esizwe. Oku kuye kwakhuthaza intetho kawonke-wonke, nangona abanye abagxeki bephawula ukuba maxa wambi oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo bangabalulekani.

EMani eUnited Kingdom, i-arhente yowama-2011 yokwamkela olunye uvoti yoyiswa, kodwa ingxoxo ejikeleze yona yabalaselisa ukunganeliseki kwabantu ngempembelelo ye-FPTP kwintetho yephulo. I-Electoral Reformation Society [ iyaqhubeka ixhasa ukumelelwa, isithi izakunciphisa "izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" kunye namaqela amele iphulo kuwo wonke ummandla.

Isiphelo: Ukusebenzisana kwemithetho kunye nokusebenzisana

Iinkqubo zobuchule aziyonkqubo zobuchule nje zobalo lwevoti; zinamandla anamandla okubumba incoko yezobupolitika. Ngokunikel' ingqalelo amandla ezandleni zabaphumeleleyo, zisebenzisa icebo, i-drive-buni, kwaye ngokufuthi zidityaniswa nentetho yephulo. Iingxoxo ze-Electoral ziba yinkqubo yokhuthazo ejoliswe ekujikeni okuncinane kunokutshintsha okubanzi. Ngelixesha iinkqubo zobunkoliso zinika ucace nokuziphendulela, zikwabeka engozini yokwandisa intetho encinane, ukucuthayo, nokunciphisa amabala eendleko eenkqubo.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kunceda abemi kunye nabenzi bemithetho bahlolisise amandla nobuthathaka bamaziko abo abanyuliweyo. Imigudu yotshintsho ejolise ekukhuliseni intetho ``enokuba ibaluleke ngeziphumo zomqathango wokhetho, okanye ngeenguqu zemali elungiselelwe inkxaso-mali'. Kufuneka ityala lendlela imithetho enyuliweyo enzulu ngayo ingeyiyo nje kuphela ukuba baphumelele kodwa indlela abathetha ngayo ngemibandela ekhoyo. Njengoko ulawulo-mocracyism luguquka, umgangatho wengxoxo unokuba baluleke njengesiphumo sonyulo ngokwalo, kunye neenkqubo ezinkulu zemali ziza kuqhubeka ziyinxenye ephambili yaloo ngxoxo.