Indima Esisiseko Yophengululo Logwebo

Zimbalwa iziko eziye zaguqula indlela yomgaqo-siseko womtshato waseMerika njengendlela enzulu yokugweba yesizwe. Ngoxa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zibekwe ngokwembali kufuphi negunya elipheleleyo emtshatweni, ibisoloko izinkundla ezingenelela ekulungiseni ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko xa amasebe ezobupolitika ehamba kancinci okanye elwamkelwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuchaza iziqinisekiso zenkqubo yoGawulayo yeshumi elinesine kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, abagwebi baye bachaza kwakhona lowo unokutshata kwaye phantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko. Le nkqubo ibingeyokulandelela umgca, kodwa ulawulo ngalunye olungundoqo lwakhe kwimiqatha yemiqathango yangaphambili, ngokuthe ngcembe yandisa ingcaciso engo yomtshato yokubonakalisa ukuqondwa okupheleleyo kwamalungelo angundoqo.

Inxaxheba yejaji kumthetho womtshato isekelwe kumgaqo wokuba amalungelo athile asisiseko kangangokuba angenakukwazi ukuthotyelwa yivoti enkulu. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaphawulayo ukuphuma v. Virginia, inkululeko yokutshata ibhaqwa njengenye yamalungelo obuqu abalulekileyo abalulekileyo ekuphunyeleni ulonwabo. Ngokubetha imithetho engavumiyo ukuba isibini esitshatileyo sitshatene, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba umtshato unelungelo elingundoqo kubantu bonke, hayi kwabo nje abafanelekele isithethe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izigqibo eziphambili ezithe zaphucula amalungelo omtshato, ukuqwalasela ukuhambela kwazo okusentla komhlaba wonke, ukuqwalasela iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni, nokuqwalasela indima eqhubekayo yemicimbi yezezezentlalo.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka kuLawulo lukaRhulumente ukuya kuLawulo

Imiqathango Yomtshato Yasekuqaleni Kwamashumi mabini

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umthetho womtshato wawuphantse waba ngumbandela wamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ngamnye wawuchaza umtshato ngokwendlela yawo yobuhlanga, yonqulo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ekhokelela kumsebenzi wemithetho eyahlukeneyo eyayisoloko ibonisa ikhethe elinzulu. Anti-justigengean solu wirement kwimimandla engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ekwalelweyo umtshato phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe nabantu abanombala, abasoloko behlasela abantu abamnyama, abase-Asia, kunye naboMdabi waseMerika. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi ayayivala imitshato phakathi kwabantu abaneziphene ezithile, kwaye onke amazwe awayaleli imitshato ekwahlukeneyo, icace mhlophe kunye neenkcazelo ezichazwe ngokwemimiselo.

Iinkundla zezomthetho zephondo eziye zazinikela kwimithetho-siseko yomtshato, ziphakamisa imiqathango logama nje ziphumele injongo esengqiqweni, enjengokulondoloza ukuziphatha okuhle okanye iinjongo zobugqwirha. Oku kuthintela isigwebo kuthetha ukuba imingeni yangaphambili engokwasemthethweni yocalucalulo lomtshato phantse yasilela jikelele. Umzekelo, Pace v. Alabama[1883], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa umthetho ochasene nongquzukisa amhlophe noBlam, iqikelelw'u ukuba ibohlwaye bonke abagxulukileyo ngokulinganayo kwaye ngoko ayizange ingqubanise ide imimiselo yezizwe njenge-smmetricial Claus. Le ngcamango ingathi i-'inyani i-atrumptyy) izakulahlwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ngexesha lokuhlala kumtshato.

Unyuko lwenkqubela yoqikelelo oluphakathi: Unyuko lwenkqubela yoqikelelo nempikiswano zokhuselo olulinganayo

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini lenkulungwane yazisa utshintsho elwandle kwimithetho-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji ePhakamileyo u-Earl Warren yandisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo abantu, ingakumbi kwimimandla yohlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemigaqo yobuqu. Izigqibo ezingundoqo ezifana brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [ [1954] [iNkuMgaqo-siseko] [iSigwebo esiphezulu]) yamisela ukuba ijaji i-jacariary ikwazi ukungenelela ukurhoxaba-o oorhulumente, kwaye ukuqikeleleka okuphantsi kwengqiqo kwanwela kamsinya kukwa kamsinya. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni nabanga amalungelo abantu baqalisa ukuphikisa ukuba imiqathango yomtshato ayizange imelane kuphela iSikhuseli sokhuseleko esiqhelekileyo sikaClavice, nto leyo ekhusela urhulumente ekungeneniswe ngokungeyo.

Eli xesha lakwakho ukugqalwa okukhulayo komtshato “njengokwasekunene okungundoqo” phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Sconf v.Oklahoma (1942), iNkundla yayisele iphawule ukuba umtshato nokuzala kubaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kogqatso. Ngoo1960, iqonga lamiselwa ukuba limisele ulucelomngeni olungqalileyo ekuwiseni umtshato owenziwe ngomgaqo-siseko. Ityala eliyakuba yi-aventi yengulo inguqulelo yavela eVirginia, apho ibhinqa elimnyama nendoda engumlungu babebotshelelwe ngokutshata ngokunqamla imigqa yohlanga.

Izigqibo Zenkundla Eziphawulekayo Ezawutshintshayo Umtshato

Uthando Virginia (1967): Isiseko Somgangatho Womtshato

Akukho sigqibo sisekelwe kakhulu kumthetho womtshato wangoku kune ekwakusekelwe kuwo [umtshato]. . UMildred Jeter, ibhinqa eliMnyama, noRichard Love, indoda emhlophe, etshate kwiSithili saseColumbia ngo1958 ukuphepha uMthetho we-Vriginia wobuLusubamo lobuhlanga. Xa babuyela eVirginia, babanjwa baza bagwetyelwa unyaka omnye entolongweni, bexhotyiwe ngokwemeko yokuba bashiye urhulumente iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Ngoncedo lwe-ACCLU, i-Loles waces zavavania zacel ukuvavania ukukholelwa kwabo, kwaye iNkukhosi ePhakakhulu yabetha ngokumanyeneyo umthetho wokulwa nomthetho kaVirnians ngoJuni 1967.

Uluvo lweJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren lwanika izigqibo ezibini ezinamandla. Okokuqala, iNkundla yathi umtshato unelungelo elisisiseko phantsi kwe-Stut Procession Claus, isithi “inkululeko yokutshata kudala iqashelwe njengenye yamalungelo obuqu abalulekileyo abalulekileyo kusukelo locwangco lwabantu abakhululekileyo. Olwesibini, iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba umthetho waseVirginia waphula umthetho oCelt Protect Clausleas kuba wenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuphakama kobumhlophe kwaye wawusekelwe kwimiqathango yobuhlanga kuphela. Le mithetho idibe ikhusela umtshato njengeyona ibalulekileyo ekuphunyelweni kwemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha elinye xa ugwebo lomtshato.

“Inkululeko yokutshata ibisoloko ibonwa njengenye yamalungelo obuqu abalulekileyo abalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni ngocwangco kolonwabo ngabantu abakhululekileyo.” — IJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren, u-Kovang v. Virginia, 388 U.S.167]

Isiphumo esikhawulezileyo se- yayikukuphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato okusekelwe kuhlanga lwamazwe alishumi elinesixhenxe ayesakuwo. Oku kudityaniswe ngokubanzi, kwaqinisekisa ukuba umtshato asilolungelo nje elizinziweyo likarhulumente kodwa ilungelo elisemthethweni elingenakukhanyelwa ngokwezizathu ezizenzekelayo. Lo mgaqo walungisa indlela yamashumi eminyaka yokuhlasela ezinye iintlobo zocalucalulo lomtshato, kuquka ezo zisekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nakukwazi ukuba ngumntu omntu ngamnye.

Baker v Nelson (1972): Ucelomngeni lokuqala lokutshata olufanayo nolwe-Sexpress

Iminyaka emihlanu emva yokuphuma , amadoda amabini eMinnesota , uRichard John Baker noJames Michael McConnell . Ukusetyenziswa kwephepha lomtshato kwakhatywa ngenxa yokuba umthetho karhulumente wachaza umtshato njengomanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Bamangalela ukuba ukukhanyelwa kwaphula umthetho kuMsebenzi noLokhuseleko oluPhakamileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMilsopeta yawamkela amazwi abo, kwaye iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo yasikhabalele isibheno “ngenxa yokufuna umbuzo obalulekileyo worhulumente.” Oko kuqhawulwa komtshato. [[FLT:] Baker v. Nelson , yenza umgaqo wokusebenza kwendlela esebenzayo yomtshato osisigxinayo.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane, iinkundla ezisezantsi zacaphula umqondiso weBhayibhile njengegunya lokuba ukuvalwa komtshato ngokwesini bekungaphumi ngokwesivumelwano. Isigqibo sabonisa imida yezenzo zomthetho ngexesha apho isimo sengqondo sobufanasini sahlala sibutshaba kakhulu. Yabonisa nokubaluleka kwexesha kunye nomongo wentlalo: iNkundla ibingekakulungeli ukwandisa [ ukukhupha ukuqiqa ingqiqo yokubhenela ngokwesondo. Noko ke, [[FLT:] [4] B] B. [FLT] yaye ekugqibeleni yawugweba ngaphaya komthetho [[FLT:]

I-United States v. Windsor (2013): I-Federal Brandment kunye ne-Defense of Marriage Act

Phakathi , iNgqungquthela echaza umtshato wezemali kunye no-OSEB] , inkqubela ephawulekayo yenzeka kumgangatho karhulumente, kodwa urhulumente wahlala engumqobo. Ngo-1996, iBhunga elichaza ukhuseleko lomtshato womtshato njengenjongo yomntu nomfazi kuphela. Icandelo 3 leDoMA lakhanyela iinzuzo zikarhulumente ze-Delcial Secut , inzuzo yokuhlawulelwa irhafunxa, ukuma kwerhafunxa, kunye namalungelo okufudula kumtshato osemthethweni-xhulumene. U-Windsss, obe ebengatshatiswangangomntu otshatiweyo eKhanani eKhanani, efuna umnikelo werhafuyo wesizwe emva kokufa. Phantsi komtshato, kwaye engavunyelwangahlawulwanga iirhafutiso ezingo zemali ezingaphezulu ze-350, ii-R3, ii-37, iimali ezibhaso ezibhaso ezibhankiweyo.

Kwisigqibo esingu-5-4, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha iCandelo 3 leDOMA, isithi yaphula umthetho weSinyulo seNdlela yesihlanu sokuGqibelana ngokwaphula umthetho ngokungavumelani nezibini ezingokwasemthethweni ezitshatileyo ngaphandle kwenzala karhulumente esemthethweni. UJaji Anthony Kennedy wagxininisa ukuba injongo yeDOMA yayikukuba “ibangele kwanabo kanye abantu imithetho yaseNew York eyayifuna ukuba ibakhusele.” Umthetho awunyanzelisanga ukuba baqaphele imishado efanayo kwiminye imimandla, kodwa waqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuphatha izibini ezitshatileyo ezingomtshato ezisemthethweni. [[FLT:] [FT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] uvule ucago lwemeko olunzima lolwaphulo-mthetho olucekele, kwaye umisela umgaqo wokwahlulwano-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Umtshato Olinganayo

Incopho yamashumi amane eminyaka yokuqulunqwa yafika ngoJuni 26, 2015, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba u-Obergefell v. Hodges kumthetho ongaphezulu ko 5-4]. Ityala laququzelela iityala ezine ezahlukeneyo ukusuka eMichigan, e-Ohio, eKentucky, naseTennessee, apho izibini ezingoonobuselaneyo zazingavunyelwangalungelo lokutshata okanye ukubhalisa ngaphandle kwemitshato. UPlainf James Obergefell nomhlobo wakhe ogulayo uJohn Arthur watshata noMaryland; xa uArthur wafa, u-Ohio wala kuluhlu njengeqabane elisindileyo ekufeni.

Kwakhona iJaji Kennedy yabhalela uninzi, ilungela kunye inkqubo efunekayo kunye nemigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela. Imbono yachaza inkululeko emine esisiseko ekhuselwe lilungelo lokutshata: ilungelo lokukhetha iqabane lakho siqu, ilungelo lobuhlobo kunye nentetho, ilungelo lentsapho kunye nokuzala, nelungelo lokulingana nesidima emehlweni omthetho. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba “ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elingundoqo elisemthethweni womntu, kwaye phantsi kweMbutho osisiQondiso soMmiselo noKhuselo lweSigqibo seWaneth Demente, uClass umtshato ofana nowesibini somhlaba osisiHlanu osisi-ondekileyo usenokungancitshitshiswa isidima naloo nkululeko.” Umthetho wagqiba kwelokuba zonke izigwebo eziseleyo zimele ukutshata kunye nemeko-yo ze-ethe - ntle zizenze umtshato ezifanayo.

“ Akukho manyano lunzulu ngaphezu komtshato, kuba luquka iinjongo eziphezulu zothando, ukunyaniseka, ukuzinikela, ukuncama kunye nentsapho. Xa kusekwa umanyano lomtshato, abantu ababini baba yinto enkulu kunaleyo bayiyo. . . — Justice Anthony Kennedy, [[FL:1] Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644]

wawisa kwangoko wabhiyozelwa njengoloyiso lwembali lweLGBTQ + amalungelo, kodwa kwabangela inkcaso ekrakra. IJaji uAntonin Scalia yalumkisa ngokungavumelani “kushenxiswa kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi" kwaye yathandabuza igunya leNkundla lokubuyisela umtshato olungileyo. Noko ke, umthetho umi kakuhle: phezu kwayo nje imiqathango yezopolitiko neyonqulo, umtshato ofanayo uhlala usemthethweni kuwo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu, kwaye inkxaso kawonke yomtshato ikhule ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu obalulekileyo.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yomgwebo Kuluntu NakuMthetho

Amanyathelo Asemthethweni Nokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Asisiseko

Izigqibo eziku Ukushiya , , Wudhumo , kunye no-Obergefell[[ zenza ngaphezulu kunokutshintsha imithetho yamaqela athile; babethelela umgaqo wokuba umtshato ungundoqo ongundoqo phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Lo mgaqo ngoku ukhusela zonke izibini kwimpatho yesizwe engekho ngqiqweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ezinye iimpawu eziye zasetyenziswa ngokwembali zicalula. Iinkundla zenze ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente uthwale umthwalo onzima ukuba ufuna ukutshata (a) umthwalo ongenakukwaneliswa yisithethe, okanye uluvo oluqhelekileyo.

Le mizekeliso ikhankanyiwe nakweminye imo. Umzekelo, Obergefell ingcinga esetyenziswayo ibandakanya amalungelo omtshato angewomtshato, amalungelo ezibini ezitshatileyo, kunye nocelomngeni lokuvalwa komtshato womanyano. Ingcamango yokuba umtshato unelungelo elingundoqo elinxulumene nesidima sobuqu kunye ne-Equator ingqiniswe njengesixhobo esinamandla kumaqela afuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho.

Ukuguquka kweNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Impembelelo yezigqibo zenkundla idlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla. Ukuvunywa okusemthethweni kwemitshato engafaniyo emva komtshato kuncedile ekuphuculeni iintsapho zezizwe ngezizwe nasekunciphiseni ihlazo loluntu. Ngokufanayo, ukubhaliswa komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni kunxulumene nokuphuculwa kwempilo yengqondo ye-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, kwanokuvunywa kakhulu kwentlalo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba apho umtshato omnye-we-egazini wabekwa ngokusemthethweni uphelelwa lityala kwimigudu yokuzibulala phakathi ko-LGBTQ+ ubutsha, icebisa ukuba ukuqwalaselwa okusemthethweni kunakho iinzuzo ezingokwanengqiqo.

Ngaphezu koko, imigaqo yomthetho iye yanyanzela uluvo lukawonke-wonke phambili. Ngonyaka ka-1996, ngexesha iDOMA yadluliselwa, kuphela ngama-77% amaMelika axhasa umtshato ongokwasemgangathweni. Ngonyaka ka-2015, xa obergefell[ wagqiba, inkxaso inyuke yaya kutsho phantse kuma 60%. Ngexesha lexesha lexesha le-2001. Kunzima ukuphelisa unobangela kunye nesiphumo, abaphengululi abaninzi abasemthethweni baphikisa ukuba ukuvuselelwa komtshato kwanika ilungelo kwinqanaba lokuqhuba intsebenziswano. Njengoko iJaji Kennedy yabhala, abo bafuna ukulingana babengafuni ukugweba umtshato kodwa “ba nobomi babo ngokukhululekileyo kwaye“ baphatha isidima nentlonelo.”

Imiphumo Engokwezoqoqosho Nesebenzisekayo

Ukupheliswa kwemithetho yocalucalulo kuchaphazela izoqoqosho. Izibini ezitshatileyo zifumana iinzuzo zemali ezingaphezulu kwe-1, kuquka iinzuzo zeNtlalo-ntle yabantu, amalungelo okulifa, ishefu yerhafu edibeneyo kunye nenkxalabo yempilo phantsi kweplani yentsapho. Izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo phambi [[FLT: 0]]] . [FLT: 0]]] Obergefell[[[FLD:1]]], ezi ngenelo azifumaneki nokuba bezingatshatiswa ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe lazo. IStekshini ithelekelelo yezoqoqosho ithelekele i-[[FLT:]

Ukongezelela, ukulingana komtshato kuye kwenza kwaba lula imicimbi esemthethweni enjengokufumana, ukulungiselela umhlaba, kunye nokwenza izigqibo zezamayeza. Phambi bergefell[, izibini ezikwafanayo ezinomgano-wesini zisoloko zinyanzelekile ukuba ziphumeze amaxwebhu asemthethweni abiza imali eninzi ukukhusela amalungelo afumaneka ngokuzenzekelayo kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Ngoko izigqibo zenkundla ziye zanciphisa imiqobo kulwakhiwo nozinzo, nto leyo enegalelo kwintlalo-ntlalo.

Ukuqhubeka Kweemfazwe Ezingokwasemthethweni Nekamva Lomgangatho Womtshato

Inkululeko Yonqulo Nesazela

Phezu kwako nje ukoyisa okukhulu kwawa , ukulwa ngamalungelo omtshato akukapheli. Ummandla omkhulu wengxabano ubandakanya uxanduva phakathi kokulingana komtshato nenkululeko yonqulo. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinike imithetho evumela amagosa karhulumente, abaninizo beshishini, kunye neentlangano zonqulo ukugatya iinkonzo ezinxulumene nezobudlelane kwimitshato efanayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ijongene nemibandela enxulumene nayo: kwimibambo enxulumene nayo kumaSigaqaqanawe-stiki v. IKhomishini yaMasteringhop. iColoradomark Comment Rights Rights (2018), iNkugqiba kwezonqulo ezithiweyo, inkundla yezomthetho ebhaliweyo ukuba urhulumente abonise ukungamthandi kwecawam wecaphulo xa ekwa ekwala i-kle.

Amanye amatyala ayaqhubeka evavanya imida yamalungelo omtshato. Umbuzo wokuba ishishini linokungavumi na ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezinxulumene nomtshato ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo akhange ahlale egqityiwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yendawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke enxulumene nembonakalo yesondo, kodwa izigqibo ezinxulumene nayo ziye zahluka. Imbambano enxulumeneyo kukuba amaphondo anokusebenzisa imithetho yentlalo-ntle yabantwana ukuthintela izibini ezingoonobuzali abakwamtshato kunye nabantwana; iinkundla ezininzi ziye zawagatya loo manyathelo, kodwa imimandla esemthethweni ayifani.

I-Transgender Marriage Rights neMo yeObergefell

Enye indawo eqalisayo ngamalungelo omtshato omntu ngamnye. Ngelixesha ewell eqinisekisa ukuba umtshato ulilungelo elisisiseko kuzo zonke izibini, ulwimi lwazo malunga “abantu ababini” luye lwasetyenziswa ukuphikisa ukuba isigqibo asiyikhuseli ngokucacileyo imitshato etshatiswayo xa umntu exa engokwasemthethweni ugwalaniswa. Amaphondo amaninzi aye azama ukuchaza i-“tex” kwimithetho yebhayoloji ethetha ukuba iintlo olumiselwe ngokwesini xa zizalwa, ukukhulula abantu abatshate abatshakazi abanokutshata ngokwesifaza, nto leyo enokuthi ingu-I ekwahlulele phantsi kwe-II, ekwayayayalela iNkuhlela yezomthetho. Ngoko ke, ngo-202020, iNkuNkulwano ePhakade kwasemthethweni ukunyanzela umtshato womtshato. [FLkstan:2] uChontonton. [FLt: 3]

Ibonelelwa ngokuyintsebenziswano yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., kukho inkxalabo phakathi kwabaxhasi yokuba [[FLT: 0] ofel' u-Fakelele ngokwayo]. [[FLT:] uClarence Thomas] wabhala uluvo olukhawulezileyo olucebisa ukuba iNkundla yabafazi [[] [202]], eyawiswa [[FLT] [FLT] [5], ichaza ukuba iNkunye imizekelo esezantsi, kuquka [FLT]berg. [FLT]. uninzi lungakhange luphinde luphinde lufumane uluvo [FT] [FLT] [FT] [5] [FT] [5], uCrencelele nayiphi nayiphi na enye inkquluendo olukhoyo, uThobo oluthe guqulo olukhoyo lwasemthethweni, uTholu lwaye lwamkele ukuba lusalwayo, lusalwayolungeneyolu

Indima Yeenkundla Zelizwe Nezingqiniso Ezingokwasemthethweni Ezinokungeniswa

Ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingagqiba kuphela amatyala azayo phambi kwayo, iinkundla zelizwe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omtshato. Emva Obergefell[, ezinye iinkundla zelizwe zimisele izigqibo eziphakamileyo zokuqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata phantsi komgaqo-siseko wezwe, zinika umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokukhusela ukuba imizekelo yesizwe ibekwe phantsi kwemithetho yomtshato elinganayo. Umzekelo, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseHawaii sele iwise umthetho ngo 1993 wokuba ukukhanyelwa komtshato kwizibini ezifanayo kungane nokuchasana okulinganayo kwetyala, zikhupha umxokelelwano weziganeko ezakhokelela kumthetho wokuqala olinganayo kumtshato kuVermont noMassachusetts.

Ngaphandle komtshato, abaxhasi baye balandela amanye amalungelo asemthethweni okukhusela i-LGBTQ+ iintsapho. Ilungelo lokufumana i-LGBTQ kunye, ukuba bobabini abazali badweliswe kwisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa, nokufumana inkxaso epheleleyo kuqhawulo-mtshato bonke baxhomekeke ekuvunyweni okusisiseko komtshato. Ityala elibandakanya la malungelo azimeleyo lidla ngokuziswa kwiinkundla zephondo, ezinokutolika imithetho yabo ngokubanzi kuneenkomfa zikarhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, ikamva lokulingana komtshato lisenokuxhomekeka kungekuphela kumthetho we-U.S. iNkundla ephakamileyo iya kulawula kodwa nakumsebenzi oqhubekayo wabagwebi kunye nabaquleli borhulumente.

Isiphelo

I-Arcum yomthetho womtshato wase-Melika igobe ngokulingana, kodwa icandelo lesazinge libunjwe ngesenzo somthetho sobugqibo phantse phantse jiko lonke. ukuqinisekisa ukuba umtshato unelungelo elingundoqo, kwi-[FLT] ingumthetho owenziwe ngecala. Hodges [ ukwandiswa kwalo lungelo lokuzimanyanisa nezibini ezikwi-tekn, izigqibo zenkundla zisebenze njengendlela efunekayo yokuhlola uwiso-mthetho nalucalucalucalulo oluqhelekileyo. Ijudiary ayikhange ide ide ide ide ide idebe yodwa kodwa ikwanika imithetho esemthethweni nelungele ukuqondwa komtshato njengendlela yokhetho lobuqu, kwaye iyalingana nobumimitshane.

Sekunjalo, umsebenzi wokukhusela amalungelo omtshato kuwo onke ahlala egqityiwe. Ukulwa okuqhubekayo ngenxa yokungakhululeki konqulo, imitshato etshintshayo, kunye nokuwohloka kwe bergefell[ imizekelo ibonisa ukuba iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka ziyindawo engundoqo yokuchaza umtshato kubomi baseMelika. Abo bakholelwa ukuba umtshato lilungelo elingundoqo lomntu wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, imbonakalo yesini, okanye ubufana, isifundo sembali sicacile: ukugcinwa komthetho osemthethweni, ukuxelelwa kwemizekelo enamandla yobomi obudlulileyo, kubalulekile ukugcina nokunyusa inkululeko eye yamiselwa zisigqibo esinemiqobo. Inkundla isenokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukumanyana, kodwa inyanisene, kwaye inyani seso somthetho esithelekele intengo.