Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho kunye nenkqubo yenkundla luyisiseko senkqubo yomthetho eUnited States namanye amazwe amaninzi. Ngoxa amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho ejolise ekuphandeni ulwaphulo-mthetho, ekuqokeleleni ubungqina, nasekubopheleleni, iinkundla zibophelele ukuba zichaze umthetho, ziqinisekise inkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye zibone ukuba ngabanetyala okanye abamsulwa. Olu nxibelelwano aluyonto nje inkxaso eqhubekayo kodwa lulawula ngokuqhubekayo indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni. Ukuqonda le ngxoxo ibalulekile kubafundi, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye nabemi abanqwenela ukuqonda ubunkimbi bokulondoloza ucwangco loluntu xa bekhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olukhawulezi misebenzi, iingxoxo, imingeni, imingeni, kunye nendaleko yembali elawula le nkqubo yokugweba.

Ukuqonda Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho angundoqo kwinkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Umsebenzi wawo ophambili kukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukukhusela nokuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokunyanzelisa imithetho emiselwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho. Ulawulo kunye nesakhiwo somthetho siyahluka-hluka kakhulu, ukusuka kumasebe asekuhlaleni kunye nee-ofisi zolawulo lorhulumente ukuya kumaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nemibutho yesizwe efana neFederal Bureauau of Investigation (FBI) kunye neDigragnment Administration (DEA). Iqumrhu ngalinye lisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ekhethekileyo kunye nemithetho esemthethweni, kodwa lonke linesabelo kusukelo olufanayo lokukhusela uluntu kunye nolwano lwezomthetho.

Indima yokunyanzelisa umthetho idlulela ngaphaya kokusabela kolwaphulo-mthetho. Indima yabasebenzi bale mihla ibandakanya iindlela ezisebenzayo ezifana nokugaxelelwa kwebutho labantu, ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngenkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa asebenza ngobukrelekrele. Abaphathi-mthetho badla ngokuba linqaku lokuqala lokunxibelelana phakathi koluntu nenkqubo yokusesikweni, kwaye izigqibo zabo ngexesha lophando zenza kube lula ukuyeka, ukuphengulula, okanye ukubanjwa. Ngokungqalileyo kuchaphazela iingxoxo zenkundla ezilandelayo. Umzekelo, indlela obububungqina obuqokelelwe ngayo kwaye bubhalwe ngayo bungafumanisa ukubonakala kwayo ekuhleni enkundlelweni kwenkundla. Ngoko ke abaphathi bomthetho mababe nolwazi olusebenzayo lwemigangatho yomGatho-siseko, kuquka nokukhuselwa komGatho-Galisayo, kuquka nokuphamba okungaqiniyo, kunye nokuzinziswayo okungathethekiyo kwe-Owesihlanu nesi-6.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Isebe leProthesi [[FLT: 1] - Ngokuqhelekileyo lisebenza kumgangatho kamasipala kwaye lisingatha imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa umthetho jikelele kwisixeko.
  • Ii-ofisi zoMlawuli woLawulo - amasebe omgangatho wephondo ajongene nokugcinwa komthetho kwiindawo ezingenazo izigunyaziso, iintolongo, kunye nokusebenza amaxwebhu enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imisebenzi yequmrhu - Imibutho ekhethekileyo njenge FBI, DEA, ATF, ne DHS enyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente kwaye isoloko isebenza ngakwicala lesebe lasekuhlaleni kwimikhosi yemisebenzi.
  • Imo yamapolisa/i-Hiodway Patrol - imithetho yendlela enyanzelisayo kwiindlela zikarhulumente kwaye inganika inkxaso kumasebe asekuhlaleni.

Umgangatho ngamnye womthetho onyanzelekileyo uqeqesho, ukumiswa kweenkqubo zokuphendula amatyala, kunye nolwalamano kunye neenkundla. Ngokomzekelo, abameli besizwe basoloko besebenza ngqo nee-ofisi ze-Attorney zase-U., ngelixa amagosa asekuhlaleni enxibelelana namagqwetha esithili. Ubunjani bolu manyano bungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zemeko nokuthenjwa kwabantu.

Indima Yenkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla isebenza njengomququzeleli ongakhethi buso wezobulungisa, otolika nosebenzisa umthetho kwityala ngalinye. Iinkundla zilungelelaniswe ngokulandelelana ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zingahlaziywa kwaye imigaqo engokwasemthethweni iqhubekeka ngexesha. EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla ebini ibandakanya iinkundla zelizwe kunye neenkundla zephondo, nganye inegunya layo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zithetha ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nemithetho karhulumente, njengokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi okanye ukuphanga kwemali.

Iinkundla zenza imisebenzi emininzi enzima: zigqiba enoba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokubamba ummangalelwa emangalweni (ukumangalelwa okungachasekiyo kwetyala kunye neejaji ezinkulu); zengamela inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwetyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile; zibeka izigwebo ekuqinisekisweni; kwaye ziva izibongozo zokulungisa iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. Ukungavumelani kwenkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kuchasene kwesiseko kunceda ukucacisa iinkxwaleko ezikhoyo phakathi komthetho neenkundla zesizwe eziseUnited States.

  • [[UMTL: 0] IiNkundla zeQumrhu - ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphezulu okanye ezijikelezayo, ezi zindawo apho amatyala aqala ukuviwa khona. Zifumana izibakala zetyala kwaye zisebenzisa umthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkundla elungisayo - Izigqibo zokuzihlola ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala ukukhangela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, ngaphandle kokuphinda uhlolisise izibakala.
  • IiNkundla zeNkundla eziPhakamileyo - Iinkundla eziphezulu ezilawulayo kwigunya ngalinye (ienkundla eziphakamileyo zasentla kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.) ezimisela umzekelo onyanzelisayo.

Inkqubo yenkundla ikwaquka iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezinjengeenkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, kunye neenkundla zamagqala, ezigxininisa unyango nokubuyiselwa kwisohlwayo. Ezi nkundla zichasene ngokusondeleyo nokunyanzeliswa komthetho neenkonzo zentlalo, zibonisa indlela unxulumano phakathi kwamapolisa neenkundla oluchane ngayo ukucombulula iingxaki zentlalo.

Ukungenelela Phakathi Komthetho Onyanzelwayo Neenkundla

Ukunxibelelana phakathi komthetho kunye neenkundla kwenzeka phantse kulo lonke icandelo lombhobho wezobulungisa. Ukususela ngoko igosa libona ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye liqalise ukuphengulula, isiphumo setyala siya kuxhomekeka kwindlela la masebe mabini anxibelelana kakuhle ngayo kwaye anamathele kwimigangatho esemthethweni. Amacandelwana alandelayo achaza iinkcukacha ezingundoqo zokunxibelelana.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Inyathelo lokuqala libandakanya ukugcinwa komthetho kuqokelela ubungqina ngokuhlola, udliwano-ndlebe, ukuhlalutya, nokuphengulula. Amagosa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba izenzo zawo zihambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi iSimendo sesine. Ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, iinkundla zingasebenzisa umthetho osusiweyo, zithintele ubungqina kunye nokungathinteli ukutshutshiswa. Olu xinezeleko `````````ukunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokunempumelelo'',' nokukhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni'.' ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephezulu ephezulu, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezimbini. Xa kuqokelelwe ubungqina obaneleyo, kungasetyenziswa. Ukubanjwa kwe-ffidavit, okuchaza isizathu esilindelekileyo, kuba luxwebhu lokuqala oluthi luthi luchaphazele ukumangaliswa kwenkundla. Ukungagqibekanga okanye ukungachasana kobucala kungakhokelela ekumangalelweni okanye ekuncinywenisweni kobungqina.

Ukuvumela Izigqibo

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunika umtshutshisi ityala. Umtshutshisi, umphathi wenkundla, ugqiba ukuba makafake ifayile yetyala. Esi sigqibo sibandakanya ukuvavanya amandla obungqina, ubungqhinga bolwaphulo-mthetho, ubugosa bommangalelwa, kunye nokuvavanywa kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ngoxa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuncomela izityholo ezithile, umtshutshisi unegunya lokugqibela. Ukungavumelani kunokuvela ukuba umtshutshisi ukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bubuthathaka kakhulu okanye ukuba ufuna iqhinga elahlukileyo. Unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo phakathi kwamapolisa nabatshutshisi luyimfuneko ukwakha amatyala athembekileyo. Imithetho emininzi iye yamisela "umtshutshiso obalulekileyo" apho ummeli osebenza ngokusondeleyo nabacuphindi betyala.

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili

Iinkqubo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka ukubekwa kwetyala kumthetho, ukuviwa kwebheyile, ukuva, nokufunyanwa kolwazi lokuqala. Amagosa oMthetho asoloko engqina kwizizathu zokuqala zokuva ukumisela isizathu esilindelekileyo. Ubungqina bawo bunokuba yimfuneko ukubopha ityala ngetyala okanye ukumisela iimeko zebheyile. Ngaphezu koko, iingxelo zamapolisa kunye nokubekwa kwekhamera kuphethulelwa ekukhuseleni ngexesha lokufunyanwa. Ucoselelo nokugqibeka kwezi zinto kuchaphazela ngqo ukukwazi kokhuseleko ukulungiselela ityala. Iimpazamo okanye ukuphuma koxwebhu lwamapolisa kungakhokelela ekuthutheni kuphelekiswe okanye kupheliswe ubungqina. Iinkundla zixhomekeke kwingqibelelo yeengxelo zomthetho; xa ezo ngxelo zibuzwa, yonke imeko ingadityaniswa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, amagosa asebenza ngomthetho asebenza njengamangqina aphambili. Angqina ngoluvo lwabo, ubungqina ababuqokelelayo, kunye neenkqubo abazilandelayo. Ukubonakala kuphambili: imbono yabachopheli-mthetho yokuthembeka komphathi-mikhosi kunye nobuchule inokusilawula isigqibo. Abatshutshisi basebenza nabaphathi-mikhosi ukuba balungiselele ukuvavanya okunqamlezileyo, baqinisekise ukuba ubungqina babo buhambelana nobungqina kunye nemilinganiselo esemthethweni. Ngokuchasene noko, amagqwetha ahlola ukuziphatha kwamapolisa, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Inkqubo yomthetho yokuvavanya umsebenzi wonya i-ofisi kawonke-wonke, kwaye inkundla kufuneka isebenze njengabagcini bamasango ukuze bangabi nabungqina obungcolileyo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela komlinganiselo.

Ukugweba Nokubhenela

Emva kokugwetywa, inkundla ibeka isigwebo. Abanyanzeli bomthetho banganika iingxelo zeziphumo zexhoba okanye izincomo ezinxulumene nokugwetywa. Kwimimandla emininzi, amasebe amapolisa agcina ii-data zolwazi oluchaphazelekayo oluncedisa iinkundla ekwenzeni izigqibo zolwazi. Emva kokuququzelelwa, izibheno zidla ngokugxininisa enoba izenzo zomthetho ziyawaphula na amalungelo ommangalelwa. Iinkundla zihlola ingxelo yokuchotshelwa, kuquka ubungqina bamapolisa kunye nobungqina obulawulayo. Ukufunyanwa kwezenzo ezingalunganga zamapolisa kusenokukhokelela ekuphendulweni kwetyala, kubalase indlela ulwalamano oluqhubeke ngayo ngaphaya kwetyala.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Zokungenelela

Nangona kufuneka intsebenziswano, unxibelelwano phakathi komthetho neenkundla luzaliswe ziingxaki. Ukunganxibelelani, izinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo, neengxaki ezingokwenkqubo zinokuphazamisa umanyano nokuthob

  • [[NTLALA: 0] Ukunanisa kunye nokugcina inqaku- nokukhupha iifomati ezinika ingxelo, ezilibazisiweyo, kunye noxwebhu olungaphelelanga lubangela imiqobo kubatshutshisi. Ingxelo ebhalwe kakubi yamapolisa ingenza ukuba kube nzima ukumangalela, nokuba ubungqina bunamandla.
  • Ukungahoyi kuphatho oluphosakeleyo - Umxokelelwano welokulinda unzima; nakuphi na ukwahlukana kunganika ubungqina obungakholelekiyo. Iirebhu zokunyanzeliswa komthetho ziye zajamelana namahlazo abandakanya ukugqwetha okanye ukuphamba, nto leyo ekhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo nokungathembani.
  • [[FLT: 0] IConfulicting Priestitores - Amapolisa angamisa ukubanjwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nocoselelo oluphezulu, ngelixa abatshutshisi bejolise ingqalelo kulwaneliseko olusemthethweni nakwimeko ende. Oku kunokukhokelela ekumangalelweni ngokugatywa okanye ukuthotywa, kubangele unxunguphalo kumthetho.
  • [[NTLA] Ityala lobuPolice kunye neNkqutyana yokuSebenza - Izityholo zabaphathi abalele kumiso (ngamanye amaxesha babizwa ngokuba "kucela") ziphumele ekugxothweni kweemeko kunye notshintsho. Iinkundla kufuneka zivavanye ukuthembeka komphathi ngenyameko, kwaye imibandela ephindaphindiweyo ingonakalisa idume lesebe.
  • [[NTLA] I-Racial kunye neyantlukwano yentlalo yentlalo-ntle-uphando lubonise ukuba ugcino-mthetho oluchaphazele ngokungenakulinganiswa lulungela uluntu oluncinane. IiNkundla kufuneka zicombulule ezi ntlobo-ntlobo xa zivavanya intshukumo yokucinezela okanye ngexesha lesigwebo, zongeza olunye umaleko oluntsonkothileyo kwintsebenziswano.

Olu celomngeni alunakuthintelwa kodwa lufuna uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, imigaqo-mthetho ecacileyo, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweekhamera zomzimba kuphucule ukubonakala kwaza kwanciphisa iimpikiswano ngehambo yamapolisa enkundleni. Ngokufanayo, ukusekwa kwetyala lamaqela agcina ingqibelelo kwii-ofisi zabatshutshisi kuye kwanceda ukulungisa okungekho sikweni okuye kwabangelwa ngumsebenzi wamapolisa onesiphene.

Indaleko Yembali Yolwalamano Lomthetho Olunyanzeliswayo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho kuphumele kwiinkulungwane zophuhliso olusemthethweni. Kwimithetho ebanzi yamaNgesi yamandulo, iindima zomphathi kunye nomphathi zisoloko zidityaniswa , umntu omnye angahlola, angabi nakubanjwa, aphinde agwebe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukwahlulwa kwamandla nokulawula kwamapolisa kwakhokelela kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo. Ukudalwa kwe-London Metrolitan Politan Police ngo-1199, nguMnum, i-Master Robert Pel idla ngokuchazwa njengokumiselwa komsebenzi wanamhlanje, ukugxininiswa kokuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho nokuvunyelwa kwabantu. [FFFOK], inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukunyuka kolwazi olusemthethweni kunye nenkqubo yoburhulumente elawulayo. [i-Foggg.[2], ikho iNtoliki yeNtoliki yezonga likarhulumente elilawula iNtoliki yezonga lobupoliti, iNku.[4] iNtoliki yeNtoliki yeNto yeNto yeNka yoografu, ngoku, ingqina i

Utshintsho Nezenzo Ezibalaseleyo

Ukuqinisa ingxubusho phakathi komthetho nenkundla, utshintsho oluninzi kunye nezenzo ezingcono ziye zafumana ulwahlulo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkqubo zoqeqesho zoluNcedo oluBalulekileyo-intlanganiso zoqeqesho ezidityanisiweyo apho amagosa amapolisa nabatshutshisi bafunda ngemigangatho esemthethweni kunye nezithintelo zokusebenza zokuphucula ukuqondana kunye neziphumo zetyala.
  • [[Ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo - ibhodi yohlolo lwabemi kunye neemonitha ezimiselwe yinkundla zingahlola izenzo zamapolisa kwaye zincomela utshintsho, zinceda ukwakha intembelo kuluntu kuwo omabini amaziko.
  • [[NTLA] Imithetho esekelwe kwisiseko semithetho-nkqubo yeNkcubeko - Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukukhokela iindlela zokunyanzelisa umthetho kungadibanisa amapolisa ngohlobo lobungqina obuthembekileyo obuthe inkundla zikholele. Iinkqubo ezifana ne CompStat kunye nomthetho oxeliweyo, xa usetyenziswa ngokwemilinganiselo, zingaphucula impumelelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhamera kunye nokuSebenza kwekhamera - Ukwamkelwa kweekhamera zomzimba kuthobe izikhalazo zabemi kwaye kunikeze iinkundla iingxelo ezizizo zonxulumano lwamapolisa-nzekile. I-Picies esebenzayo kwikhamera kunye nokhupho lwezinyuko kufuneka kucace ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni.
  • Inkululeko ye-Prose- - Igunya lokuba abatshutshisi banenkululeko yokuchasa amatyala abuthathaka aziswa ngamapolisa, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokukholelwa kwizinto eziphosakeleyo. Amanye amaziko amkele iiyunithi "zokulungisa ingqibelelo" ezihlola amatyala amadala ngenxa yeempazamo.

Ukufundwa ngokubhekele phaya kwemisebenzi engcono kulwalamano lomthetho lokunyanzelisa, [[FLT:] i-Bureau yeJaji Uncedo inika ubuncwane obukwintsebenziswano kubulungisa. I-National Association of Criminal Lawyers [ inika iimbono ekukhuseleni amalungelo abamangalelwa. Ngokuthengezelelekileyo, [[FLT:]] [FLT]]] ACLU'umthetho wolungiso lolwaphulo-mthetho oluguqula iphepha ixubusha amanqaku omthetho okhuselo olunolwazi oluneluvo oluceliweyo nezisombululo.

Isiphelo

Unxulumano phakathi komthetho kunye nenkqubo yenkundla lulwalamano oluneentlobo ezininzi oluchaza ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokugweba. Ekuphandeni nasekubanjweni ngokuvavanywa nangesigwebo, iqonga ngalinye lifuna ukulungelelaniswa kobuchule nokunamathela kwimigangatho esemthethweni. Ngoxa ucelomngeni olufana nokungahambelani, ubungqina, kunye nokungahambelani kwenkqubo kuyaqhubeka, utshintsho oluqhubekayo kunye nozibopho lokubonisa ukukhanya lunceda ukomeleza olu manyano lubalulekileyo. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi, ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela imithetho enyanzelelwa ngayo, indlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo, nendlela okusesikweni okusebenza ngayo ekugqibeleni. Ikamva lolu nxulumano liya kulungiswa yinkqubela yezobugcisa, ukuqulungelana, ukuphuhliswa kobuchule bokulungisa, nokugxininisa kobucala nokulungisa.