Indlela Iinkundla Eziyitolika Ngayo Imithetho: Indima YaBagwebi Nezityholo

Ukuchazwa kwemithetho kusisixhobo esisisiseko sayo nayiphi inkqubo yokugweba esebenzayo. Iinkundla azifundi nje imimiselo kunye nomgaqo-siseko; ziphefumlela ubomi kuyo, zisebenzisa imigaqo ebanzi kwiimbambano ezithile. Le nkqubo imisela amalungelo abantu, imida yegunya likarhulumente, kunye nemfundiso yendaleko yemfundiso engokwasemthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo imithetho . /_Ngokusebenzisa isimbo sobulumko somthetho nokungalawuleki kolawulo [“ibalulekile,"ibalulekile kumagqwetha, abafundi, kunye naye nabani na osebenzisanayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebanzi yabagwebi, iingcamango eziphikisanayo, iimpembelelo zemithetho engqubanayo, kunye nemingeni eqhubekayo ebangelwa yindlela imithetho eqondwa nesetyenziswa ngayo.

Indima YaBagwebi Ekutolikeni Umthetho

Abagwebi bangabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili kwinkqubo yokuchaza. Xa umthetho, umthetho, okanye ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko lingacaci, liza kufumana isigwebo esicacileyo nokugqiba intsingiselo yomthetho. Le mbopheleleko ithwala ubunzima obukhulu, njengoko isigqibo esinye somthetho simisela isalathisi esingumzekelo osisinyanzelo esilawula amatyala kwixesha elizayo ngaphaya kolawulo. Umsebenzi womgwebi ubandakanya imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo kodwa eyahlukeneyo.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Ukutolika umthetho kuyindlela eqheleke kakhulu yohlalutyo lomthetho. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa umthetho, ayinakuwubona kusengaphambili wonke umgaqo oyinyaniso osenokuvela. Abagwebi kufuneka bafunde umbhalo womthetho baze bagqibe ukuba usebenza kwityala lalo. Oku kufuna ukuxilongwa kolwimi, isakhiwo, nenjongo yomthetho. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhangela kwimbali yemithetho [[FLT: 0] intsingiselo yomthetho [[FLT:], ebamba ukuba umbhalo ucacile kwaye ucacile, abagwebi kufuneka bawusebenzise njengolu xwebhu ngaphandle kokuphethulula imithombo yangaphandle. Noko ke, kwaye abagwebi baqwalasele imbali yomthetho, ukucaciswa (ngokufana nemfundiso [FLT:][FT]][5]]]

Ukuphumeza Iziqalelo

Imfundiso ye [[FLT: 0] iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela akwindawo entle aphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Inkundla esezantsi inyanzeliswa ziinkomfa eziphezulu ezikwindawo enye. Izeenkundla zezemfundo eziphezulu. Inkundla zeU.S. ngokubanzi zilandela imizekelo yayo yangaphambili xa kuvela umbuzo omnye osemthethweni. Inikeza ukungaguquguquki, ukuthelekelela, nokungagwebi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela akwindawo efanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zibotshelelwa ngokwezigqibo eziphezulu kwisikhundla esinye. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilandela imizekelo yemfundo ye-U. [FFT] [195], enokuthi ibhukula kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, nangona isenokuyibhukuza kwiimeko ezinqabileyo okanye iimpazamo xa kuthelekiswa nokuhamba. [FF][3][3] [3]

Umxholo

Akukho mthetho ukhoyo kwi-athom. Abagwebi badla ngokuqwalasela ukunwenwa kwentlalo, kwezoqoqosho, kunye nembali apho umthetho wamiselwa khona. Umzekelo, umthetho odluliselwe ngexesha lemfazwe ungabonakalisa inkxalabo yongxamiseko eyahlukileyo kweyo ngexesha loxolo. Iinkundla zingaqwalasela iziphumo eziluncedo zokuchaza kwazo, zithintele iziphumo ezingenangqiqo ezingenakuba zenziwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukutolikwa kombhalo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumthetho wesiseko, apho intsingiselo yamabinzana abanzi njengo “kwinkqubo ephambili” okanye“ ukhuseleko olulinganayo” lunokuvela njengoko iinguqu zebutho labantu.

Ukucombulula Izinto Eziyingozi

Xa umthetho uqulathe amagama amfiliba, amasuntswana, okanye iimpikiswano zangaphakathi, abagwebi kufuneka basombulule ezi zinto zingacacanga. Basenokusebenzisa izixhobo ezichazayo ezifana nomthetho wetyala (kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iingcebiso zigqitywe ukuxhasa ummangalelwa) okanye ukuchasa ukukhulula (umthetho osemthethweni akufunekangawususi umthetho wemithetho ngaphandle kokuba uBhunga lomthetho kucetyiswe kakuhle ukuba wenze njalo). Ukhetho lwesixhobo lusoloko lubonisa ukuba umlawuli wezobulumko ophantsi kwentanda-ntanda-bulumko ephakathi kolawulo olulawulayo nolawulo lwe-mthetho.

Intanda - bulumko Yejaji Neendidi Zokutolika

Abagwebi abangoomatshini abathatha inxaxheba; bazisa iintanda-bulumko ezichaza indlela abafunda ngayo imibhalo esemthethweni. Ezi ntanda-bulumko ziye zaba ngowona mthombo wengxoxo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi ngexesha lenkundla ePhakamileyo yokungqinwa kwetyala. /Izikolo ezibini ezilawulayo `inkqubo zobuGaqo-siseko'' nenkcazo yezomGaqo-siseko (iii-regoricss) eziphikisanayo, kodwa kukho iindawo ezininzi eziphakathi.

Ubuxoki

I-Syndromeism ithi umbhalo womgaqo-siseko nomthetho kufuneka uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yoluntu lokuqala ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemiqathango okanye ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano. Le ndlela ifuna ukunyanzela ingqiqo yokulawula ngokuzimela ubungqina bembali. Abaquluneli baphikisa ukuba abagwebi abamele bafake amaxabiso abo kumthetho. UJaji Antonin Scalia wayengumxhasi ophambili, kwaye abakhoyo ngexesha elifana noJaji uClarence Thomas noJaji u-Amy Barrett bayaqhubeka bephembelela i-jurisprudence. Inkcalyism ivela kwiintlobo eziliqela: iinjongo zobuhlanga zobuhlanga, ixhasa iinko yophakaliso lwembali, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuchasana ngolu hlobo olunjalo. [FLTLT:]

Umgaqo-siseko ophilayo

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo bujonga umGaqo-siseko njengoxwebhu olunamandla olunentsingiselo elungelelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi abasebenzi bolwimi olubanzi basebenzisa ulwimi olubanzi ukuvumela indaleko yexesha elizayo. Umzekelo, ukungavunyelwa kwe-Seth Amendmentive kwale mitha-mitha-sibhozo kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” kutolikwa ukukwalela izenzo ezazikhe zamkelwa, njengokubulala abantwana okanye abantu abanengxaki yolwazi. UJaji William Brennan noJaji uRuth Bader Ginsburg bamkela le ndlela. Abagxeki besithi ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezomthetho-siseko kunika abagwebi amandla amaninzi okunyanzela izinto zobuqu phantsi kokuzichaza, ukujongela phantsi kolwazi, ukubonakalisa ukuphendula idemokhrasi. Abagwebi abaninzi badibanisa zombini, basebenzisa iintanda-ntanda-bulumko zoluvo lwakuqala, besebenzisa izicwangciso ezithile kunye nokuqikelezo zengqiqo kwabanye.

Ukwakhiwa Okungqongqo Nokuguqulela

Ukwakhiwa okungqongqo kusoloko kudityaniswe nobuScalia kodwa kuncitshiswe kakhulu: kuba abagwebi bamele basebenzise amagama achanileyo omthetho, bangavumeli ukuchaza iintsingiselo ezingaphaya kombhalo oqhelekileyo. I-textalism, exhaswe nguJaji Scalia, luguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo oluqwalasela umbhalo uphela, kuquka indlela yawo kunye nomongo wayo, kodwa abafuni kuxhomekeka kwimbali yomthetho. Zombini iinjongo zokusebenzisa imigaqo yomthetho ngokuqwalasela imigaqo yolwimi olusunguliweyo kunokuba idibane neenjongo ezingasetyenziswangasetyenziswanga. Okwangoku, [[FLT.FLT:0]] ijonge injongo ebanzi yomthetho, nokuba kufuneka ukuba uhambele ngaphaya kombhalo. Abagwebi abaninzi bamkela i-mongoonolwazi oludibanisa iinjongo zobukhombaneyo kunye nee-bugrona.

Imithetho eLawulayo echaseneyo noMthetho wezeMigwebo

Ukuthintelwa kwemithetho kucebisa ukuba iinkundla zithobele izigqibo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo ngaphandle kokuba ngokucacileyo aphula umGaqo-siseko okanye imida yomthetho. I-demont isoloko ihambisana nemithetho yoqobo kunye nemithetho yezoqulo. Izenzo zejaji, kwelinye icala, zichaza iimeko apho abagwebi bakulungele ukubetha imithetho okanye ukwandisa amalungelo angaphaya kombhalo. Zombini ezi ziko zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo; izigqibo ezininzi zineziqalelo ezinxulumene nazo zombini ngokuxhomekeke kwimbambano. Umzekelo, iNkundla ye-Warrenberg (1953-1969) ibizwa rhoqo ngokuba ngumxhasi wendlela ebanzi yokuchaza amalungelo abantu kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa iRehinquist Constice INkurt (1986868620059) ingumxhasi wezongameli wolawulo-omatiko phantsi kolawulo luka-Clast Claus.

Izityholo Nempembelelo Yazo Ekucaciseni Umthetho

Jurisdiction()/igunya lenkundla lokuphulaphula ityala) lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela imithetho etolikwa ngayo. Iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kwaye iindlela zazo zokuchaza zinganyusela phezulu ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Inkundla yeLizwe

EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ichaza imimiselo karhulumente kunye nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngeli xesha iinkundla zezorhulumente zitolika umthetho karhulumente. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo, umcimbi ofanayo womthetho. "njengomgangatho wenkathalo" ofanayo wokungakhathali"onokusombululwa ngokwahlukileyo eNew York ngokuphikisana neKhalifoni. Le nkqubo yamaqumrhu ichaza umthetho worhulumente jikelele ngokulinganayo, kodwa kwakhona isebenzisa umthetho wolawulo olwahlukeneyo phantsi kolawulo lwawo phantsi kolawulo [FLT] imfundiso efuna ukuba isebenze ngokungathi yinkundla yelizwe. Le nkqubo idibeneyo ibangela ukukhuselwa komthetho okuntsonkekayo okuntsonkekayo, umzekelo, ukucaciswa kolawulo olungekho ngqiqwenileyo phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe nomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Iinkundla zetyala, iiNkundla zokuQulwa kweMicimbi, neNkundla ePhakamileyo

Iqumrhu leenkundla liphembelela ukutyhilwa. Iinkundla zetyala (iinkundla zamatyala akwinkqubo karhulumente) zigqiba amatyala asekelwe kwiingxelo ezichanekileyo zezenyani zisebenzisa umthetho njengoko kutolikwa ngokwezigwebo eziphezulu. Indima yazo yokutolikwa kwetyala ikhawulezile kwaye icace. Iinkundla zekomiti zihlola izigqibo zenkundla zamatyala ngenxa yeempazamo zomthetho, yaye iingcaciso zazo zisoloko zityhila, zimisela imizekelo ebopha inkundla esezantsi. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuchaza ityala, ukucombulula imibuzo engongongokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ephakamileyo ibophelele kwityala lonke elinye ibophelele. [[FLT.[FLT:]] inguqulur. imigaqo yokucacisa iimbambano ezibalulekileyo, njengendlela yokulungisa iimbambano ze-compuze-costlerst okanye intsingiselo ye-Clascracism.

Umthetho oqhelekileyo awuvumelani. Izigwebo zoMthetho waBami

Ngeli xesha iUnited States, uZwe loMbindi, namanye amazwe aqhelekileyo exhomekeke kakhulu kwimo yetyala, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu nawaseMzantsi Merika alandela isithethe somthetho wamakhaya. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, imimiselo egunyazisiweyo ingumthombo oyintloko womthetho, kwaye izigqibo zomthetho azibopheleli ngaphaya kwetyala elithile. Abagwebi bachaza imigaqo esebenzisa indlela ecwangcisiweyo, yokususa imo yeqhinga, ngokufuthi enika ingqiqo encinane kunejaji yemithetho eqhelekileyo. Noko ke, nakumazwe angomthetho wamakhaya, izigqibo eziphezulu zenkundla yenkundla (njengezo zeNkungalo yezomganganiso yemikhosi yeNtshona Koloni okanye iChosaysteo de Cassation) isoloko isenza ubunzima obulula kunye nokhokelo olusezantsi. Umahluko ubalaseko lwezikonganiso lomthetho lokucacisa. Ukufunda ngokuhambelana kolwazi oluqhelekileyo, ukujonga ukutolika komthetho, ukuchaza i-o-oFlunity [Frity]

Ukubaluleka Kokucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Ukutolikwa kwejaji asiyonto yokufundisa; ineziphumo ezinzulu zehlabathi. Izizathu ezingundoqo eziliqela zigxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo.

Iqinisekisa Okusesikweni

Ukutolika kumisela ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngendlela efunwayo okanye evelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Xa abagwebi bechaza imimiselo ngokuthembeka kumbhalo nakwinjongo, baphakamisa umthetho. Umzekelo, ukucaciswa koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 kuMthetho wamaLungelo Shelby County v. URaker [2013] waguqula ngendlela ephawulekayo ukuvelela korhulumente imithetho yonyulo, okuchaphazela ukufumaneka kwezigidi zabantu. Utoliko olulungileyo lukhuthaza ubulungisa ngokuthintela inkqubo yemithetho engekho mthethweni esesikweni okanye esemthethweni.

Ukuphucula Ukuzinza

Ukuzichaza okuthe rhoqo kubangela imekobume engokomthetho eqinisekisiweyo. Iishishini zixhomekeke kwiingcaciso ezizinzileyo zezivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Abantu baxhomekeke ekwazini imida yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Umgaqo wokujong'ebusweni uqinisa ukuzinza ngokucela abagwebi ukuba balandele umzekelo ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinamandla sokuphambuka. Ngaphandle kokuchazwa okuzinzileyo, abemi bebengashiywa beqagela oko kuthethwa ngumthetho ukususela ngomhla omnye ukuya kumhla olandelayo.

Utshintsho Olufanelekileyo

Ukucaciswa kwejaji kusenokuba sisithuthi sokutshintsha intlalo. Xa izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zivalwa, maxa wambi iinkundla zithatha inyathelo lokutolika kwakhona imithetho ephelelwe lixesha kumaxabiso akhoyo. Ulwamkeleko lomtshato omnye-weshumi elinesine weSigqibo soMgqibo ] Obergefell v. Hodges[ [20] ngumzekelo obalulekileyo. Iinkundla aziwakhi malungelo amatsha ngaphandle komoya omncinane; zitolika kwakhona ulwimi olukhoyo lwesiseko ukubonakalisa ukuqondwa kwenkululeko nokulingana. Oku kuguqula umthetho nge-sccomplieting , rhoqo kunyusa iimpendulo zomthetho.

Ucelomngeni Ekutolikeni Komthetho

Phezu kwayo nje imfuneko, ukutolika ngezamatyala kujamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olunokukwenza buthathaka ukufaneleka nokusebenza kwalo.

Ukuchasa Imithetho

Imithetho ibhalwe ngabamisi-mthetho abathi baludidi, hayi abaxhasi-lwimi. Imithetho ingaqulatha amagama angacacanga, amalungiselelo angaguquguqukiyo, okanye izithuba ezishiyelwe iinkundla ukuba zizalise. Umzekelo, iSherman Antinust Act iyalela “imiqathango engekho ngqiqweni yezorhwebo,” ishiyelwa kwiinkundla ukuchaza oko kusengqiqweni. Abagwebi abahlukeneyo bangafikelela kwiziphelo ezahlukeneyo, bedala ukungaqiniseki. Ingxaki iyakhula xa imithetho ibekwe kakubi okanye xa kulungiswa ibangela iimpikiswano zangaphakathi.

Imbono

Akukho mgwebi ungenalo ngokupheleleyo ucalucalulo okanye utyekelo lwezimvo zomntu siqu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukudibana kwejaji kwezobupolitika, uhlanga, ubufanasini, kunye namava obomi kunganeno neendlela zokuvota (bona uphando oluvela ku- i-USC Epstein] Center for Judicial Legitacy[)]. Ngoxa abagwebi bezama ukungathathi calatha, ikhethelo elingekho mthethweni linokuchaphazela indlela ababujonga ngayo ubungqina okanye abatolika ngayo amagama acacileyo. Isixokelelwano se-[Foctive:] ingakumbi abagwebi abathanga ngqongqo nguMonga mongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNsungulo, inkxabisi ebangela ukuba iinkundla zibonakale zi-picel, i-astellal, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yemithetho-siseko soncedo.

Ukutshintsha Izithethe Zasebuthweni

Njengokuba ibutho liguquka, imithetho ebekwe amashumi eminyaka okanye iinkulungwane ezadlulayo ingasayi kubonakalisa imilinganiselo yangoku. Uhlaziyo lwesibini lwelungelo loku “gcina nokuthwala izixhobo” lutolikwa ngokwahlukileyo ngeminyaka ye-18, ye-20, neyenkulungwane yama-21, njengokuba kungqinwa kukutshintsha kweNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Diality of Columbia v. Heller [2001]. Ngokufanayo, intsingiselo ye- “i-crecreast nesohlwayo engaqhelekanga” iguquka njengemigangatho ehloniphekileyo. Le mikhosi enamandla igweba ukuba igqibe ekubeni ithobele intsingiselo yembali okanye ukuhlaziya umthetho, ngokungenakuphikwamkelwa yimpikiswano kwabo bangavumelani na inguquko.

Imfundiso ezigunyazisayo nezokungathobeli

Ukumisa injongo yowiso-mthetho kuyaziwa njengenzima. Bubuphi ubunzima abagwebi abafanele babunike iingxelo zeekomiti, iingxelo zomgangatho, okanye bahluleke? Impendulo iyahluka. Abanye abagwebi, ngokukodwa abachazi-magama, bayala ukuxhomekeka kwimbali yowiso-mthetho, bephikisa ukuba kuphela okubhaliweyo okumiselwe ngumthetho. Abanye, njenge purpositive, bajonga imbali yomthetho njengesiqinisekiso sobubhaliso obuluncedo. Iimfundiso eziluncedo. [[FLT: 0][FLT][FL]] [FLT] [200] [FFFFF]] [FFFFFF]]

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye neMida emitsha yeMigaqo

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa idala imingeni emitsha. Imithetho yokulawula i-intanethi, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, kunye ne-akhawunti yezobugcisa ibhalwe ngaphambi kokuba ezi zixhobo zibekho. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba imimiselo ekhoyo, njengoMthetho woNxibelelwano oluBonelweyo okanye iKhompyutha yobuChupheshe kunye noMthetho wokuXhosa, isebenzisa imo entsha njengendawo ekhutshwayo yezentlalo-ndaba okanye izithuthi ezizimeleyo. Ukutolika imithetho emidala kwiimeko ezintsha kudla ngokukhokelela ekucuthebeni iingxengxenge nemithetho ephikisanayo phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi, efuna ukungenelela kwenkundla ephakamileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukutolikwa kwemithetho ngabagwebi bubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo obulinganisa ukunyaniseka kombhalo, umongo wembali, umzekelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemeko. Abagwebi, bekhokelwa yimiqathango yabo yentanda-bulumko kwaye benyanzelwa yimida elawulayo, balungise intsingiselo yemithetho esemthethweni ngeendlela ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana ne-styhiding, intelekelelo, kunye nokucazulula imigaqo eqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka, inkqubo yokucacisa ibalulekile ekufikeleleni kokusesikweni, ukugcina ukuzinza, nokuzinza, nokuditya okucwangcisa ngocwangco, nokusebenzisa iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo. Ukuqonda indlela inkundla ezinika ngayo abemi bemi amandla okuzibandakanya ngokunentsingiselo nemithetho elawulayo kunye nokwazisa iiNtethombelo yezo zomthetho wezomthetho, iyakuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo olusemthethweni lwezintlawulo lwe-filosofiki. [FLD]