Indlela Amandla agunyazisayo, Anegunya, Nawokulawula Amazwe

Unxulumano lwamagunya owiso-mthetho, alawulayo, kunye namatyala yi-injini yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngoxa iincwadi zichaza la masebe njengahlukeneyo, eqheliselayo njengasoloko edibana, encokola, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha engquzulana. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe esebenza kunye/ne/asebenzisana ngayo, kunye nenye, kucalula iinkqubo zokwenene ezibumba imithetho yethu, zikhusela amalungelo ethu, kwaye zigcine urhulumente enetyala. Eli nqaku lingaphaya kweenkcazelo ezisisiseko zokuhlolisisa ukudityaniswa okusekwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, lisebenzisa imizekelo ekhoyo kunye nengokwembali ukubonisa indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Isebe Lomthetho: Akuyomithetho Nje Ebhaliweyo

Isebe lemithetho, ngokuyintloko iBhunga lowiso-mthetho lase-U.S., lidla ngokuchazwa njengequmrhu lokwenza umthetho. Kodwa imisebenzi yalo idlulela ngaphaya kweendleko zokuchwetheza. Ingqungquthela ikwalawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa koomongameli, ukuqinisekisa ukuquququzelelwa, kunye nokuphatha isebe eliphetheyo ngokuphulaphula nangokuhlola. Isakhiwo se-biobamaral . `iHouse of Seaventirs (435 amalungu, ahlulwe ngabemi) kunye neCamplate (100, amabini, urhulumente ngamnye) ) yaye yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zelizwe elinabanikazi kunye nelo zabemi abancinane.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

Umsebenzi omninzi wowiso-mthetho nowobuveleli weBhunga uyenzeka kwiikomiti. Iikomiti ezizimeleyo njengeKomiti yeNdlu yeNkosi okanye uhlolo lweKomiti yezeeMali yeNdlu ye-Intenekileyo olucetyiswayo, ukuvalela amatyala namangqina angoonolwazi, nokuphawula amatyala ngaphambi kokuba bafike kumgangatho. Ikomiti engaphantsi yezomthetho iqhelisela phantsi kwimimandla ethile, ukusuka kwezolimo ukuya ekungakhuselwani kwikhompyutha. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba kubekho ubuchule obuthile kodwa ikwabangela amathuba okufakwa kwemibhotile kunye namathuba okusetyenziswa kwemibhobhobho. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlukwano engo yoomatilo noHlu guqulo, isoloko iphengulula izenzo zesebe, ikhupha inkunkuma, okanye ukuxhaphaza okanye ukuxhaphaza.

Amandla Okuthenga

Ulawulo lweKhomishini yokulawula imali yesebe elilawulayo luyenye yee-checks zayo ezinamandla kwisebe eliphetheyo. UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla okusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo, oko kukuthi umongameli akanakukwazi ukuchitha imali ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziselwa ukumisela imigaqo yolawulo, njengokuthintela inkxaso-mali yemisebenzi ethile yomkhosi okanye ukubophelela iimeko kwiimeko zoqingqo-mali. I-Rhulumente ye-Accounting Office (GAO) incedisa iBhunga ekuphicoseleni imali yempatho yempatho yempatho elawulayo, ivelisa iingxelo ezidla ngokukhokelela ekuguquleni iinguqulo.

Uphando Nolawulo

Ulawulo lweKhomishini luqhubekeka. IiKomiti zibiza iintloko zemibutho kunye namagosa olawulo ukuba angqine phantsi kwesifungo, afune iingcaciso zezigqibo. Imizekelo ephezulu-profile iquka ukuchotshelwa kwetyala leNdlu yeKIA kubuchule bokuncina imibuzo neNdlu kunye nophando lweNdlu kuhlaselo lukaCapitol. Ezi zimvo azithethi nje kuphela ngomthetho kodwa zikwabumba uluntu. IBhunga likwanokuwaxhasa amaxwebhu asezantsi epoena lize linyanzelele amangqina, nangona iingxwabangxwawa ngelungelo eliphetheyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, zidla ngokuphelela enkuqukunjelwa enkundleni.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Ukusuka kuMongameli ukuya kutsho kuBudreacracy

Isebe eliphetheyo likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, kodwa liquka izixhobo ezinkulu zolawulo: amasebe orhulumente ali-15, amakhulu amasebe (njenge-EPA, FDA, neFBI), kunye nabasebenzi borhulumente abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini. Umsebenzi womgaqo-siseko womongameli “wokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka” unika ingqiqo enkulu kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho. Eli qhinga lisetyenziswa ngemiyalelo yegunya, izindululo, kunye nokwenza imibutho yolawulo.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo elawulayo ingumthetho wamasebe karhulumente, kodwa kufuneka ibekwe kulawulo olusemthethweni okanye kumGaqo-siseko. Oomongameli bawasebenzisa ukumisela inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iKhomishini. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli Obama's Defered Action for Childhoows (DACA), ukuvalwa kohambo lwamaSilamsi abaliqela, kunye noMongameli Biden kwimiyalelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Iinkundla zisoloko zihlola imiyalelo yegunya lomphathi-Obama ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagqithi igunya lomongameli. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuvalwa kohambo [[FLT:] . Hawaii .[FLT.[FLT] .[FLD1:] .2018]

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Umthetho womanyano ukhupha imimiselo edluliselwe yiNgqungquthela. Oku kubandakanya inkqubo ende yokuyila, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nempapasho yokugqibela kwi-Federal Register. Phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedire, amasebe kufuneka ayithethelele imithetho yawo aze aphendule kumagqabaza abalulekileyo. Oku kumisela imithetho kusenokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukumisela imilinganiselo yokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo zokusebenza, ukumisa iimfuno zokukhusela ukutya, okanye ukuchaza ukhuseleko lwamanzi acocekileyo. Isebe lezahlulele lingabetha imithetho “e-e-eartritary ne-transtedromation,” njengoko kuboniswe ku- Virginia v. [[PAFLT:1]] [202], nto leyo enciphisa igunya le-EPA ekulawuleni kwe-greenhouse.

Inkqubo Yamanye Amazwe Nezibonelelo

Umongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko nomphathi-mikhosi oxhobileyo. Ngeli xesha umongameli ekwazi ukudibanisa izivumelwano, afuna ikota enkulu yekota ezimbini ukuya kudityaniswa. Ukuphepha le mqobo, oomongameli basoloko besebenzisa izivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu, ezingafuni mvume yeNtlanganiso. Oku kuxinezeleka phakathi kwamandla aphezulu nawomthetho kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe ngumxholo oziphindaphindayo. Umzekelo, iIran Nuclear Deal (2015) yayiyisivumelwano esiphezulu, asiyisivumelwano, kwaye kamva yasuswa ngumongameli olandelayo, ebonisa ukufaneleka kwaloo malungiselelo.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Iindawo, Abahlali, Nabalindi

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yenkundla yelo zwe iquka iinkundla zesithili (iinkundla zamatyala), iinkundla zesiphaluka (iisithili) kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. IiNkundla zinamandla okuhlola ityala(-$] igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya elilawulayo. Eli gunya, elimiselwe kwi imarbury v. Madison [1803], lenza isebe lejaji elilinganayo likwazi ukuqinisekisa zombini iiKhontrala nomongameli.

Indlela Awafikelela Ngayo Amatyala ENkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha malunga namatyala angama-70-80 ngonyaka aphuma kwizicelo ezingaphezu kwama-7000. Amatyala adla ngokuvela kwizibheno zenkundla esezantsi okanye kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente xa kuqukwa umbuzo. INkundla inika ityala lokungathathi-nxaxheba kumatyala abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka. Izigwebo zobume bemithetho ekwinkqubo yonke esukileyo ( Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Adomes[FLT:], 20222]], ukuvuma inyathelo ([[FLT: 4,5]]]]]]]).

Izigqibo zexesha lobomi nolungelelwano lwendlela yokuphila

Abagwebi bomanyano batyunjwa ngumongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Basebenza amadinga obomi bonke, acetyiswa ukubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuncinwe ngokukrakra, njengoko ukumiswa komcimbi omnye kungaguqula ulungelelwano lwengqiqo yenkundla kamashumi eminyaka. Ulibaziseko lokuqinisekisa uMongameli Obama Mermack Garland ngo2016, kulandelwa yisiqinisekiso esikhawulezileyo seJaji Amy Coney Barrett ngo-202020, kubonisa indlela ekwakhiwe kwenkundla yezopolitiki okuye kwaba yimfazwe yezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yeepekta nolungelelwano olusebenzayo

Abasebenzi befreyimu badala amasebe amathathu ukuba abe “ngahlukeneyo kodwa axhomekekene,” benza amandla apho isebe ngalinye lingakuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. Nazi ii-checks ezingundoqo/nendlela adlala ngayo ngokulawula kokwenene:

  • Inguqu yabaphathi abaphezulu: Congress ingayigqitha i-veto ye-presidential withs ezimbini zombini izindlu. Ingamguqula kwaye isuse umongameli, njengoko kuceliwe izihlandlo ezithathu kwimbali ye-U.S. (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kabini). Ingqungquthela mayiqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-ravince.
  • Isivumelwano phezu koMthetho: Umongameli angawukhupha umthetho, abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo, kwaye akhuphe imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo echaza indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo. Isekela lomongameli, njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, linokuvota iivoti zeqhina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla ephezulu ngaphaya kwezibini: Inkundla zingabhengeza imithetho engavumelaniyo (uhlolo lwezomthetho) kwaye ziyalele isebe eliphetheyo ukuba limise izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, ulutsha oluselula Phelele & lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer [1952], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavala ukuphazanyiswa kwemijuku kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Igunya phezu kweJaji: IBhunga lingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukutshintsha ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo (amandla anqabileyo asetyenziswa kodwa asongelwe), kwaye amisele ulawulo lweenkundla zesebe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izabelo ngaphaya kwesigwebo: Umongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe kwaye unakho ukuxolela nokubuyisela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungagqibeleli.

Olu vavanyo ludala inkqubo apho kungekho sebe linokwenza ngelinye ixesha. Umthetho wesikhathalelo (ACA) unika umzekelo ocacileyo: IBhunga liyidlulisile, uMongameli Obama wayisayina, kwaye imingeni emininzi esemthethweni ifikelele kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. [Ku] umanyano lwesizwe lwe-Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], iNkuNkundla ixhasa ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye njengerhafuzo kodwa elilinganiselweyo iMedicaid. Kamva, iBhunga yaguqula iindawo ze-AA, kunye noMongameli u-Trump yakhupha imiyalelo yokuphelisa amalungiselelo athile. Isebe ngalinye ladlala indima ekulungiseni inkqubo yokugqibela.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yengxabano yeInterbranch kunye nentsebenziswano

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshukumo: Idabi leBranch

Ukuhlaziywa kolawulo kubonakalisa umqondiso ozingisileyo wodokolwane wemfazwe. Ingqungquthela imisela imithetho yokufuduka (umz., ukufuduka noMthetho wesizwe), kodwa xa ingaphumeleli ukuhlaziya, oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukugcwalisa amakhefu. Umongameli Obama owadalwa emva kwe-DAM emva kweBhunga emva kokuba ingazange igqithe iDREAM Act. Xa uMongameli Trump wazama ukuphelisa i-DACA, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavala umyalelo wakhe iSebe leNtlanganiso yeHome v. Regens yeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoni[[FLT] [20]), ukulawula ulawulo kwakungazange kulandele imigaqo efanelekileyo. Umongameli uDACA wandula ukwenziwa ngesenzo solawulo, owaphikiswa kamva kwiinkundla zesebe, ucalathilo lwasemthethweni, kunye nolawulo lwesebe lomthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemekobume: Imfundiso Ye Chevron Nendlela Eyayikhutshiweyo

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, umgaqo we- IChebron beenty [ukusuka ku[FLT:] [FLT]]] IChevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Izibonelelo zezendalo ze-Ukhuselo-Myuselo , 1984]) eyayalela iinkundla ukuba zibambe iinkcazelo ezisengqiqweni zemithetho echanekileyo. Oku kwanika isebe eliphetheyo elibanzi ukulawula ungcoliseko, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, kunye neemarikethengiso. Noko ke, [[FLTL:4] I-Bightight Enetprise v. [[FLT].[FLT:] [5] [20], iNkumgangatho ophezulu wemithetho elawulayomthetho ye-Cheadern, translatedkst withssssment, i-ognational, i-oldingment, i-monglikement, i-ograph, i-og.

Amandla Emfazwe Nokusetyenziswa Komkhosi Womkhosi

UMgaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, kodwa umongameli, njengomlawuli-ntloko, uye wathumela imikhosi ngaphandle kwesigqibo esisemthethweni. Isigqibo seWar Powers ka-1973 sifuna umongameli ukuba azise iKhomishini yeeyure ezingama-48 yokufaka imikhosi nemiqathango kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Abaphathi bamacandelo omabini baye baphikisana nesigqibo kwigunya labo elisemthethweni, elikhokelela kwimimandla engwevu esemthethweni. Umzekelo, ungenelelo lwango-2011 lwe-U.S. ungenelelo lwaseLibya alwagunyaziswangagunyaziswanga ziinkokeli ezikhoyo. Unxulumano oluhlala lungalungiswangalungiswangalungiswangalungiswanga, ngesebe ngalinye liqinisekisa igunya lalo.

Indima Yabantu: Ukubandakanyeka nokuphendula

Ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu asemthethweni, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokulawula. Ukhetho lugqiba ukuba ngubani ozalisa amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya. I-votercrout, igalelo, iminikelo, kunye nokulawula imigaqo efuna abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo. Isebe lejaji, ngoxa likhuselwe kunyulo olungqalileyo, liphenjelelwa yinkqubo yokutyunjwa, kwaye ngoko ke ngabavoti abanyula umongameli kunye nabaquququzeleli.

Ukuganana nge-CPF kukwaquka ukuqhagamshelana nabameli, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwemimiselo ecetywayo, nokuvavanya ukuvavanywa kwetyala lokucelw'ityala kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Imibutho yezentengiso kawonke-wonke idla ngokuzisa amatyala achaza imida yegunya likarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, i-American Civil Liberies Union (ACLU) iye yaphumelela ekucel ’ umngeni imiyalelo yempatho-mvume yokuhlola nokuphatha.

Intshukumo yoluntu inganyanzelisa ukuqhubana kobundlobongela. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu ukhokelele kumthetho obalulekileyo (uMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi wamaLungelo ka-1964) kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ( Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[). Kutshanje, i-# MeToo iqhube iBhunga lokuhlasela ngokugqithisileyo ukuhlasela kwemithetho yempatho yomsebenzi kunye nenkqubo yejaji yokuthetha ngokuziphatha okubi ngabagwebi. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ingxubusho karhulumente ayipheleli kumasebe amathathu; yinkqubo enamandla equka abantu baseMerika.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Ephilayo Yokuxinezeleka Nokulungelelana

Intsebenziswano yamagunya owiso-mthetho, onegunya kunye nezomthetho asiyonkqubo eqikelelwayo ephilayo, yokuphefumla ebumba inkqubo yempilo, yokufuduka, imilinganiselo yemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Abaseki baqonda ukuba amandla ngokwemvelo aya kugxininisa ukuba awathintelwa, ngoko ke bayila urhulumente wamaziko ahlukeneyo asabelana ngamagunya. Le mikhosi yokwakha iyayekelela, imema, kwaye ekugqibeleni ikhusela inkululeko ngokwenza kube nzima ukuba naliphi na isebe elinye lilawule.

Ukuqonda oku kudibana kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo. Xa ubona umongameli esayina umyalelo wolawulo, ebukela impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo weNkundla ePhakamileyo, okanye efunda ngokuchotshelwa kwetyala, unikela ubungqina bokwahlulwa kwamandla asebenzayo. Ukufunda okuninzi, uphando lwezibonelelo ezifana [.Gov ngenxa yolwazi lomthetho, Indlu yase-Oclate.v ukwenzela izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yephondo [[FLT] ngenxa yezimvo neempikiswano. La maqela akhoyo kubantu kuphela.