Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungunobangela okhoyo wesindululo esisemthethweni. Iguqula injongo ecacileyo yemithetho ibe yinto ephilayo, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho eyamkelwa ngamaqumrhu alawulayo iyalandelwa kwaye abo bayaphulayo bajongene neziphumo. Kusuka kwinkqubo elula yomthetho, ukunyanzelisa okusemthethweni luhambo oluneenjongo ezininzi oluqala ngokuqukwa kwesivumelwano somthetho kwaye lungafikelela kwisigqibo senkundla yenkundla yezomthetho okanye isigqibo. Ukuqonda isalathisi ukusuka kwinkundla ukuya kwiingxoxo zenkundla zenkundla kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanye na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho nakubafundi nabafundisi kubenzi bezomthetho kunye nabasemagunye abaphathi bemithetho eUnited States abaqhelekileyo. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olugunyaziko, olunolwazi oluphezulu lwezigqibo lwengqiqo kwindlela esenziwe ngayo, ephononondwe, esetyenziswa, kunye nesoluqwalathiweyo, kunye nesoluqwayo kwinkqubo yemithetho esemthethweni esetyenziswayo eUnited States.

Isiseko Somthetho: Indlela Ezalwa Ngayo Imithetho

Phambi kokuba nawuphi na umthetho unyanzelise, kufuneka kubekho umthetho wokunyanzelisa. Umthetho ngumthombo oyintloko womthetho, owenziwe ngenkqubo yamabomu, eneenyathelo ezininzi eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa igalelo elibanzi noqwalasela ngocoselelo. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., uhambo lwemali-ukusuka kumbono ukuya kumthetho--------"ukulandela indlela emiswe kakuhle elungele i-zipili ezisebenza kwimithetho yedemokhrasi emininzi.

Isindululo kunye nenqanawa esetyenziswayo

Le nkqubo iqala xa ilungu leBhunga ````lilungu leBhunga''''''''' liqala xa ilungu leBhunga' lingummeli okanye iSenator--interrusation' ityala. Ngelixesha uMongameli okanye abameli abaphetheyo benokuthi bacebise umthetho, kuphela abenzi bomthetho abanokuxhasa ngokusesikweni ityala. Ityala linikwa inani (umz., H.R. 1 okanye S. 1) kwaye libhekisa kwikomiti efanelekileyo esekelwe kwimibandela esekelwe kumbandela",juriscictive enokuthi ichaze ishwango yetyala.

Isenzo seKomiti

Iikomiti zilapho owona msebenzi unzima wenzeka khona. Iikomiti zibamba iindlebe apho izigqeba, abagcini-matyala, kunye namagosa karhulumente angqinela. Ikomiti epheleleyo ngoko ibandakanyeka kwintlanganiso “yophawu”, apho amalungu aphikisanayo ngokuthunyelwa nokuvota kumbhalo wetyala. Ngokwenkqubo ye- i-Conrefer.gov Project commenter [, iityala ezininzi zifa kwikomiti ngenxa yokuba ayasilela ukuxhasa okwaneleyo okanye azibekwangabekwanga. Isibhengezo esiphuma kwikomiti sichazwe kwigumbi elipheleleyo elinengxelo ebhaliweyo echaza injongo kunye neenkqubo zayo.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Imali isiya kumgangatho wendlu okanye weBhunga leNdlu, apho amalungu aphikisana ngayo phantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo. Indlu isoloko isebenza phantsi komthetho ocwangcisiweyo olungisa imida, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeMati ivumela ukuqhutyelwa phambili okuvulekileyo. Kuquka ukubakho kwe-palbuster, okufuna ukuba abantu abathathu abamele boyiswe. Emva kwengxoxo, iivoti zegumbi. Uninzi olulula (51% kwiBharhane, ngokwenyani) ludlulisa umthetho, nangona amanye amanyathelo efuna i-atromajori.

Ukuxolelaniswa Nokunconywa Ekugqibeleni

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela neNdlela zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yengqungquthela `iqokelele amalungu aphuma kuzo zombini iigumbi'. Ukuyekelela kufuneka kuvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi afanayo. Okokugqibela, ityala lisiya kuMongameli, ongayisayina umthetho, ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi, okanye iqhutywe. Ingqungquthela iyakwazi ukukhupha iveto ngevote ezimbini-i 3 emagumbini omabini. Xa ithe yamiswa, umthetho uququlunqwa kwimithetho ye-United States kwaye isebenza kubo bonke abantu kunye nezizwe ezingaphakathi kweU.S.

Ukusuka kwimithetho ukuya kumiselo: Indima yezolawulo

Umthetho usoloko umisela iinjongo ezibanzi zenkqubo kodwa ungenazo iinkcukacha ezifunekayo kunyanzelo lwentsuku nosuku. Yindawo apho amasebe olawulo angena khona. Iingqungquthela zithumela igunya kumasebe alawulayo ukwenza imimiselo . /imithetho ethwala amandla omthetho ./ngenkqubo eyaziwayo njengokwenza umthetho. Ii-Phondo ezifana ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), iKhomishini yezentervethis ne-Exchange (SEC), kunye ne-Occapational Safety Ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo lwezempilo (OSA) zidlala iindima ezingundoqo ekuguquleni iinjongo zokuqululisa imigaqo enyanzelweni.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Inkqutyana zenkonzo zilandela uMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo (APA) xa kunikezelwa imimiselo. Inkqubo ibandakanya:

  • Ingxolo yomthetho obekwe phantsi (NPRM): Isibonelelo sikhupha umthetho ocetywayo kwi Register[, imema ugqabaza lukawonke-wonke ngexesha elikhankanyiweyo(ngokunjalo 30 ukuya ku 60 iintsuku.
  • Inkcazo yePublic Comment amaqela anomdla(ii) aquka amashishini, amaqela okuphatha, kunye nabemi babucala (iiintetho ezibhaliweyo. Iinkonzo kufuneka ziqwalasele ezi gqabaza phambi kokugqiba umthetho.
  • Umthetho wobuPhakamo: Emva kokuqwalasela amagqabaza, umbutho ukhupha umthetho wokugqibela kwi ubhaliso lweFoderali [ ngengxelo yesiseko nenjongo. Umthetho ngoko udityanisiwe kwiKhodi yeFederal Revolution (CFR).

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kwaye ivumela igalelo lengcali, kodwa ingathatha ixesha elide.

Amandla okunyanzelisa

Amaziko okunyanzelisa asingobabhali abalawulayo nje; ngababhali abanyanzelisayo. Izixhobo zabo zokunyanzelisa ziquka uhlolo, uphando, ii-asethi, ii-acena, kunye nokuchophela kwezolawulo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokunyanzelisa uluntu iEPA] iqhuba uhlolo lwezibonelelo zemizi - mveliso, ukuhlolwa kothotho, ukupheka, kwaye iyakwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo yokuthobela okanye ukubhekisa iimeko kwiSebe leMimiselo yogwebo yeSebe lokwahlulele. I-AARPUP ingabeka izigwebo zamakhaya, i-Rendecta, okanye ifune izenzo zokulungisa izenzo ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya nenkundla yenkundla, ukuqwalasela kolawulo. Lo msebenzi wolawulo uvumela urhulumente ukuba ulawulo olubanzi lwezoyilo lwezonothonga, ukusuka ekungcoliseni kwezo zezo zezo zezomthetho.

Izenzo Zonyanzelisa: Uphando Luye Kusetyenziswa Kwindawo Eqhelekileyo

Xa umthetho okanye umthetho wokwaphulwa, abakwalathisi baqalisa izenzo ezikhulayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo nakubukhulu. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo ngoxa kuqinisekiswe ukuba kumele kuphendulwe.

Uphando Nobungqina Buqukuqela

Ukunyanzeliswa kuqalwa ngokuphanda. Abaphengululi basenokuqhuba uhambo lwezinxuwa, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-poena, nokuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo okanye obungoomatshini. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, abameli abanyanzelisa umthetho . "njenge-FBI okanye amapolisa karhulumente" inokuba negalelo kuphengululo. Umgangatho wobungqina kweli qonga usenokuba ngunobangela, okuyimfuneko ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula okanye ukuvalelwa kwemvume kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Uphengululo lwamakhaya lungabangelwa zizikhalazo ezisuka kwimikhalazo, uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, okanye uhlolo-data (umz., ukuchaza iipaso-mthetho).

Ukunikela Isaziso Nethuba Lokusabela

Xa kuqokelelwe ubungqina obaneleyo, le nkqubo ichaza umnyazi otyholwayo. Kumthetho wolawulo, oku kusoloko kuthatha uhlobo “lophawu lokwaphula umthetho” okanye“ kubonisa unobumba”, ichaza ulwaphulo oluthiwe lukho kwaye ivumela into ekhoyo ukuba inikezele impendulo ebhaliweyo. Eli nyathelo liquka umgaqo we-audi trantem . Eli nyathelo liqulathe umgaqo wokuva `inyanisene.' Umbutho ungathetha ngokuchasana, ukunikezela ngemvume yokuthobela umthetho, okanye ukuqhuba izicelo ezisesikweni.

Ugwebo lolawulo

Amasebe amaninzi aneejaji zawo zomthetho wolawulo (ALJs) ezilawulayo ekuchotshelweni. Ezi zingqiniso azikho ngokusesikweni kunezo zivavanywa zenkundla kodwa zisalandela imithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo. I-ALJ iphulaphula ubungqina, ihlalutya, kwaye ikhupha isigqibo sokuqala. Ngokomzekelo, iSocial Security Administration isebenzisa i-ALJs ukugqiba izityholo zesiphene; i-SEC izisebenzisa ngokweyelenqe elingekho semthethweni. I-parters zingabhenela kwisigqibo se-ALLJ kwiqumrhu lombutho wangaphakathi we-appelta, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwinkundla yesebe.

Isigwebo

Apho amayeza olawulo angonele okanye apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya ihambo enzulu, eli qumrhu lingathumela lo mbandela kwiSebe leMithetho esesikweni okanye kwigqwetha-gosa likarhulumente elifuna ukuchotshelwa. Oku kubonisa ukuguquka komthetho wolawulo ukuya kwiinkundla zenkundla.

Inkqubela-phambili: Ukulungiselela iNkundla

Phambi kokuba ityala lifike kwityala, isiseko somthetho esibalulekileyo kufuneka sibekwe. Iziphumo zangaphambi komthetho zinceda ukucutheneka kwemiba, ukufumanisa, kwaye maxa wambi zicombulule ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo Nogwebo

Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo, echaza izityholo ezingokwasemthethweni nezisekelwe kwinyaniso. Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elibekiweyo iintsuku ezingama-21 kwinkundla yesizwe. Ngokucacileyo, enempendulo evuma okanye ekhanyela izityholo kwaye asenokuphakamisa ingqinisekiso okanye avume amatyala. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente ufumana ityala kwinkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli-mthetho (kuba abalawuli) okanye akhuphe inkcazelo yolwaphulo-mthetho (kuba abangenisi). Ummangalelwa uvunywa okanye acelwe ngokusemthethweni, apho acetyo angena kwisicelo: ubekekrumbek'ityala, akabi natyala, okanye akabi natyala.

Ukufunyanwa: Inkcazelo Ephangaleleyo

Ukufumanisa kukwenye yezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo. Zombini ezi zigaba kufuneka zityhile ulwazi olufanelekileyo nobungqina omnye komnye. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Isiqinisekiso: [[FT:0] Isiqinisekiso: ingqina lomlomo elithatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkundla.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, okanye ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zogunyaziso: iingxelo elinye icala ekumele livume okanye likhanye.

Umlinganiselo wokufumana okubanzi, ``Iicaparia' zingafumana nayiphi na into engamkelekanga enxulumene nentengiso okanye ukhuseleko lwawo nawuphi na umbutho. Eli candelo lingabonisa izibakala ezingundoqo, likhokelele kwiindawo zokuhlala, okanye libhence ubuthathaka. Imithetho ye- ePhambili yeProcedire ye-Civil ilawula ukufunyanwa kweenkundla zesizwe, kunye nemithetho efanayo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Intshukumo yangaphambili neeNgqungquthela

Omabini amacala angacwangcisa intshukumo zangaphambili zomthetho ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Intshukumo yokurhoxa (phantsi koMthetho 12(b)(6) icela ulwaneliseko olusemthethweni lwesikhalazo. Ukuhamba umgwebo wesishwankathelo phantsi koMthetho 56 kucela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwityala xa kungekho mpikiswano yenyani yento ephathekayo.=injongo enye inelungelo lokugweba njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba ezi ntshukumo ziyasilela, ityala liyaqhubeka ukuvavanywa. Iingqungquthela phakathi komgwebi namagqwetha zicela ukucwangcisa ucwangciso, ukuxoxa ngemeko, kunye namatyala alula.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari (Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho)

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, uninzi olungaphezulu kwama-90% luye lwagqitywa ngezicelo ezithelekisayo, hayi ukuvavanywa. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane, ngokufuthi, ukutshintshiselana ngesigwebo esithe bhetyebhetye okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo. Ngoxa kuthethwa ngempikiswano, ukucetyiswa kuvumela iinkundla ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha amatyala anzima zize zinike abamangalelwa isiqinisekiso esiqinisekileyo. Noko ke, kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngengxingo nangelungelo kwityala elilungileyo.

Inkundla Iqhubekeka: Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Nesigwebo

Ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka likho yaye alilungiswa okanye licinywe, liqhubekeka licinezelwe. Ityala lelona thuba libonakalayo lenkundla, apho inkqubo yokuchophela ityala idlalwa phantsi kweliso elilumkileyo lomgwebi (kwaye maxa wambi liba linkundla).

Ukhetho

Kwiimeko apho ityala labachopheli-tyala linyanzelwa (njengoko kuvunyelwa yiSindululo seSexubi kumatyala amakhaya kunye noMphengululo weSithandathu wamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho), inyathelo lokuqala liyingozi. Abagwebi namagqwetha babuza imibuzo enokuba ngabagwebi ukuba bachophe okanye izindululo zokungalungisi. Icala ngalinye linokuvavanya inani elilinganiselweyo labachophele ityala (umz., ikhethe) lize lisebenzise imingeni (akukho sizathu sifunekayo, kodwa alisetyenziswangasetyenziselwa ukucalula ikhethe elisekelwe kwibala okanye kubufana). Injongo kukuhlala kwinkundla egweba abangakhethi.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Omabini amacala anikela iingxelo zokuvula . . Ezi asizozibonelelo kodwa iimaphu zomendo. Umtshutshisi okanye umtshutshisi uqala ngokuchaza izibakala neengcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Oku kulandelayo, kujongwa phambi koguqulelo lweziganeko. Iingxelo zokuvula ezilungileyo zicacile, ziyanyanzelisa, kwaye zisekelwe kubungqina obuza kunikelwa.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Isiseko setyala kukunikelwa kobungqina. I-atlantiff (okanye umtshutshisi) ithwala umthwalo wobungqina. Kwimeko zabemi, umgangatho ngu “ukujonga ubungqina” (ngokunokwenzeka kungabi njalo). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho ngu-“ongaphaya kwamathandabuzo asengqiqweni.” Ubungqina buthatha uhlobo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungqina obubonisa ukuba kukho uvavanyo olubalulekileyo: AmaNgqina angqina phantsi kwesifungo, ephantsi kovavanyo olungqalileyo (ngakwicala elizibizayo) kunye novavanyo lokunqamleza (ngakwicala elichaseneyo). uvavanyo lonqamlezo lusisixhobo esinamandla ukuvavanya ukuthembeka nokubhenca ukungangqini.
  • Ubungqina bobuxwebhu: Iintlawulo, ii-imeyili, iifoto, kunye neminye imibhalo iveliswa njengemiboniso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obuthe ngqo: Izinto ezifana nezixhobo, amayeza, okanye iisampuli zemveliso zingavunywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobungcali: iingcali ezifanelekileyo zinika izimvo kwimicimbi yobugcisa (ngokomzekelo, abagcini- mali abakwityala lokuqhatha okanye iingcali zezamayeza ezingekho mthethweni.

Abagwebi banyanzelisa imithetho yobungqina, enjengemithetho esesikweni yobungqina, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokusesikweni. Ilizwi (ngaphandle kwengxelo yenkundla yetyala) lisoloko lingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba umahluko uyasebenza.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, icala ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela ishwankathela ubungqina kunye nokubongoza abachopheli betyala (okanye abagwebi ekuchongeni ibhedi) ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile. Ukubulawa kwetyala kuqala kwaye kwakhona kufuneka kuqukunjelwe emva kokuvalwa kwenkundla. Iingxoxo zokuqukumbela zihlanganisa ubungqina, amaxwebhu, kunye nomthetho ukuchaza ibali elingqinelanayo elixhasa isigqibo.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho onxulumeneyo .(ukungavumelani kwamacandelo), umthwalo wobungqina, nendlela yokuvavanya ubungqina. Abachopheli bejaji bathatha umhlala-phantsi ngasese, baxubushe ngetyala baze bafikelele isigwebo esingqinelanayo (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye uninzi olukhethekileyo (kumatyala karhulumente, maxa wambi angaphantsi kokwahlukana). Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvumelana, ityala lingavakaliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, kwaye elo tyala lingaphinda lichazwe.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

Ijaji (okanye ijaji kwityala lesihlalo) ikhupha isigqibo. Kwimiba yabemi, isigqibo simisa ityala, yaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, umlinganiselo womonakalo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo sibophelelekile okanye asinatyala. Ukuba unetyala, inkundla iyaqhubeka igweba (ngaphandle kokugwetywa ngaphandle kwesigwebo siyagwetywa, njengakwimeko yamatyala anzima). Ngoko ijaji iphumeza isigwebo sokumisela iziphumo. Iqela elilawulayo lisenokuhlawulwa iindleko kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, iindleko, iimali zegqwetha.

Inkqubo Yezibheno: Ukulungisa Iimpazamo Nokulungiselela Okusesikweni

Ilungelo lokubhena asilothuba lesibini elingenasiphelo; lisikhuselo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazela amalungelo amakhulu. Izibheno ziviwa ziinkundla eziphezulu . NjengeeNkundla zezibheno ze-U.S. (iinkundla zephondo) ezisuka kwiinkundla zesithili, okanye iinkundla zetyala elinomgangatho ophezulu.

Isaziso sesibheno neSihlomelo

Umfaki-sicelo (umbangi ophulukana nesicelo) kufuneka afake isaziso sesibheno kwifestile emfutshane iintsuku ezingama-30 kumatyala oluntu, iintsuku ezili-14 kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umabhalane wenkundla evavanyayo uhlanganisa irekhodi, equka zonke iifatyi, ii-scredits, iikhowudi, kunye nogwebo. Ingxelo ibalulekile kuba iinkundla ze-appelta zihlola oko kwenzekayo ngezantsi, hayi ubungqina obutsha.

Impikiswano Efutshane Nezibakala

Omabini amacala afaka iingxelo ezifutshane ezibhaliweyo. Impikiswano emfutshane yenkundla yamatyala yenze impazamo engenakuguqulwa. (Ngomzekelo, ngokuwusebenzisa kakubi umthetho, ngokususa ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo, okanye ngokunika imiyalelo yejaji ephosakeleyo. Igalelo elifutshane le-apelle likhusela isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo. Ezi ngxelo zilula zilawulwa ngokulungisa okungqongqo kunye nemithetho emide. Inkundla isenokubamba impikiswano yomlomo, apho amagqwetha anikela iingongoma zawo ezingundoqo kwaye aphendule imibuzo yabagwebi. Impikiswano e-oral idla ngokufutshane ukuya kwimizuzu engama-30 ngecala eli-29 kwaye ayiyo imvume yokucacisa iingxelo ezingongoma.

Isigqibo Esiza Kufikelwa

Inkundla yetyala echaza uluvo olubhaliweyo ngezantsi. Ngokufuthi ipapashwa kwiFederal Reporter okanye irejista yephondo — echaza indlela eqiqa ngayo. Inkundla inga:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso: Ukuxhasa isigqibo senkundla esezantsi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] buyisela umva: jika isigqibo ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Remand: Thumela elityala emva kwinkundla esezantsi ukwenzela ingcebiso ezithe zahambelana nomthetho we-empeelta.
  • [[UMTL: 0] tshintsha ugwebo, njengokunciphisa umonakalo.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukubuyiselwa kwetyala kusenokuyalela ukuba agwetywe okanye anikeze ityala elitsha. inkundla ihlolisisa imibuzo engokwasemthethweni de novo (entsha) kodwa ibambe igosa kwiziphumo eziyinyaniso zenkundla yetyala ngaphandle kokuba zikho iimpazamo.

Izibheno Ezingakumbi Nengxubusho Ephakamileyo YeNkundla

Iqela lingafuna uhlolo lwenkundla ephakamileyo ye-(*) yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Noko ke, ezi nkomfa zinegunya elisemthethweni; zinika iCertiori (okanye ikhefu lokubhena) kuphela inxalenye encinane yamatyala ) abalulekileyo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iphula amatyala ambalwa kunalikhulu ukusuka kwizicelo ezingama-7 000. Ngoko, kuninzi lwababheno, inkundla yesibheno yiyo yokugqibela.

Isiphelo: Ubuchule obudityanisiweyo bogunyaziso lomthetho

Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa umthetho asisosiganeko sinye kodwa sisesona sinzima sokwakha esiquka amasebe amathathu karhulumente kunye neenkqubo ezininzi. Siqala ngobuchule besebe lemithetho elawulayo, siqhubeka nesebe eliphetheyo (ngeekomiti kunye nomthetho) lisebenza lize liqinisekise ukuba lisebenze, lifikelele incopho kwisebe elilawulayo, liphumeze lithintele ukuchasana nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Iqonga ngalinye. Isigaba ngasinye, "("ukusuka ekuqululeni ukubekwa kwemithetho ngokwendlela yokulawula, ukunyanzelisa, ukuvavanywa kwemithetho, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, okanye ukuchonga, kunye nokuvavanywa kwe-appellate) ukuvavanywa kwe-e-ekhotho-ukuvavanywa kwe-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe-e, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nokukhuthaza ukulunga. Ukuqonda olu hambo kuyimfuneko kuye nakunye ukulungiselela inkqubo yomgaqo-mthetho osemthethweni, ukulungiselela ukulungiselela imvume, kunye nomthetho womthetho.