Isiseko Senkqubo Yokuvavanya Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lingumxholo wenkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, ukuqhubekeka okusesikweni apho urhulumente efuna ukungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuqonda amaqondo etyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ayimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa nakubemi abanqwenela ukuqonda indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni. Isigaba ngasinye, ukusukela ekubanjwani ngokugwetywa, silawulwa yimigaqo-siseko, imithetho yezomthetho, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ekhuselekileyo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Eli nqaku linika ukuhamba okunegunya ngokudlula kwiminyanzelo yonke intsika egcina ityala, ngokuqonda iindima zabagwebi, abagwebi, abagwebi, nabameli, nabameli.

Phambi kokuntywila kumaqondo, kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwetyala lebheri (eligwetywa yijaji kuphela) kunye netyala labachopheli-tyala. Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States luconjululwa ngezicelo eziceliweyo kunokuba kuvavanywe, kodwa xa ityala liqhubeka, iinkqubo zilandela ngokulandelelana okungqongqo. Umthwalo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala ukuqinisekisa zonke izinto zetyala.

Icandelo: Ukubekwa Kwesiseko

Ukubanjwa Nokubonakala Kokuqala

Inkundla iqalisa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala bahlale. Emva kokuba bebanjiwe, ummangalelwa kufuneka asiwe phambi kwejaji ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko . Ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi neeyure ezingama-48. Ngexesha lokuvela kokuqala, ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ibacebisa ngamalungelo abo (kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa), kwaye imisela iimeko zokukhululwa okanye ibheyile. Eli qonga libalulekile ekukhuseleni inkqubo efunekayo phantsi kweMiphetho-Nyesihlanu neyoMdathaniso.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

Ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya okanye ingozi kuluntu, ibheyile inganikwa. UMthetho-wiso-mthetho Wesibhozo uyalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amagunya amaninzi aye aqhubela kwizixhobo zokuhlola ezisekelwe kumngcipheko kunokuba athathele ummiselo webheyile ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwabamangalelwa abaphantsi, abagxelelwayo. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakuyiposa ibheyile, ahlala evalelwe kwityala eliya kuhlala lihleli.

Ulungelelwaniso kunye nokungena

Kwisingxengxezo, ummangalelwa uvela enkundleni ukuze aphulaphule izityholo ezisemthethweni aze angene esicelweni: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye kungekho khuphiswano (i-nolo imattere). Isibongozo esingesosimangalelwayo simisela iqonga lokuqhuba ityala kunye nokuvavanywa ekugqibeleni. Isibongozo esinetyala sisoloko siphosa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwaye sishukuma ngokuthe ngqo, ngokufuthi isiphumo sesicelo. Ijajinga kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba eso sisicelo sazi, siqhutywa ngokuzithandela, kwaye sixhaswa zizizinziso ezizinzileyo.

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha omabini abandakanyeka ekufumaneni / ukufumana ubungqina obudityanisiweyo, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye neengxelo zengcali.

  • [[NT.:0] Ukufumana uphando olungekho mthethweni lokucinezela ubungqina – ubungqina obungangqinelaniyo obufunyenweyo bokwaphula isiHlaliso sesine (umz., ukuphendla okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuxhuzula).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha - uthetha ubungqina obunganelanga okanye iziphene zomgaqo-siseko kwisixhobo esibhangayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho kwi-limine - ukufuna umthetho wokungagqibeki kobungqina obuthile phambi kokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ukutshintsha indawo – ukushenxisela ityala kwenye indawo ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambili lwezicatshulwa.

Isigaba sangaphambi kwetyala singathabatha iiveki okanye iinyanga kuxhomekeka kubunkohla betyala. Ngokufuthi yinxalenye ephambili yokucaciswa, njengemithetho yokuhamba ngokuhambelana nemithetho elawula oko abachopheli betyala baya kukuva.

Ukhuphiswano Nohlolo Lwempilo Yengqondo

Ukuba imo yengqondo yommangalelwa ibambene, inkundla ingayalela ukuba kuncitshiswe uvavanyo. Ummangalelwa makakwazi ukuma etyala.

& Ukhetho

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elingakhethiyo likhutshiwe kwiSithandathu soHlaziyo. Ukhetho lwe Jury, olwaziwa ngokuba luyi-voir brada (kwintsingiselo yesiFrentshi "ukuthetha inyaniso"), luqala ngequmrhu labazakuba ngabachopheli ababizwa ngokubhaliswa kwevoti kunye neengxelo zephepha-mvume lokuqhuba. Zombini amagqwetha, yaye maxa wambi ijaji, ithandabuza abaququzeleli bejaji ukutyhila ikhethe okanye ikhethe eliza kubathintela ekugqibeleni ngolu hlobo olulungileyo.

Ngexesha loloyiko, amagqwetha asenokuqhelisela iindidi ezimbini zocelomngeni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala lonobangela [ - elingenamda ngenani, elisetyenziselwa ukususa umgwebi ovuma ikhethe, unodibaniso lobuqu kwityala, okanye akanakukhetha.
  • Imingeni-yokucinezela-okanye elinganiselweyo (umz., 10 kwiimeko zefelony) evumela ukususwa kwejaji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, logama nje ukususwa kungasekelwanga kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ubuhlanga nge Batson v. Kentucky

Injongo kukukhetha icandelo elifanelekileyo elinqamleza uluntu eliza kuvavanya ubungqina ngomdla. Ingxengxezo kunye nokhuselo ngamnye ofuna abagwebi abasenokubujonga kakuhle ubungqina, benza imo eyingozi inkqubo yobuchule obuphezulu. Kwisikhokelo esinegunya kwimigangatho yokukhetha abachopheli-cholicholi, bona i Icandelo leMelika Bar's Seprial for Jury Trial[].

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa ijaji igqibile, ukuchophela ityala kuqala ngokusemthethweni ngeengxelo zokuvula. Ityala liqala, linike isishwankathelo esifutshane sobungqina efuna ukubungenisa. Ingqwalaselo inganikela ingxelo yalo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza okanye igcine de kuphele ityala lomtshutshisi. Izimvo zokuvula aziyo mpikiswano. Attorney zihamba kwinkundla yejaji ngexesha, inqaku kumangqina angundoqo, kwaye zichaze oko ubungqina buzakubonisa.

Ingxelo yokuvula ephumelelayo ibeka inqaku lengxelo. Ukulungiselela ingxengxezo, kufuneka imisele ibali elikholeleyo lokuzithethelela. Ukuze ivelise imbewu yokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni okanye ichaze ukuthethelela okufanelekileyo (umz., ukuzikhusela ngokwakho, i-alibi, i-ephami). Amagqwetha anobuchule akuphepha ukuthamba ngokugqithisileyo kwaye abambelele ngokungqongqo koko kungamkelekiyo. Ukuba athe athe athe ahlula, icala elichasayo liya kuveza okanye lisebenzise kakubi i-astriot.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Le yintliziyo yokuvavanya . Ityala- eliyintloko. Umthwalo wobungqina uhlala ngokungqalileyo kwityala, ngoko ke linikela ubungqina balo kuqala. Ukhuseleko lunganikela ubungqina balo, nangona kungafunekanga ukuba lwenze njalo (ummangalelwa ahlale enganikelanga bungqina, exhomekeke kwintelekelelo yokungabi nabutyala). Ubungqina buyelela kwicandelo amabini: ubungqina kunye nomzimba.

Ukunikela Ubungqina Nokuhlolisisa

AmaNgqina afungwe ukuba athethe inyaniso, kwaye ubungqina bawo budluliselwa ngokuvavanywa ngqo liqela eliwabizayo. Ingqina ngalinye limele libe nolwazi lobuqu lwezibakala, yaye amangqina angoongcaphephe afanele afanele afaneleke yinkundla. Emva kokuvavanywa ngqo, iqela elichasanayo liqhuba ihambo yokunqamleza, ilungelo elibalulekileyo elivumela ukuvavanywa kobunyani, inkumbulo, kunye nokuchasana.

Imithetho eManyeneyo yoBubhali ilawula ukubonakala. Isatha ngezantsi, yindlela yokuyiva ngaphandle kwengxelo yenkundla enikelwe ukungqina inyaniso yento.(iy) iyabhadlika, nangona kukho iindidi ezininzi ezingafaniyo (umz., amazwi avuyisekileyo, iingxelo zoshishino, iingxelo ezichasene nnzala). Ii-Auttorney kufuneka zisoloko zisenza into kubungqina obungafanelekanga okanye zifune ukubuza ukugcina ingxelo ukuze zifakelwe isibheno.

Ubungqina Bokwenyama Nobokubonakalisa

Ubungqina obuphathekayo buquka izixhobo, amaxwebhu, amayeza, iminwe, iisampuli ze-DNA, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo. Isiqwenga ngasinye kufuneka "sicaciswe" kwaye siboniswe njengemo esebenzayo. Ubungqina bokubonakalisayo . "ezifana nemizobo, imifanekiso, oopopayi, okanye iimfaniso zekhompyutha] abagqibi ababona izibakala ezintsonkothileyo. Ijaji igqiba ukuba ixabiso leprobatity lingaphezulu na kweziphumo ezicacileyo phantsi koMthetho 403.

Ubugcisa Bokuhlolisisa

Uvavanyo oluchaphazelekayo lusebenzisa imibuzo epheliswe ngesandi esivulekileyo (umz., "Yintoni oyibonileyo?"). I-Cross-uvavanyo[ isebenzisa imibuzo ekhokelayo (umz., "Ubume 50 yeenyawo, echanekileyo?"). Ukukhokela imibuzo kusoloko kuthintelwa ngokwento elula ngaphandle kwemiba yokuqala okanye xa uhlola ubungqina obuchasayo. Ukubuyisela ubungalandeli kwakhona ukucacisa okanye ukuguqula ubungqina.

Umzekelo wokhuselo

Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, inkundla isenokuthatha inyathelo lokugweba ukugwetywa kokugwetywa (ukuchotshelwa) ukuba ubungqina abunele ngokusemthethweni ukuba ngaba ngabasematyaleni. Ukuba akavunywanga, ukhuseleko lunganikela amangqina alo, kuquka ummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elipheleleyo lokungangqini, yaye abagwebi abanako ukukhupha isiqinisekiso esiqatha sokungathethi. Kwakhona ukuzithethelela kungabiza amangqina asesikweni, kuqalisa ubungqina obuthilibi, okanye kunike ubungqina obukhoyo obucelw ’ umngeni ubungqina obungangqinelani.

Izahlulo kunye nomyalezo

Ityala linganikela ubungqina bokuphikisa ityala lokhuseleko. Ukuzithethelela kungadala ukuphikisa ukuphendula imicimbi emitsha ephakanyisiweyo. Ijaji egwebayo inobulumko bokunciphisa ezi zigaba ukuze iphephe ukuphindaphindwa nokulibaziseka.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Xa bonke ubungqina bunikezelwa, icala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Iimpikiswano zokuvala lithuba lokugqibela lokucenga abachopheli-tyala. Ityala liqala ngokuya, kwangoko lizithethelela, kwaye ekugqibeleni ingtshutshiso inganika ingxengxezo yokuphikisa. Iimpikiswano zokuvala azibobungqina `=ziziindlela zegqwetha ezitolika ubungqina.

Ityala lixelela abachopheli-tyala isizathu sokuba ubungqina bungqine ityala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Inkundla ibalaselisa ubuthathaka, ukuphikisana, ukuphoswa kobungqina, okanye ukungaphumeleli komthetho. Ingxoxo enyanzelisayo yokuqukumbela idibanisa izibakala kwibali elingqinelanayo, icebise ukuqiqa nokuvakalelwa, ize ikhumbuze abachopheli betyala lobungqina. Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala phambi okanye emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano ezingo zomthetho ekufuneka zisetyenziswe.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala (okanye "unyuso"), echaza imigangatho esemthethweni, iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye nenkqubo yokuququzelela. Zombini amagqwetha athobela imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo, kwaye ijaji ibambe ingqungquthela ukuze igqibe. Imiyalelo iyagxeka (ukuba inikwe ngokungafanelekanga, isenokuba zizintlawulo zokubhena. Imiyalelo esezantsi iquka ukubekwa kwetyala, ukuchazwa kokuthandabuza ngokusengqiqweni, kunye nemfuneko yesigqibo esidityanisiweyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isigqibo

Abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze bagqibele. Bakhetha umlathisi oza kukhokela ingxubusho nokunxibelelana nenkundla. Abachopheli basenokuhlola imiboniso, bacele iirekhodi, okanye babuze ijaji ukuba icacise imibuzo.

Isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente kwaye phantse kuzo zonke iityala zorhulumente. Ukuba ijaji ifikelela kwityala elibi ( "i-"hangxbront"), ijaji inganika Allen [ ityala] elikhuthaza ukuba baphinde balihlolisise, kodwa ukuba bahlala bebotshiwe, ityala lixelwe kakubi. Ijaji linokugqiba ngoko ukulizama kwakhona eli tyala.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ifikelela kwisigqibo, bazisa inkundla. Isigqibo sifundwa kwinkundla evulekileyo kunye nommangalelwa okhoyo. Ukuba isigqibo singu akanatyala [, ummangalelwa ungenatyala kwaye akanakuphinda abekwe ecaleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo ngenxa yokuphindwa kabini. Ukuba isigqibo singu i-ilty, ummangalelwa ubotshelelwe kwaye uyaqhubeka egweba. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ijaji ingabeka ecaleni isigwebo ukuba sichasene nomthetho okanye ubungqina, umzekelo, ngokunika umgwebo womxoki-mali.

Ukugweba

Ukugwetywa kuyinto eyahlukeneyo, esoloko isenziwa kwiiveki emva kwesigqibo. Ijaji ivavanya imigaqo yomthetho, izinto ezikhuthazayo nezivala ityala, iingxelo zempembelelo yexhoba, kunye nengxelo yophando lwangoku. Iinketho ziquka:

  • Imali Entle Nendlela Yokubuyisela
  • Iprojekthi okanye ukhupho olujongelweyo
  • Inkonzo yoLuntu okanye iinkqubo zonyango
  • Ukungangeni Ejele (Entolongoni okanye entolongweni)
  • Isohlwayo esiyintloko (kwisigwebo sentambo)

IsiHlazo seMpanzi-Mpanzi-Msebenzi sikwaqinisekisa indima yabachopheli-mthetho efumana iiziphumo eziyinyaniso ezandisa isohlwayo esiphezulu (umz. Apprendi v. New Jersey kunye ne [[FLT]] Blakely v. ). Icebiso lokhuselo lingaphikisana netyala elithenjiweyo, ngelixa umtshutshisi emela isigwebo esihambisana nobukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho. Igalelo lomkhosi lilandela iU.S. Isikhokelo esisisiKhokelo esiphambili emva [[FLT] [FLT:] .[FL]

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo unelungelo lokubhenela kwiziphoso zomthetho owenzeka ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. "njengokuvunywa kwetyala] okungafanelekanga, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo, okanye uncedo lwetyala olungasebenziyo. Ityala lidla ngokungevakaliswa ziinkundla eziphakathi kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. INkundla ePhakamileyo yeSikhulu. I-Post-vice isenokucelwa ngezicelo ze-habeas corpus ezicel ukuvavanywa okungagunyaziswa ngokungekho mthethweni.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwetyala yeyomthetho elungelelaniswe kakuhle elungelelaniswe ngokulingana ukhuseleko lwentlalo-ntle kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokubanjwa ngokubhena, iqonga ngalinye lisebenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo: ukuvavanya ubungqina, ukukhusela abamsulwa, nokubohlwaya abanetyala ngokuvisisana nomthetho. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda la manyathelo, kunika abafundi iziphumo zemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni, ukubonakala kobumsulwa, umthwalo wobungqina, ukucebisa, nokungacaluli. Ngokubeka ityala ityala eliphindiweyo, sixhobisa abemi ngolwazi ukuba bavavanyele ngokusesikweni kwenkqubo baze bakhuthaze ukuphucula inkqubela yayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko, khangela i U.S. Isebe leJaji yeJaji 101 ungcelele kunye nocatshulwano lweFoct:2] lweFederal Jadiary yetyala lezaphuli-mthetho.