Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ilelitye lesiseko lebutho ledemokhrasi, elenzelwe ukulinganisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nakumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo, uhambo lokubanjwa ukuya ekuvavanyeni luyibali elibalulekileyo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olunegunya, ngenyathelo elilandelelanayo lwenkqubo esemthethweni, ukusuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho kuqala ngamalungelo omthetho ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela nangaphaya. Iqonga ngalinye lilawulwa yimigaqo yesiseko, imigaqo esekelwe ngokwemithetho esisiseko, kunye nomgaqo olawulayo wenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngokuhlola le migaqo ngokunzulu, abafundi baya kufumana ukuqonda okucacileyo indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo yenkqubo.

Ukubanjwa

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iqala ngokubanjwa, ingongoma apho umntu abanjwa khona ngokukrokrelelwa ukuba wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa ngokufuthi kuboniswa ngokuphawulekayo kumajelo eendaba, ukubanjwa sisiganeko esingokwasemthethweni esineemfuno ezingqongqo nemiphumo. Ukuqonda umahluko wokubanjwa kubalulekile ngenxa yokuba kubangela amalungelo amaninzi neenkqubo ezilandelayo.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Abanjwa?

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa igosa lomthetho lithatha umntu ukuba angene entolongweni, ngaloo ndlela limisela inkululeko yabo yokuhamba. Igosa kufuneka libe nenjongo yokubanjwa, yaye umntu kufuneka akholelwe ukuba akakhululekile ukuphuma. Umbuzo olula esitratweni, owaziwa ngokuba yi-Terry, awungokubanjwa, kodwa nayiphi na into esemthethweni yokuthunyelelwa ngesandla, ukuthuthelwa esitishini, okanye ingxelo yokubanjwa kufuneka ifaneleke. UMthetho wesine ohlaziyiweyo ukhusela ekuphazameni okungekho ngqiqweqweni, intsingiselo yokubanjwa kufuneka uthethelelwe.

Izizathu ezicacileyo ziphikisana nokungaqiniseki

Umgangatho wobulungisa obufunekayo ekubambeni uphezulu kunento yokuma. unobangela oqinisekileyo [ uthetha ukuba igosa linenkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala ezaziwayo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye ukrokrela uluphathileyo. Lo mgangatho ungaphantsi kobungqina obungaphaya kobunyani obusengqiqweni kodwa ngaphezulu kwe-hnch. Ngokuchaseneyo, uqikelelo olusengqiqweni [[[FLT:]] umgangatho osezantsi, u--"a u-okanye u-okanye umisa kafutshane nomfanekiso kodwa ungabi yindawo yokubanjwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba igosapho ingenasizathu esifanelekileyo, nasiphi na esinye isiphumo sokubanjwa sinokuba singena sizathu sobugciphelo phantsi komthetho othe ngqo.

Ukubanjwa Kwabo Bangabodwa

Ngeli xesha ukubanjwa okuninzi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso (umzekelo, xa igosa libona ulwaphulo-mthetho), indlela ekhethekayo kukufumana imvume yokubamba kumagqwetha ongathathi-nxaxheba. Isiqinisekiso sifuna imvume efunghiweyo emisela unobangela olindelekileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma iindidi eziliqela, kuquka:

  • Iimeko eziqikelelweyo: xa kuyimfuneko ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela umonakalo, ukusinda, okanye utshabalaliso lobungqina.
  • Usukelo lwegosa elisukela umkroti lungangena kwimpahla yabucala ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indawo ebhalekayo: Kwanasemacaleni amancinci, amagosa angabamba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba anesizathu esinokwenzeka kwaye ukubanjwa kwenzeka kwindawo kawonke-wonke.

Amalungelo eMiranda kunye nokuNxulumana

Xa ubanjwa, nawaphi na amalungelo alandelayo kufuneka aqale abekwe phambi izilumkiso ze-Miranda. Ukusuka kwiphawu lonyaka ka- 1966 umzekelo imanda v. Arizona, la malungelo aquka ilungelo lokuhlala ethule kunye nelungelo kwigqwetha. Ukunganikezi izilumkiso uMiranda izilumkiso zinganikezela nakuphi na ukuvuma okungenayo ekulingweni. Kunzima ukuphawula ukuba uMurnda usebenza kuphela [[FLT:] uncinsoniso olugunyazisayo [[FLT]]] oluthi luvele emva kokuba umntu ekwindawo yokuhlala ephantsi kolawulo noxinzelelo. Ukuba ukrokrezelo ngaphandle kwe-Mirkto, kwaye akangeni.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi nemida yomgaqo-siseko

UHlaliso lwesine lukwalawula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokubanjwa. Umgangatho, obekwe ku-Graham v. Connor (19989), lulungelelene olunenjongo: ngaba izenzo zegosa zanelisa igosa elinolwazelelelo phantsi kweemeko? Amandla agqithisileyo angakhokelela kwityala lobupolisa okanye kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elichaphazelekayo, kwaye angenza ukurhoxiswa kwetyala eliphantsi ukuba liyabamba. Lo mmandla uhlala uxambulisana olushushu, ingakumbi kwiziganeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya inkohlakalo yamapolisa.

Ukubhala Nokulibala Kwangaphambili

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umkroti usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa okanye entolongweni ukuze afumane imali.

Inkqubo Yokubhala

Ukuqokelela imali kubandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:

  • Ulwazi lwesiqu salo: Igama, idilesi, umhla wokuzalwa, kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo ziyabhalwa.
  • Ukushicilela: iminwe yesandla ithathwa ukuze ifumaneke kwaye ijonge imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yangaphambili igqitha kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi njenge AFIS (Inkqubo yophawu lomnwe oluzenzekelayo).
  • Ifoto yeFoto: I-mogshot ithathwa ukwenzela iirekhodi ezisemthethweni kwaye ingasetyenziswa ekulandeleni imikrozo okanye ekukhululweni kuluntu.
  • Uluhlu lophawu lobuqu: Izinto ezithwalwa yirhalatsheli zicatal kwaye zigcinwe.
  • Uvavanyo lobungozi: luhlolo lwezamayeza lokwenzakala, inkxalabo yempilo yengqondo, okanye izifo ezosulelayo.

Ukubhala akuthethi ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa; kuchaza ukuba ubanjwa. Noko ke, iimpazamo ekubhaleni `````iimpazamo'''.

Iinketho ze khowudi kunye noKhuselo

Emva kokubhala incwadi, umntu usenokuvalelwa egumbini de kuvele inkundla yokuqala.

  • Inkululeko yokhupho: Ngezono ezincinci, igosa lingakhupha isiphawuli (i-ikhithi) kwi-cayi ye-campe, efuna umntu avele enkundleni kamva.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali eqingqiweyo yemali emiselwe yinkundla ukukhusela ukukhululwa, ngokuqonda ukuba ummangalelwa uza kubuya kwimicimbi yexesha elizayo. I-Bail ingahlawulwa ngemali, ngeqhina, okanye ngokuqiniseka.
  • I-Relcape kwi-revance (ROR): Ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngaphandle kokuhlawula ibheyile, ngokusekelwe kwisithembiso sokuvela kunye nomngcipheko osezantsi wokubhabha okanye ingozi.

UMthetho WesiHlomelo Wesibhozo uyalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi, yaye imimandla emininzi iye yaguqula iinkqubo zebheyile ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuthembela ngemali nokuhlangabezana nokungavisisani kweentlanga nezoqoqosho.

Amalungelo Xa Uzinikela

Nangaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala, abantu abavalelweyo banelungelo lokunxibelelana negqwetha, lokungabi naso isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, nokufumana isohlwayo esifanelekileyo sezonyango. Ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa kusenokuphazamisa amalungelo afunekayo phantsi koMthetho wokuLandliswa kweMpanzi.

Imbonakalo Yokuqala (Ulungelelwaniso)

Imbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba kukubekwa kwetyala, kufuneka yenzeke ngokukhawuleza emva kokubanjwa phantse kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48, iimpelaveki zikhutshwe. Le yinkqubela-phambili ebalulekileyo yendlela ecacileyo apho eli tyala lingena ngokusesikweni kwinkqubo yokugweba.

Injongo yembonakalo yokuqala

Ityala lifeza iinjongo eziliqela: ijaji iyamxelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba uyazazi ezo zityholo, imisela ukuba ummangalelwa umelelwe ngokusemthethweni kusini na, kwaye ibheyile yedilesi okanye ukukhululwa kwetyala. Kwakhona liqonga apho isibongozo singeniswe khona.

Ukufunda Ityala Ne - Plea

Ijaji ifunda isimangalo sesaphuli-mthetho okanye ityholo ize ibuze ummangalelwa ukuba bamangalele ngani. Izicelo ezithathu ezisesikweni zezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma kwizityholo kwaye wamkela uxanduva. Kwityala letyala, ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isibongozo senziwe ngokuzithandela nangokuqonda iziphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Akanatyala: Ummangalelwa ukhanyela izityholo, kwaye ityala liza kuqhubekela kwityala (okanye izicelo zothethwano).
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imattere): [ Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuba unetyala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala. Esi sibongozo asinakusetyenziswa njengobungqina ekumangalelweni kwe-omzi.

Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, inkundla kufuneka imisele omnye phantsi koMphetho-mva, kwityala ngalinye eliphawula imbali Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).

Ukuzimisela Neemeko

Ukubonakala kokuqala, ijaji iyayibeka okanye iyayikhanyela ibheyile ngenxa yobungakanani bolwaphulo-mthetho, ingxelo yangaphambili yommangalelwa, umanyano noluntu kunye nomngcipheko wokubhabha. Iimeko zokukhululwa ziquka:

  • Akanakunxibelelana nexhoba okanye namangqina.
  • I-'reyi-jong' rhoqo kunye neenkonzo zangaphambili zovavanyo.
  • Ukujonga okanye ukufika kwexesha.
  • Imiqathango yokuhamba.

Kwezinye iindawo, ubungozi busenokujongwa xa kuhanjwa ibheyile ngokupheleleyo, uqheliselo olusaxatyiswa ngumgaqo-siseko.

Idinga Lesiluleko

Ukuba ummangalelwa uyafaneleka njengongenamdla, inkundla iza kumisela umkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye icebiso elabelweyo. Ilungelo lokucebisa lidlulela kuwo onke amaqondo abalulekileyo emicimbi, hayi nje ukuvavanywa.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe phambili

Phakathi kwembonakalo yokuqala kunye nokuvavanya, iseti entsonkothileyo yenkqubo iyatyhilwa. Le sigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo silapho inkqubo yokulungisa imo ye-adversari imila, ngamacala omabini elungiselela iimeko zawo kwaye evavanya amandla obungqina.

Izindlebe Zangaphambili Nezigcawu Ezikhulu

Asiyomicimbi yonke eqhubekeka ngqo kwityala. Kwityala letyala letyala, uninzi lweemeko lufuna uluvo lokucacisa [[FLT: 0], apho ijaji igqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho unobangela wokubopha ityala ukuvavanywa. Inkundla mayinike ubungqina obaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ijaji ityala lenziwe kwaye ummangalelwa usenokuba ubhalisile. Ukhuseleko lunganqamla amangqina e-examine kwaye luvavanye ubungqina.

Okanye, inkqubo yequmrhu kunye namanye amazwe asebenzisa i- grand court, iqela labemi elibuvayo ubungqina ngasese kwaye eligqiba ukuba liyinikezele na ityala. Umgangatho omkhulu wabachopheli-tyala usenokuba ngunobangela olindelekileyo, kodwa inkqubo inye encediweyo , kwaye ukutshutshiswa akuthathi nxaxheba. IGrand jaji ingundawo yokugcina ityala kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwaye isoloko igxekwa njengesixhobo serabha kubatshutshisi.

Inkqubo yokufumana

Ukufunyaniswa kobungqina phakathi kwengtshutshiso nengqinisekiso. Zombini amacala anelungelo lokwazi ubungqina obuchasayo nokulungiselela iimpendulo. Ukufunyanwa kubandakanya:

  • Uludwe lwamaNgqina.
  • Ingxelo yamapolisa nobungqina obuchanekileyo.
  • Ingxelo yengcali neziphumo zelebhu.
  • Ubungqina bokukhupha (uncedo lwezinto eziphathekayo kukhuselo, njengoko kufuneka [umthetho: 0] Brady v. Maryland[[FLT: 1])).

Ityala linembopheleleko yokutyhila ubungqina bokukhupha ityala kwanokuba akacengwanga ukuba kwenziwe oko, kungaphumela kwimpazamo engaguqukiyo. Icebiso lokhuselo lisenokuziphengulula ngokwalo, liqeshe amangqina, liqeshe namangqina odliwano-ndlebe.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha acela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwiimbambano ezithile zomthetho. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kwetyala ziquka:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukusetyenziswa ukucinezela ubungqina: I-Argues ezithi ubungqina bufumaneke ngokungekho mthethweni ngokungekho mthethweni, umzekelo, ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo ze Miranda. Ukuba uvunyiwe, obo bungqina abunakusetyenziswa xa kuvavanywa, nto leyo enokuthi ithobe ityala lomtshutshisi.
  • Umbutho ukulahla: ichaza impazamo ebulalayo kwizityholo, njengokungabi nagunya, ubungqina obunganele, okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho wesithintelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imposiso yotshintsho lwendawo: ifuna ukufudusela ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo ngenxa yokusasazwa kolwazi olurhabaxa okanye ucalucalulo loluntu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana: izicelo zobungqina obukhethekileyo obungakanikezeli ingxengxezo.

Ummiselo kule miqathango ihambayo unokwenza ityala libonakale libalulekile, ngokufuthi lisenza okanye liphulwe.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, `ngaphezulu kwama-90% kwimimandla emininzi ``iwisel''') inqunyulwe ngezicelo ezithelekisayo kunokuba kuvavanywe. I-Plea ibandakanya ukunxibelelana phakathi kwengtshutshiso nokhuseleko: ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala (ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane) xa kuthatyathwa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukugxothwa kwezinye izinto, okanye ukunconywa kwetyala.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi isicelo sokucetyiswa silondoloza ugcino-lwazi lwezomthetho kwaye siyakuphepha ukungaqiniseki kwetyala. Abahlalutyi bagxininisa ukuba abamangalelwa abamsulwa banyanzele ukuba bamangalele abantu abamsulwa ukuba bagwebe ngokungqongqo, nokuba kusithoba ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa isicelo sokucelw'isicelo somgaqo-siseko, kodwa abamangalelwayo kufuneka bangenise izibongozo benokuzithandela, yaye bencedwa ngempumelelo ngesiluleko.

Ukulungiselela Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli, omabini amacala andisa ukulungiselela kwawo ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokwalo. Eli candelo liquka ukuqukumbela ubungqina, ukukhetha inkundla yokuchophela amatyala, nokubamba iingqungquthela zangaphambi kwetyala ukuqukumbela ityala.

Ukhetho

Kwityala lejaji, iqela lejaji eliza kuqukunjelwa libizwa. Ngexesha [[FLT: 0] i-oirir itshatshaya (iyamaFrentshi ethetha “ukuthetha inyaniso”), ijaji negqwetha libuza ukuba igqiza lizakuba netyala lokubhenca okanye lokungakwazi ukungakhethi. Icala ngalinye lisenokusebenzisa inani elingenasiphelo le [[FLT:] ityala lenjongo [[FLT] i-'FLT] elungele iinjongo (umz., ingq. ingq evuma ayinakuba nenani elilinganiselweyo le [FLT:]] [FLT]]] elipheleleyo, ngaphandle kokuba ityala elifunekayo, ngaphandle kokuba lisekelwe kwintlalo okanye ubufana nobufana [broma] [bbbl]] [brn: F7]]

IiNgqungquthela zangaphambili

Inkundla ingabamba iinkomfa eziphambili okanye ezininzi ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala ukuze ixubushe ngemibandela: ucwangciso, iintshukumo kwi-limine (iingcebiso zokukhupha ubungqina obukhethekileyo okanye iimbekiselo), ubukho bobungqina, kunye nemiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala. Ezi nkomfa zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala ukuba kuhamba kakuhle kwaye omabini amacala ayayazi into amele ayilindele.

Amalungiselelo Esiqinisekiso Nobungqina

I-attorney iza kudibana namangqina ayo, ingcebiso, kunye nokulungiselela iintetho zokuvula kunye neengxoxo zokuqukumbela. Kwakhona ikwenza umboniso wokugqibela: amaxwebhu, iifoto, iingxelo ze-fonostic, kunye nobungqina obubonakalayo. Ingcamango engqinelanayo yetyala ibalulekile-$nabuphi na ubungqina kufuneka ixhase ingxelo engundoqo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ityala yincopho yoluntu yenkqubo esemthethweni, apho kunikezelwa khona ubungqina kunye nokufumana inyani (umgwebi okanye umgwebi) kugqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa. Ityala lilawulwa ngemithetho engqongqo yobungqina kunye nenkqubo, elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimisela okufanelekileyo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala (elithwele ubunzima bobungqina) lichaza intetho yokuqala, echaza oko kuzakuboniswa bubungqina. Ukuzikhusela kunganika eyakho indlela yokuvula okanye ukuyibekela kamva. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina . I-attorney kufuneka ziphephe ukuphikisana ngemeko yazo kweli qonga; zimisela nje iqonga ukuze kufike ubungqina.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Emva kwamagqabaza okuvula, abatshutshisi babiza amangqina baze bazise imiboniso.

  • [[Uvavanyo olukwi:0] Uvavanyo oludityanisiweyo: Icala elibiza ingqina libuza imibuzo evulwayo ukukhupha ubungqina obuxhasa imeko yabo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo-kuhlola: Icala elichasayo libuza imibuzo ekhokelela ekucel ’ umngeni ukuthembeka kobungqina, ukuphanda ngokuphikisana, okanye ukukhupha izibakala ezilungileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwalathisa kunye nokuphinda unqamlezo: Imijikelo eyongeziweyo ingavunyelwa ukucacisa imiba ephakanyisiweyo.

Ubungqina obuphathekayo − obufana nesixhobo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, okanye uthumo-"" kufuneka kuqinisekiswe phambi kokuba kuvunywe. Amangqina anika ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwintsimi yawo, kodwa ubungqina bawo kufuneka buthembeke phantsi kwe . umgangatho weenkundla zequmrhu. Ukhuseleko lunganikela imeko yalo emva kokuba ingtshutshiso ihleli, kodwa akufuneki ukuba kwenziwe njalo, kunikwe intelekelelo yokungabi natyala.

Ubunzima Bobungqina Nokuthandabuza Okusengqiqweni

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kumthetho waseMelika `````ukuqwalasela ubungqina'''. Ukuthandabuza okunengqiqo akuthethi ukuba unyanisile, kodwa kufuna ukuba akukho mntu unolwazelelelo angakubuza ukuba ungubani ummangalelwa. Ukuba ngaba ijaji inokuba ithandabuza, kufuneka ikhululwe.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, kwicala ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela ityala lize libongoze abachopheli - tyala ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile. Inkundla yabachopheli - tyala iqala, ize ke ingxengxezo inikele intsabelo yokuphendula. Iimpikiswano zokuvala ityala zingamagqwetha thuba lokugqibela okucenga; basenokuxubusha ngokuthembeka kwamangqina, bakhuphe izimvo kubungqina, baze bakhumbuze abachopheli bomthwalo wokungqina.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kwejaji ngabom, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yezobuxoki `iseti yemigaqo esemthethweni abagwebi kufuneka bayisebenzise. Le miyalelo igquma iinkcazelo zetyala elityalayo, iziqalelo kufuneka zingqine, nomthwalo wobungqina. Ijaji ichaza inkqubo yokufikelela kwisigqibo (umz., imfuneko yokungalingani kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho). I-Attorney isenokucebisa imiyalelo ecacileyo, kunye nemithetho yomgwebi kwi-ayilo.

Izigqibo neSigqibo

Abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala. Basenokucela ukuphinda bahlole okanye baphinde baphendule ubungqina; ijaji iza kugqiba ukuba iza kusabela kwezi zicelo. Izicelo zingahlala imizuzu okanye iiveki. Ukuba abachopheli-mvo abanakuvuma `a' ijaji exhotyisweyo) ijaji (ijaji) ingalikhupha ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye ijaji isenokugqiba kwelokuba iphinde ilizame elo tyala.

Xa inkundla ifikelela kwisigqibo, sibhengezwa kwinkundla evulekileyo. Ummangalelwa kufuneka abekho. Isigqibo sokuba netyala sikhokelela ekugwetyweni; isigwebo esingenatyala sithetha ukugwetywa kwaye ummangalelwa ukhululekile ukuya (nangona iziphumo ezithile zinokuhlala zikho).

Ityala leNkqutyana yePhondo: Isigwebo nezibheno

Nasemva kwesigqibo, inkqubo esemthethweni ayipheli. Ukugwetywa nokubhenela kuyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo.

Ukugweba

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo. Isigwebo singabakho ngokukhawuleza emva kwetyala okanye emva kokuchotshelwa komthetho. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo ziquka:

  • Indalo nobungozi bolwaphulo - mthetho.
  • Imbali yolwaphulo - mthetho yommangalelwa.
  • iingxelo zeziphumo zelishwa.
  • Izinto ezibangela intsebenziswano (umz., ukuzisola, ukugula ngengqondo, intsebenziswano).
  • Izinto ezinyusayo (umz., sebenzisa isixhobo, ixhoba elisengozini).

Isigwebo singaquka ixesha lasentolongweni, ukuvavanywa, intlawulo, uhlawulo, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukudityaniswa. Amanye amagunya avumela ukugweba imigaqo edala umgama, ngoxa amanye enika abagwebi ingqiqo ebanzi. Isohlwayo sokufa, nangona kusengokwasemthethweni kwamanye amazwe, asifane sibekwe kwaye sihlolwe kakhulu ngomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala, kodwa hayi ukugwetywa (ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindiweyo). Izibheno zisekelwe kwiziphumo zempazamo yomthetho .Ngokomzekelo, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi. Iifayile eziququzeleli ziphikisa kafutshane isizathu sokuba ityala liphoxekile, kwaye i-ampelle (urhulumente) iyaphendula. Inkundla ye-appellate ihlola ingxelo kwaye isenokuthi:

  • Qinisa oko uqiniseke ngako.
  • Luguqule ulweyiseko nomyalelo wetyala elitsha.
  • Tsintsha kwaye uchaze ukuxolelwa.
  • Lungisa isivakalisi.

Ipesenti encinane kuphela yezibheno ephumeleleyo, kodwa inika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekuchaseni okuphosakeleyo. Ityala alinakubhena ngesigqibo sokungabekwa ityala, kodwa lingabhenela kwimithetho ethile yangaphambi koshicilelo.

Imiphumo Ebuhlungu

Ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokuba neziphumo ezingapheliyo ngaphaya kwesigwebo. Ezi zingaquka ukuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukungamkeleki kwemisebenzi ethile okanye imvume yoogqirha, ukugxothwa kwabantu abangengobantu, kunye nehlazo elisentlalweni. Ukuqonda le miphumo kugxininisa izithintelo zeqonga ngalinye ukusuka ekubanjweni ukuya ekuvavanyweni.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lokusuka ekubanjweni ukuya ekucinyweni yinkqubo edityanisiweyo equka imigaqo yokusesikweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nomthetho. Isigaba ngasinye (ukuthabatheka kokuqala kwamapolisa ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela kunye nasiphi na isibheno esilandelayo) enzelwe ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo omntu. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, ukuyiqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kungekuphela kwimfundo esemthethweni kodwa kwanenkqubo yokuba ngummi. Le nkqubo ikude nokufezekisa, kodwa ikhusela kwayo okuqhelekileyo kubonisa iinkulungwane zendaleko ejolise ekunciphiseni impazamo nasekukhuseleni inkululeko. Ngokuqonda indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwiinkundla, sinokuxhasa ngayo kakuhle ulungiso olu tshintsho olufanelekileyo kwaye sigcine inkqubo iphantsi kolwazi oluphezulu.