Ukudibana kweNkqubo elindelekileyo nomgangatho kwiinkqubo zomthetho

Imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana isebenza njengesiseko somthetho wale mihla ehlabathini lonke. Ikhusela abantu kwisenzo soburhulumente sobuqu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho. Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela ezi ngcamango zombini ezidibana ngayo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza okunzulu kokusesikweni, umthetho ongomGaqo-siseko, namalungelo abantu. Isehlo senkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni iqhutywa kakuhle kwaye amalungelo angundoqo awadityaniswanga ngaphandle kwesizathu sokulungisa. Ukulingana, ngokwendlela yayo esemthethweni, ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, ithintele ucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, ubufana, ubufana, okanye ezinye iimeko zoluntu. Xa ezi ntsika zisebenza kunye, zidala ulungiselelo olusemthethweni oluthi lungadityaniswe okanye lungaqwanga, kwaye luye luyekele ukuvavanywa kwemigaqo ekufuneka luqwalanise, ukusetyenziswa kweemeko ezi ngxelo zemfundo, kunye nezi ziveza iimbono ezithenjiko, ziphinde ziphinde ziqhubeke, ziphinde zichaze iimbono ezi inguqulelo,

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Imothelela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo aze ahlonele amalungelo athile asisiseko phambi kokuba ahlulwe umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. EUnited States, uHlaziyo lweNhlanu nolweshumi elinesine lunika isiseko sombhalo: uHlaziyo lwesihlanu ludibanisa urhulumente wezwe, ngoxa isiHlaziyo seshumi elinesine soMyezo-Mpanziso sidlulisela imfuneko kumazwe. Le mfundiso iguqukele kumasebe amabini ahlukeneyo: inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo igxininisa kwiinkqubo neenkqubo urhulumente amele azisebenzise xa ethatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nomntu othile. Kufuna isaziso sesenzo esicetyiweyo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa, isigqibo sokungakhethi buso, kunye nesigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalatha uvavanyo lokulinganisela uMathebs v. Elditridge[[[FLT] [196] ukufumanisa ukuba iprojekthi ifanele: iinkundla zilinganisa inzala yabucala ekhutshelweni, umngcipheko wokunganyani phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, kunye nomdla karhulumente wokuphumelela kwempumelelo. Umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuphelisa inzuzo, imeko mayinikezele intlalo-ntlalo-ntle, imele inike ngenxa yokuva ngenxa yokuzihlawula kwabantu. Imeko eqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abahlawulwa yimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ityala lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanaxa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Le mfundiso ithi amanye amalungelo asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yesizwe nakwisithethe kangangokuba angenakuphazanyiswa ngaphandle kwenzala yesizwe. Iimeko zokuphawula ezifana [ Grislold v. Connecticut[[[FL:1]] [65] [65] [iinkqubo efanelekileyo] [inkqubo yomtshato] ithenjiwe kakhulu], kodwa ihlala isenza ingxubangxele yokwayo, igalela umthetho othintela ukuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela, [ v. [[FLT]].[5]

Umgaqo Wokulingana

Ukulingana phantsi komthetho kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu okanye qela linelungelo lokufumana amalungelo akhethekileyo, nokuba bonke abantu bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo kunye nengenelo yomthetho. Emgangeni-siseko wase-U.S. Ukhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus lweSihlaziyilo se-14th sisona sikhulu esilinganayo. Sitolikwa ukuba sifune ukuba abantu abakwindawo efanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo, kwaye iinkalo zikarhulumente zifanele zigwetyelwe ngeenjongo ezisemthethweni. Umlinganiselo osemthethweni ungahlulwa ngokwahlulelwa ngokwesiko olusemthethweni nolinganayo olungaphantsi komthetho.

Ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungagqibekanga

[ umlinganiselo okhoyo [[FT:1] ufuna ukuba imithetho ijonge wonke umntu ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokwahlukana kwabantu ngabanye. Umzekelo, umthetho othintela bonke abantu ukuba bangaxeleki usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu ebusweni bayo. Noko ke, ukulingana okusesikweni kungayiqhubekisela phambili ukulingana okukhoyo ukuba umthetho ungakwazi ukuchaza izinto ezingalunganga. [[FLT:] [[2]] ulingana ngokuya phambili ngokuqaphela ukuba ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kunokufuna unyango olwahlukileyo ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ucetyiselwa ukulungisa ikhethelo oluyimbali kwaye wenze amathuba alinganayo, nangona besebenzisa abantu abasekelwe kwisizwe okanye ubufana. [vF4] [5]

Ukungavisisani Nokukhula Komgangatho

Ngaphaya kwe-Univile Protection Claus, imimiselo yorhulumente kunye nezixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe ziqinisa umgaqo wokungadibanisi. ISihlomelo VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1949 salela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, i-oklunques, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. AmaMerika anesiphene kunye nocalucalulo lwexesha kuMthetho we-Ofisi. Ngezizwe ngezizwe, [FLT:] uMthetho weSigqibo sokwandiswano lwamalungelo abantu [ uvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo. Ezi zisebenza kunye ezizigwebo zomthetho zisebenza kunye ukukhulula imiqobo ethintela ukubandakanye inxaxheba kwibutho labantu.

Ukudibana Kwenkqubo Elindelekileyo Nomgangatho

Inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana aziyongcamango ezingafaniyo; ziyasoloko ziqinisana kwaye zixelelana. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomelele, isebenza njengendlela yokufumana ukulingana ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umntu ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, ufumana ukuva okufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo elibi. Ngokuchasene noko, xa ukulingana kuxhaswa, komeleza inkqubo efunekayo ngokususa iimbono eziphazamisa imicimbi yomthetho neyolawulo.

INkqubo eBekelwayo njengeSixhobo sokuLinganisa

Ukhuseleko lwezomthetho lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu oluphantsi olunokujamelana nocalulo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Ilungelo lokunika isiluleko esivunyiweyo kumatyala Gideon v. Wainwright[ [63]] ngumzekelo ophambili: iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba iinkundla zelizwe zimele zinike igqwetha igqwetha elimeleyo abamangalelwa kwiimeko ezimandundundu ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ye-adversarial ayinakuba nebulungisa ngaphandle kokumela. Ngaphandle kwesi siqinisekiso, abamangalelwa abafumileyo bebenokuba luncedo olucacileyo, benokucutha ukulinganisa ukulingana phambi komthetho. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo abaphula umthetho, abaphambukeli abathathi abaza exesheni, abaphambukeli, nabafundayo kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo. Okuqwalazisa ezi zibonelela ezi zizigwebo, ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethi, nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo okulinganayo.

Ukulingana okunika inkqubo elindelekileyo

Ukulingana kukwayila oko kufunekayo kwinkqubo efunekayo kwimo-mo-moyelelo ekhethekileyo. Xa umthetho ucalucalula ngokusekelwe kulwahlulo olurhanelekayo olufana nohlanga okanye ubufanasini, iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo oluphezulu, zifuna umdla onyanzelisayo nolulungeleleneyo. Olu khuselo luyinkqubo efunekayo enxulumene noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celauska. [[FLT: 0]] [iiiNkuhlawulo] i-Ogefek'u-v. Inkundla epheleleyo ifuna i-intembelo-'[FLT] (2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqonda ukuba umtshato yinkqubo engundoqo ekhuselekileyo efunekayo, kwaye ukukhanyelisa izibi ezithe zizibini ezifanelekileyo zokutshata zokwaphula zozibini zomtshato zobuqu kunye nokulingana. Inkundla yeNkuphawula ukuba “ukhetho lomtshato lomntu ngamnye unyusolu , kunye nemithetho elungele ukulinganayo, kunye nokuqiniswa kwemigaqo elungeleneyo.

Uphando lophawu lwemeko yomhlaba

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

[[FLT:][[FLT:][0] Brown, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabetha ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke njengokwaphulwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Claus. INkundla yala imfundiso “edityanisiweyo kodwa elinganayo” emiselwe i-eye-eye-awupheza. Ferguson[ [186] [18696]], iphethe loo zakhiwo ezibekwe phantsi zilinganayo ngenxa yokuba zivelisa iimvakalelo zobuncinane phakathi kwabantwana abambalwa. Ngoxa ityala liyinkqubo elinganayo, likwayinkqubo efanelekileyo: ukukhankanyelwa kwamathuba alinganayo ekhululekileyo okunikwa abantwana ukuze bafumane intelekele intelekelelo engaphaya kwexabiso.[FL][5][3][3]

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Roe v. Isigqibo esichaphazele ukulingana ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa anokulawula ubomi bawo, nto leyo echaphazela ukulingana kwendlela yokwanela phakathi kwesigaba sonyaka weshumi elinesine. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba imbono yenkululeko yobuqu yebhinqa iquka ilungelo lokuphelisa ukukhulelwa kwayo, liphantsi kwemfuno ekukhuseleni impilo kamama kunye nobomi obunokwenzeka. Isigqibo sikwachaphazela nokuqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa anokulawula ubomi bawo bokuzala, nto leyo enentsingiselo enzulu yokulingana kwesigaba sobufana. Nangona Roe [i] [iii] yayikumgangatho ongaphezulu womthetho [FLT] ku- kumgangatho wokhuseleko [FLT:]. uGciso lweNtlanga lombane oluqhubekayo.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

[[FLT: 0] Gedeon umi njengendlela yokuphawula imo yendlela efunekayo kunye neziphumo zayo ezilinganayo. UClarence Earl Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuqhekeza nokungena kwigumbi lequla eFlorida, kodwa wayengenayo imali yokunikela igqwetha. Wayenokugwetywa, wagwetywa waza wagwetyelwa iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo yavuma ukuba ilungelo leSixwemi seSikhokelo seSithandathu liyimpendumiso esebenzayo kumazwe akwindawo ephakathi kwe 1479th Jamplate, kwaye abamangalelwayo kwiimeko ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka banikwe igqwetha. [i-FollF] [3]

Ucelomngeni Lokuxhasa Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokulingana

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo eqikelelwayo nesemthethweni, ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo efunekayo nokulingana kwehlabathi kujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo. Olu celomngeni alukho nje lufundelwayo; luchaphazela izigidi zabantu abaqhuba inkqubo yokusesikweni yonke imihla.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Imiqobo yezoqoqosho ihlala isithintelo esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo efunekayo. Ilungelo lokucebisa likho kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho athwala isigwebo sentolongo; abahlali-mthetho (ukususa, ukudityaniswa kwabantwana, ukukhuselwa kwabantwana, okanye ukugxothwa) kwaye akuzange kuqinisekiswe ligqwetha. Imali yoncedo olusemthethweni isoloko iphantsi kakhulu, ishiya abantu abaninzi abaphantsi abafumana ii-asethi, imeko maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yingxaki ka-“civil Gideon”. Ngaphandle kokumela ngokwaneleyo, ukhuseleko lwabantwana luba luba luyingozi. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba abameli be-lifak ’ esweni ezingcono kunabo bangadluliselwangangeni, ibala indlela okungaphi na uncedo olusemthethweni oluzichanakele ngayo, okubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi abafumana ngayo iiziphumo ezifanelekileyo, bengenayo indlela yokuziveza ngayo zonke iimfanele kunye nokulingana.

Ikhethe lenkqubo kunye neBhayibhisi eGqityiweyo

Kwanaxa iinkqubo zingekho mthethweni ngokusemthethweni, ikhethe lingavelisa iziphumo ezingalinganiyo. Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo kwinkqubo yobulungisa kuqinisekiswe kakuhle: Abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhinqileyo basenokuba babanjwa, bamangalelwe ngetyala elinzulu, kwaye bagwetyelwe ukugwetywa ixesha elide kwintolongo ethelekiswa nabatyholi abamhlophe ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Umsantsa opheleleyo uchaphazela ukhetho lwabagwebi, ingqiqo, kunye nesigqibo sokwaphula umthetho. Ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwimiqobo enjalo kujongene nemiqobo ecacileyo, kufuna ubungqina obuthe ngqo bocalulo lwetyala kunokuba neziphumo ezithe kratya. Lo msantsa phakathi kokulungelelana okusesikweni nokulinganayo kuhlala kungumsebenzi ophambili.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwixesha lamanani

Ukwanda kobugcisa kuye kwavelisa inkxalabo entsha efunekayo. Isigqibo somthetho sokwenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nokugwetywa, ukujongwa kwamapolisa angaphambili, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetyala kungasebenza ngaphandle kokubonakala okanye ukuphendula. “ibhokisi emnyama” indlela yemithetho-algorith yenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezichaphazela amathuba abo enkululeko okanye ezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokuhlola amanani, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, kunye nokumbiwa kogcino-lwazi kungaphazamisana namalungelo emfihlo ngaphandle kokuzikhusela ngokwaneleyo. Iinkundla zisekungquzulana nendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo engokwesithethe enxulumene nale mihla.

Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana kwimfundo

Abafundisi banembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokufundisa le migaqo kungekuphela nje njengeemfundiso ezingekho ngqiqweni ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa njengemilinganiselo ephilayo elawula ukuqonda kwabafundi okusesikweni nobumi. Ukukhuthaza inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana kwizifundo kulungiselela abafundi ukuba babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi kwidemokhrasi yaye babanike amandla okuqonda xa amalungelo abo esengozini.

Uphuhliso lweCurricum kunye nezibonelelo

Abafundisi bangaquka amatyala ophawu olubalulekileyo, amaxwebhu asisiseko, kunye neemfaniso kwizifundo zoluntu, intlalo-ntle, kunye nomthetho (izifundo ezinxulumeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuvavanywa kwenkohliso okusekelwe ku [[FLT: 0]] Gideon v. Wainright uvumela abafundi ukuba bafumane ngokobuqu ukubaluleka komelo olusemthethweni. [[FLT:]] ii-CP [[]] iqonga lemidlalo ekhululekileyo kunye nezifundo ezinika izicwangciso ezisisikhuseli ezikhululekileyo ezisisithelekeleyo, ingxube imigaqo elinganayo, kunye neBhombolo yamaLungelo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] inika umthombo ongundoqo osisiseko wemigaqo yokufundisa yomgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko sobugqesho-siseko. I-Englordershors, abameli, abagwebi abameleli, abagwebi, abagwebi, abagwebi, iingxt.

Ukukhuthaza Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo Ngeziganeko Zanamhlanje

Ingxubusho yamagumbi aphambili eziphanda izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, iindawo zokuhlala zamapolisa, okanye iimpikiswano zokuvuma izenzo zinceda abafundi banxibelelanise iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni nobomi benene. Abafundi bangacelwa ukuba bahlolisise enoba inkqubo ethile enikiweyo iyayanelisa inkqubo efunekayo, okanye enoba ikhuthaza ukungalingani. Iingxubusho ezingezinto ezifana nokuzikhusela okufanelekileyo, ibheyile yemali, okanye imithetho ye-ID evoti inyanzelisa abafundi ukuba balinganise imilinganiselo ephikisanayo yokusesikweni, ukuphumelela, kunye nokulingana.

Ukudala Imozulu Efanelekileyo Nokulingana Kwezikolo

Ngapha koko kufundiswa, izikolo ngokwazo zifanele zimisele le migaqo. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zabafundi kufuneka ziquke isaziso kunye nokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ezivisisana nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Gos v. Lopez [18] iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokutyhafa banelungelo lokuvalwa ngokungacwangciswanga. Iinkqubo zenkundla zokwahlukana kufuneka zinyanzeleke ngokulinganayo, kwaye inyathelo leendidi-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo kufuneka zijolise kwinjongo yokulingana. Xa izikolo zifundisa amaxabiso abalulekileyo, abafundi bafunda ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana akuyo nje kumazwi abhalwa kodwa ayimfuneko abanokulindela ukuwakhusela kwaye bawakhusele.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwenkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana asilonqaku elimileyo kodwa lulwalamano olunamandla oluguqukayo nebutho labantu. Umgaqo ngamnye womeleza omnye: inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ukulingana akusosithembiso kodwa yinto eyenzekayo esebenzayo, ngoxa ukulingana kufuna ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ifikeleleke kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bunjani ubutyebi okanye isimo. Iimeko zokuphawula ezikhoyo ezisuka ku ku kuwelo, Gideon[[FT:3]] kwinkqubo efunekayo, ingekade kwi [[FLT:] Ogberg] ewehlela [[ imizekelo] ibonisa indlela ukukhuphindwa kwezi ngcamango eziye ziko] [ukunyuswa ngayo inkqubo yobulungisa entle eUnited States. Kodwa imiqobo, imiqobo, kunye novavanyo lobuchule bethu bomsebenzi womthetho, kubalungiselene ukuba baqonde ngobuchule obubalulekileyo ukuze bafundise nabafundi ukuba bafundekelele, bonke abafundi bendlela abalandelayo, balungiselele ukuba bafunde baze balungiselele ukuba