Impembelelo YobuGaqo-siseko Ngokutyunjwa Kwezigwebo Zokugweba

Inkcazo yoMgaqo-siseko iye yaba nguthunywa ochazayo ekukhethweni nasekuqinisekisweni kweejaji zesizwe eUnited States. Le ntanda-bulumko yomthetho, enyanzelisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke wonke ngexesha lokwenziwa kwawo, ibumba ngokuthe ngqo iinkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngoomongameli ukukhetha ii-nomines kunye namadabi alandela iNdlu yeeNdlu. Ukuqonda indlela imvelaphi yomthetho echaphazelekayo kufuna ukuvavanywa kweziseko zawo ezisisiseko, ukuvela kwembali, kunye neziphumo zayo ezisebenzayo kwijaji emashumi aliqela eminyaka adluleyo.

Ukuchaza ingcamango yantlandlolo yomgaqo-siseko

UbuGawulayo buyintsapho yeengcamango ezichaza umgaqo-siseko ezimanyaniswe nento yokuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imiselwe ngexesha lokumkelwa kwayo. Olona guqulelo lunempembelelo yale mihla lululo lwantlandlolo lwentsingiselo yantlandlolo yobuGawulayo , olubuza ukuba umntu onengqondo ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwemiqathango uzakuwuqonda umgaqo. Oku kwahluka kwiintlobo zangaphambili zobukho bemfundiso obusekelwe kwiinjongo zobuFramersers. Abaphengululi abaphambili abaphambili abanjengoJastian Anton Sclia noMgwebi uRobert Bork balungela le ndlela njengomthetho.

UbuGaqo-siseko obudala buchasene nomgaqo-siseko ophilayo intanda-bulumko ekhoyo, ethi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ingaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze ihlangabezane neemeko ezintsha. Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi kufuneka batshintshe amabinzana abanzi njengathi “inkqubo esele i-" okanye“ ukusetyenziswa kobugqrhwaphili nokungaqhelekanga” kwimigangatho yangoku. Abaxhasi besithethe baphikisa ukuba ubhetyebhedu luvumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelele iimfuno zabo zenkqubo, ngaloo ndlela bethobanisa idemokhrasi yokuzingela ngokwayo kunye nomthetho.

Ingqalelo Yengcamango Yantlandlolo

  • Imithetho kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko atolikwa ngokwentsingiselo yawo kawonke-wonke ngexesha lokumiswa kwemimiselo, hayi ngokwembali yowiso-mthetho okanye ngokweembono zobuqu zabagwebi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Intsingiselo edityanisiweyo: intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ayitshintshi ukutshintshwa okusesikweni okungekhoyo ngenkqubo yeQumrhu V.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhowudi ekwakheni i-Judicial Baret: kufuneka ithathe isantya kumasebe ezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuba kucacile okubhaliweyo komgaqo-siseko okanye intsingiselo yantlandlolo iqhubela phambili kwisiphumo esahlukileyo.
  • Ulwakhiwo lwe-Sturtt: Isiseti soqobo esifunda ulwimi olusemthethweni ngokucutha, nangona kungezo zonke izazi zoqobo ezibambelele kulwakhiwo olungqongqo.

Ukuvela KobuGqaba Kwintanda - bulumko Yezaphula - mthetho

UbuGawulayo bobuGawulayo njengenkqubo esemthethweni yafunyanwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ubukhulu becala njengempendulo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseWarren neyaseBurger Courts kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ubumfihlo, kunye namandla karhulumente. Ngeminyaka yee-1980, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wenza icandelo eliphambili lomthetho wezopolitiko. Wayimisela uScalia kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo1986, kwaye uScalia waba ngoyena mxhasi wezobuGaqaqaqaba kwimbali yezomthetho yaseMelika. Ulawulo lweReagan waphakamisa iBork ukuya kwiD.C.

Ukususela ngoko, ubukho bakudala buye baba yintanda-bulumko elawulayo engokomthetho. Federalist Society , yasekwa ngo1982, yenza indima ephambili kwii-intanethi zonxibelelwano kunye nokukhuthaza amagqwetha kunye nabagwebi abaphambili. Bobabini ooMongameli uGeorge W. Bush noDonald Trump bafuna ngokucacileyo ii-ans “ezizakuchaza umGaqo-siseko njengobhaliweyo,” kunye nolawulo lweTrump ngokwamanani athile amanani amanani aphezulu aphezulu kakhulu amanani oqobo odidi lwamaquadiary.

Impembelelo Kumadinga Ejajini

Impembelelo engqalileyo yenkcubeko enconywayo nendlela eyenzeka ngayo le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Abameli abamkela ubukho bantlandlolo bahlola intelekelelo yabo kwintanda-bulumko. Oku kuvavanywa kwenzeka ngeencwadi zemibuzo, udliwano-ndlebe, nokuhlolisiswa kweencwadi, iintetho neembono zabahlolo.

Imida yobuMongameli kwiNkqutyana yeNgqina yeSizwe

  • Ingxelo yokusebenzisa intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yokuqala kwiimpapasho zomthetho okanye kwisitulo
  • Ukuba ngamalungu okanye ukuthetha kwimibutho esemthethweni ebambelele kwimithetho (umz., iFederalist Society)
  • Uphando lwemfundo olusekelwe kwinkqubo yolwazi
  • Ungquzulwano kunye namajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo (Scalia, Thomas, Atalito, Gorfo)
  • Inkxaso evela kumaziko eRiphabliki nakumaqela angaphandle

Oomongameli bedemokhrasi ababubekeli phambili ubukho bokuqala, kwaye abanye bayabuchasa ngokucacileyo. Noko ke, maxa wambi, kwanabalawuli abamiselweyo njengoBarack Obama abagwebi abasebenzisa ingqiqo yoqobo ngokwemibandela elinganiselweyo.

Ukuqinisekisa Iimfazwe Nokuyila

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo incindi ephezulu ithenjiswe ngokugqithisileyo kwisiseko sobuGama. Ngexesha lokuchophela, abaququzeli bacela ukuba kubhalwe izimvo ezithe ngqo ngentanda-bulumko yabo ecacisayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kwakhe ngo-2017, uMahluleli uNeil Gorfoth wagxininisa ukuzimisela kwakhe kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo kunye nenkqubano-sm, esithi, “Ijaji ethanda yonke isiphumo afikelela kuso isenokuba ligqwetha elibi kakhulu.” IJaji Brett Kavanowaugh ngokufanayo yachaza ubuGcisalkquaphu boqobo kunye nobubhalwe ngoonobumba njenge “North Stary" yentanda-bulumko yakhe yokugweba.

Abachasi bomxhasi wokuqala badla ngokuphikisa ngokuthi indlela engqongqo yoqobo izakubhinqisa imiyilo emisiweyo enjenge Roe v. Wade okanye Obergefell v. Hodges. Oku kugxekwa kwanyuswa ngexesha loqinisekiso logwebo lweJaji Gorfoth, Kavanugh, kunye noAmy Contey Barrett.

“ UbuOrigealism asiyongcamango egqibeleleyo. Asiyongcamango yodwa. Kodwa yeyona ifuna ukunyanzela abagwebi ukuba baqonde intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko njengoko yayiqondwa ngabantu abayamkelayo." — IJaji Antonin Scialia

Ufundo lwetyala kwidinga loqobo

IJaji uAntonin Scalia (8616)

Scalia waba lubulungisa beparadigmatic. Iimbono zakhe kwi Diquality of Columbia v. Helter (2008) kunye kaCrawford v. Washington[ [2004]) wabonakalisa indlela yakhe yokubuyisa intsingiselo kawonke-wonke. Impembelelo kaScalia yanwenwa ngaphaya kwembono yakhe; waqeqesha isizukulwana soomabhalane bomthetho ngoku abakhonza njengabagwebi, ooprofesa, nabaxhasi. Umiselo lwakhe lukaMongameli Reainfain luludenti njenge-if.

UClarence Thomas (1991-Help)

UThomas ubizwa ngokuba ngoyena mGqibekisi weNkundla ozinzileyo. Usebenzisa intsingiselo yokuqala kwimimandla enjenge amandla okhuseleko kunye kunye nomthetho wokokuqala wokuHlaziya [, usoloko efikelela kwizigqibo ezingaphaya kwabenzi bendalo. Iimbono zikaThomas malunga noMphathi-Classias Claus nomgangatho ozimeleyo zibonisa ukudityaniswa okunzulu nemithombo yokuyila. Ukumiselwa kwakhe nguMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush wabonakalisa ukuba uqobo lungaphumelela nasemva kokufika kweScialia.

IJaji uNeil Gorfo (207-presenter)

Ukumiselwa kokuqala kweTrump eNkundla Ephakamileyo, uGorfo uthathe indawo yeScalia kwaye wazisa intanda-bulumko efanayo yombhalo kunye neyoqobo. Incwadi yakhe A Republic, Ukuba Ungayigcina ikhusela uqobo lwezityholo zokungaguquguquki. Gorth ubhale iimbono ezibalulekileyo zobuGcisayonga kumthetho wolawulo (umz. ] Bostock. County County/ircedrivess transtive transtive sy ([FLTP]]]).

IJaji Brett Kavanaugh (208-presenter)

Kavaugh, naye omiselwe nguTrump, uzichazele njengomsunguli othe ngamanye amaxesha wahluka-hlukene kwimo engqongqo yombhalo xa kuqwalaselwa okanye kufunwa i-pragmatic. Uqinisekiso lwakhe lwancinwa kabuhlungu, kunye nabagxeki ababhekisa kwiimbono zakhe ngokuphathelele amandla omphathi kunye nokuqhomfa. Kwibhedi, iKavangaugh ithelele kwizinto eziphambili ezifana uRond State Rifle & Pistol Association bruen b. [12]

IJaji uAmy Coney Barrett (2016-presenter)

Ukufakwa kwegama kukaBarrett kwaqinisa intsebenziswano yemithetho elawulayo engqongqo. Ukubhala kwakhe kwazimfundo kuvumelana ngokucacileyo nentsingiselo yantlandlolo yobukho bendalo. Ebudeni besiqinisekiso sakhe, wachaza ukuba ubuqali “buyeyona ndlela ingcono yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko” kwaye abagwebi abamele bagqibe ngamatyala asekelwe kwiimbono zabo zokuziphatha. Iimbono zokuqala zikaBarrett zibonisa ukuba uza kunamathela ngokusondeleyo kwindlela yoqobo yokuyila.

Impembelelo Yobuntsundu Ekugqityweni Kwenkundla Yasezantsi

Ngaphaya kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ubuSenario buye batshintsha kwakhona iinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Ulawulo lweTrump olumiselwe ngaphezu kwama- 230 abagwebi, abaninzi babo abaselula, abanamandla. Abagwebi baza kuphembelela umthetho wesizwe kangangamashumi eminyaka. IKomiti yeMiqulu-Jidiary [ ngoku isoloko icela iinkundla zesithili kunye nesiphaluka malunga nentanda-ntandabulumko yabo yokutolika. Abaninzi abagwebi bachaza ngokucacileyo njengeeprofethi zoqobo, ezinokwenza isiqinisekiso sibe nzima ngakumbi xa uDemocrates elawula iSherd Shears.

Abagwebi abaxhasa isithethe kwiinkundla ezingaphantsi baye bakhupha imithetho ebalulekileyo ngemibandela efana nethi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda: Ukwandisa amalungelo emipu ngokusekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala kawonke-wonke (umz., NSRPA v. Bruen kwisekeni lesibini)
  • Amandla aphumezayo: Ukwahlula igunya lombutho phantsi kwemibuzo engundoqo efundisayo
  • I-FLT Ezesithethe: Imisela uLawulo lwamandla eBhunga phantsi koMlawuli worhwebo uClaus kunye noLawulo lwe 144

Ukuxokisana Nokugxekwa

Ukuvela kobukho bembali ekumiselweni kwezahlulelo kuye kwabangela impikiswano enzulu ngokugweba ngokusemthethweni nangendlela ochazwa ngayo umGaqo - siseko.

Ukuyila Nomthetho Wokugweba

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ubuSekelani abubanyanzeli ngokunyanisekileyo abagwebi. Endaweni yoko, bathi bunika isigqubuthelo kwimiqathango esetyenziswayo engaguqukiyo. Umzekelo, ku bush v. Gore [2000], abagwebi abangqongqo batyholwa ngokushiya ubuBhosa boqobo ukuze bagqibe unyulo lomongameli. Abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi i-Byristism yinkqubo yobomi, ayiyo ingcamango yezobupolitika, kwaye maxa wambi abaqala ngenyani bafikelela kwiziphumo eziphandlekileyo (umz., ukukhusela kwelungelo lobug. Scitalia kwamalungelo abamangalelwayo kwi-[FLT]][FLT]]

Ukuqala Kwangaphambili Nokuqalisa

Ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala iyangqubana nomzekelo omde, abaququzeleli bajongene nokhetho olunzima. Abaninzi bayavuma ukubaluleka kokujonga i decisis kodwa baphikisane nayo ukuba ayiqhubeki intsingiselo ecacileyo eyimpazamo. Olu xinezeleko lubalulwe ngokukhethekileyo kwizigqibo ezifana [[[FLT: 0]] Roe v. [[[FLT:]] kunye ne [[FLT]] v.[FLT] Iqela lamabhinqa lezezempilo [FLT][FLT] [FLT]] [2] [12] [202].[25].INkuhlolo olungaphezulu kwezoluvo lobucala lobucala [[FLT] [i Fot:]

Ubuntsundu Noluntu Lwanamhlanje

Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ubuQala abunakukwazi ukuzicombulula ngokufanelekileyo iingxaki zale mihla ezingacaciswanga zi-Framers . ezifana nokuzimela kwamanani, ukuhlolwa, okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Izazi zoqobo ziphendula ngokuthi umbhalo womGaqo-siseko usoloko unika imigaqo jikelele (umz., “uphando olungenangqiqo kunye nokuxhuzula” okunokusetyenziswa kubugcisa obutsha ngaphandle kokutshintsha intsingiselo esisiseko.

Ukuyila Neinkalo Ezikhethekileyo Zomthetho

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini

Ubuqaqoba buye baba nempembelelo enkulu kumalungelo emipu. , iScalia ibandakanyeke kuhlalutyo olude lwembali ukugqiba ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokugcina nokuthwala iingalo zozikhusela. Le sizathu sadluliselwa kumazwe McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010]) kwaye somelezwa ku [[FLT: 4,] Brun[FLT:] [2022]]), apho iNkuvavanywa kwembali-embali.

Ukuqhomfa

, uluvo loMphathi-mikhosi uAlito lwasebenzisa ingqiqo yantlandlolo ukugqiba kwelokuba ukuqhomfa asilolungelo lomgaqo-siseko kuba i-Inite Demeterment’s Remotional Claus ayiqondwanga ngo1868 ukukhusela ukuqhomfa. Alito walandela imbali yemithetho yokuqhomfa karhulumente ukusukela ekusungulweni koMphetho we-145. Le ndlela yakuqala yangqinela ekuwisweni kwe-Rode. [FLT]] Ro.[12]

Amandla Omanyano Norhulumente Wolawulo

Abagwebi bezoqobo bavavanye urhulumente wale mihla. uphando lwemibuzo yemfundiso , efuna ugunyaziso olucacileyo lwemibutho yemisebenzi emikhulu yezoqoqosho okanye yezobupolitika, inemvelaphi kwimigaqo yendalo yokunganyaniseki. IJaji Gorde ibilelo elikhokelayo ekuvuseleleni kwakhona imfundiso engathembekanga, iphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ugunyaze wonke amandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga kwaye abameli abanakwenza inkqubo ngaphandle kokhokelo olucacileyo.

Ikamva Lobuhlanga Kwizigwebo Zokugweba

Ubuqaqoba abunakunyamalala. Buyahlala buyingcamango elawulayo phakathi kwabagwebi abamiselwe yiRiphabliki kwaye bufundiswa kwiizifundo ezininzi zomthetho-ogculw ’ umthetho (nangokuba buthandabuza ngokunzulu) ngokuchasene nokuhlala komGaqo-siseko. Impembelelo yexesha elide yobuGaqo-siseko ixhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela:

  • Izahlulelo: Umongameli wedemokhrasi angathatha abagwebi abachasa ubuBhosa, lo gama umongameli weRiphabliki enokuthi aqhubeke ebeka phambili abalandeli bokuqala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulawula okugqithisileyo: Yindlu yemikhosi eqinisekisa okanye ethintela iintsimbi ezisekelwe kwingcamango zingakhawuleza okanye zilibazise iprojekthi yesiqalo.
  • Ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga: Ukuba abagwebi boqobo bavelisa iziphumo ezingathandwayo okanye ezididayo, uwonke ungajikela kwintandabulumko, unciphisa isibheno sayo sokumiswa kwixesha elizayo.
  • Ingxoxo yemfundo ingacombulula okanye icebise uqobo. Abaqulunqi abaqhubekekiyo bavelile, bephikisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ixhasa inzala kunye ne LGBTQ + amalungelo, nangona le mbono igatywa kakhulu ngabaxhasi abaqhelekileyo.

Sele, ulawulo lweBhiden luthathe amanyathelo okumisela abagwebi ngeentanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo. Abanye abalawuli bakhe balulama ngokucacileyo ubukho bokuqala, kwaye ulawulo luye lwakhuthaza ukukhutshelwa kweemvelaphi ezikumthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kumisela iqonga le ngxaki yokungqubana kwengqiqo yexesha elide kwibheriji yesizwe.

Isiphelo

Ukumiselwa kweejaji zoqobo kwimigangatho yejaji yesizwe yequmrhu lesizwe kuye kwayiphembelela ngokunzulu inkqubo yemfundiso ephawulekayo kwimimandla esusela kumalungelo ompu ukuya kutsho kulawulo lwesizwe.

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona i i-Cuntatition Ancoditution (Inkonzo yophando lonikezelo), iProjekthi ye- eyoyiz[ yezimvo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nengcaciso yeNkcubeko yezolwazi ye-Scrence