Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ingaphezulu kunento engekho semthethweni; lukhuseleko olusebenzisekayo olufakwe kwilaphu lenkqubo yomthetho yase-U.I. Isekelwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ngokuthanda kwakhe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngurhulumente. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, abazali, nabani na osebenzisana na na na nawasekuhlaleni, inkqubo efanelekileyo bubuchule obubalulekileyo qhankqeshekileyo qha, obunokuthi qhatha umahluko phakathi kobulungisa bokuziphatha kunye nesiphumo esingekho bulungisa.

Nangona abaninzi benxulumanisa inkqubo efanelekileyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufikelela kwawo kudlulela kwizikolo, kwiindawo zokusebenza, kwiinkundla zentsapho, nakwiziko lolawulo. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela ekufuneka isebenze ngayo kwimimiselo yemfundo nangaphaya, kunye needilesi zeengxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubela yakutshanje.

Yintoni Inkqubela Efanelekileyo?

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ivela kwiMagna Carta (1215) yaye kamva yadityaniswa kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sisebenza kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe, lo gama iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye 14neth isebenza kumaphondo. Zombini ziqulathe umyalelo omnye obalulekileyo: akukho mntu oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla [ ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo itolika esi siqinisekiso ukuquka iindidi ezimbini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezithe kratya: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukulungiselela Imigaqo Ebonisa Ubulungisa

Inkqubo efunekayo ibuza indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo xa esusa inzala ekhuselekileyo. Ayisosiphumo ngokwaso kodwa ngokusesikweni kwenkqubo esetyenziswayo ukufikelela kwisiphumo. Inkqubo efanelekileyo ibandakanya icandelo elithathu lovavanyo olucacisiweyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Mathes v. Eldidge

  • Inzala yabucala ichaphazelekile yintshukumo karhulumente
  • Umngcipheko wokungahlawulwa ngempazamo phantsi kwenkqubo zangoku kunye nexabiso elilindelekileyo lemiqobo eyongezelelweyo
  • inzala karhulumente, kuquka umthwalo wemali kunye nolawulo oza kumiselwa ziinkqubo ezongezelelweyo

Xa zisebenzisa olu vavanyo, iinkundla zigqiba ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo efunekayo ngokomGaqo-siseko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi zinto ziquka:

  • Isaziso sexesha elililo sesenzo esicetyiweyo nesiseko esiyinyaniso saso
  • I-Opportunit ezakuva: Lithuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele
  • Inkundla engokwahlulelwano: Abenzi-zigqibo abangenakhethe okanye umdla wobuqu kwiziphumo
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwisiluleko: Kwezinye iimeko, ilungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni
  • [[UMTL:0] Appeal okanye uhlolo: Yindlela yokuvavanya isigqibo sokugqibela

Ngokomzekelo, xa iyunivesithi kawonke wonke igxotha umfundi ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna isaziso esibhaliweyo setyala elithile, ukuchotshelwa kwecala apho umfundi anokusabela khona kubungqina, nethuba lokubhena. Uhambo oluchanileyo lwahluka; iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakholelwa ukuba ukuviwa kwengqeqesho yabafundi akuyomfuneko ukuba kuboniswe ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kufuneka kube sesikweni ngokusisiseko.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Inkqubo engundoqo esezantsi igqitha ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokuhlola enoba umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente siyawachasa na amalungelo athile angokwesiseko. La malungelo awadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nenkululeko yaseMelika. Izenzo zikarhulumente ezithwalisa la malungelo ziphantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, intsingiselo kufuneka zincede umdla wombuso onyanzelekileyo kwaye zilungiswe ngokucuthekileyo.

Amalungelo angundoqo akhuselwe phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo aquka:

  • Ilungelo lokutshata nokugqiba ngobomi bentsapho
  • Ilungelo lokufumana indawo yobuqu kulwalamano olusondeleyo (umz., [[FLT: 0] LAWREnce v. Texas, 2003])
  • Ilungelo lokulawula umzimba wakhe kunye nezigqibo zezamayeza (umz. Roe v. Ukujongwa komntu , 1973, nangona inkqubela-phambili yakutshanje iguqule umhlaba)
  • Ilungelo lokukhulisa nokunyamekela abantwana likabani ngaphandle kokungenelela okungeyomfuneko korhulumente
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo eUnited States

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko iseyenye yezona ndawo zikhuphiswano ziphambili zomthetho-siseko. Abahlalutyi bathi ivumela abagwebi ukuba bafunde amaxabiso abo kumGaqo-siseko, ngeli xesha abaxhasi bekugcina kubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye neqhawe eliphambili. Ukuze baqwalaselwe ngokunzulu le mfundiso, bona iSikolo soMthetho seWex kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

INkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwimfundo: Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Umiselo lwemfundo lusisizathu esivunyiweyo senkqubo efunekayo. Abafundi, othisha, nabalawuli bonke baye bakhusela izilangazelelo , igama, umsebenzi, nezinye ezingaphezulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ithetha ukuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zinikezele inkqubo efanelekileyo xa zisenza izenzo ezichaphazela ezi njongo, nangona umgangatho wenkqubo efunekayo uxhomekeke kwindlela abaswele ngayo.

Ingqeqesho Yabafundi Nokunyanzelwa

Umzekelo ophawulayo Gos v. Lopez (1875) waqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abajongene nokususwa kweentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi banelungelo lokunikwa isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo, ukucaciswa kobungqina, kunye nethuba lokunikela icala labo lebali. Ukujijwa okanye ukugxothwa okude, iinkqubo ezithe kratya, ezifana nokuva ngamangqina kunye nelungelo lokucebisa, ziyimfuneko.

Izikolo kufuneka zivumelane nemigaqo yazo epapashiweyo. Ukusilela ukulandela iinkqubo ezichaziweyo kungaba kukuchasana okufanelekileyo. Imigibe eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Umntwana udla ngokutyholwa ngokugqithisileyo okanye atyholwe kakhulu angamvumeli umfundi ukuba athethe
  • abasemagunyeni abasebenza njengomtshutshisi
  • Ukukhanyelwa kwamalungelo okujamelana namangqina okanye abamangaleli
  • Ukungabikho kwenkqubo yesibheno esicacileyo

Kubafundi abajamelene nesenzo soqeqesho, icebiso elisebenzisekayo liquka: ukucela isaziso esibhaliweyo sazo zonke izityholo, cela inkcazelo entsonkothileyo yobungqina, sebenzisa ilungelo lokungathethi ukuba kunokwenzeka izityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho, uze ufune ummeli okanye icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ukuba isohlwayo esinokwenzeka siqatha.

Imfundo ekhethekileyo ne-IDEA

Abantu abanoMthetho wemfundo okhubazekileyo (IDEA) banika abafundi abaneziphene ilungelo lorhulumente “lemfundo kawonke-wonke ekhululekileyo" (FAPE) kwimeko-bume encinci engqongqo. Inkqubo ekhoyo phantsi kwe-IDEA inamandla ngokukhethekileyo. Abazali banelungelo loku:

  • Zibhale phantsi isaziso ngaphambi kokuba isikolo sitshintshe indlela umntwana ahambisa okanye ahlole ngayo
  • Ukufumana iziphumo zemfundo ezizimeleyo ngeendleko zikawonke-wonke ukuba azivumelani nengxelo yesikolo
  • Ukucelwa kwengxelo okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuva ukusombulula iingxabano
  • Izigwebo zetyala letyala ezibhenqweyo kwinkundla

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuva phantsi kwe-IDEA kukuqhubekeka okusesikweni apho abazali benokunikela khona ubungqina, amangqina angaphantsi, kwaye bamelwe ligqwetha. Isithili sesikolo kufuneka singqine ukuba inkqubo yaso ecetyisiweyo ifanelekile. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abaneziphene abasuswa ngokusemthethweni kwiinkonzo okanye babekwe kwizicwangciso ezingafanelekanga. Kukhokelo lwasemthethweni, tyelelani U.S. Isebe le-I-IDEA yemfundo .

Funda Ukhululekile Ukuthetha Nokuzifihla

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idibene namalungelo oMbetho wokuqala wabafundi. Kodwa ke loo malungelo kufuneka alungelelaniswe nxamnye nomdla wesikolo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano. Xa izikolo zimisela imiyalelo yokuthetha okanye ukusohlwaya abafundi ngentetho e-ampus (ummandla okhulayo we-lifusion), inkqubo efunekayo ifuna imithetho ecacileyo kunye nokusebenza okulungileyo.

Ngokufanayo, abafundi balindele ukuba izinto zabo nezixhobo ze-elektroniki zibekwe kwindawo yesiqu sabo. Uphengululo lwesikolo lumele lube sengqiqweni ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo oluthe ngqo olukhoyo, "i-random okanye i-emeler ekhusini lungangqubana noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ohlaziyiweyo osetyenziswa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yeGatya leMpanziswano ye-144.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ngaphandle kwemfundo: Isiseko semouses

Iingenelo Zomsebenzi Nezoluntu

Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abanomdla kwimpahla yabo emsebenzini (umz., i-tenure, i-screation) banelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo ngaphambi kokupheliswa. Oku kubandakanya isaziso, ithuba lokusabela kwizityholo, nokuchongwa. Ngokufanayo, abantu abafumana inkxaso kurhulumente njengengxaki yeso sikhuseli-mali se-Social Security, izitem zokutya, okanye imbuyiselo yokungaqeshwa banenzala yempahla kwezo nzuzo. Ngaphambi kokuba iingenelo zincitshiswe okanye ziphe, iqumrhu kufuneka linikeze isaziso kunye nokuva okufanelekileyo.

Kwakhona, inkqubo efunekayo ephambili ikhusela abaqeshi ekuziphindezeleni ngenxa yokuqhelisela amalungelo asisiseko.

Umthetho Wentsapho: Amalungelo Obuzali Nelungelo Lokugcina Abantwana

Abazali banelungelo elisisiseko eliphantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi kwendlela efunekayo yokunyamekela, yokugcina umntwana, kunye nokulawula abantwana babo. Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente asuse umntwana ekhaya, ashenxise amalungelo obuzali, okanye athintele ukutyelelwa, kufuneka anikezele ukhuseleko lweproceded. Ezi ziquka: ukuva ngexesha likaxakeka ngexesha elifutshane, isaziso sokutyhola, ilungelo lokucebisa (kuquka isiluleko esimiselwe abazali abanobugxwayigxuma kumaphondo amaninzi), kunye nomlinganiselo ocacileyo wobungqina (“ubungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiselelo” kwiziphumo ezigqityiweyo).

Iinkundla zentsapho zisoloko zilwa neengxoxo ezifanelekileyo kwiimbambano zelungelo lokugcina umntwana, kuquka ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina obungoogcisa, ukufunyanwa kwengxelo nokukhuselwa kwabagwebi abanobuhlanga.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho: Owona Mqathango Ubalaseleyo

Izaphuli-mthetho zinandipha eyona nkqubo ininzi yokhuseleko. Ezi ziquka ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina[[,[[[FLT:]] [ilungelo lokucebisa [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [ukunokuba ungena e-injini], [[FLT] [[FLT]] [iiikwenzile] [iiindlela], i[[FLT] elungileyo ngokuchasene nohlobo [iiiindlela yolwaphulo-mthetho], imele idibane neemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuzekelela, nokuzinzisa.[FLT] [FLT:]] ekunene ukulungiselela ukukhusela .[9].[iinkceatiedia ngokumalunga 95%=iiiienu yemeko zolwaphulo-magno zolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka ziditya, kufuneka zi

Inkqubo efunekayo emva kokuqukwa kwesenzo iquka ilungelo lokubhena, uhlolo lwe-habeas corpus, kwaye, kumatyala esigwebo sokufa, ukuhlolwa okunyusiweyo kweenkqubo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo ukukhusela amabanjwa kwiimeko ezikhohlakeleyo nezingaqhelekanga, nangona umqobo wokuseka ulwaphuko uphezulu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Nangona isiseko sinendima, inkqubo efunekayo ikho neengxaki.

  • [[NTL: 0] Isaziso esinganele: Isaziso sikaRhulumente sisoloko sibhalwa ngolwimi oluthetha umpumpu, abantu abaqhelekileyo abangakwaziyo ukuluqonda, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphoseni ixesha elimisiweyo namalungelo alahlekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imithombo ephikisanayo: abantu abanobutyebi bangathenga amagqwetha, amangqina olwazi, kunye nezibongozo, ngexa abantu abangenayo benyanzeleka ukuba bazimela okanye bamkele iziphumo ezingalunganga.
  • Ulibaziseko lolawulo: Abameli kunye neenkundla ezithwele umthwalo ongaphezulu zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukucwangcisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ngokunempumelelo ukukhanyela unyango olukhawulezileyo.
  • izikhonkwane ekwenzeni izigqibo: naxa inkundla ingakhethi buso, ikhethe elibukhali (isekelwe eluntwini, kubufanasini, kwimeko yentlalo, yezoqoqosho, --ikhomba leziphumo. uqeqesho olupheleleyo kunye namanyathelo okubonisa imbonakalo ayamkelwa ngokuqhubekayo ukulwa noku.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kokhuseleko kumongo "olungileyo”: kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, impilo kawonke-wonke, okanye isohlwayo sesikolo esibandakanya izixhobo, maxa wambi oorhulumente babiza iziphumo zongxamiseko ukuze bagqithe iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zafuna ukuba izenzo zongxamiseko zilandelwe ngokuvalwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-post-prigation.

Abahlalutyi bakwathi inkqubo efunekayo, njengoko iphuhliswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, inika umva ophezulu kwiimfuno zikarhulumente kwaye uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo ku Mathews v. IEldridge ingasetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo ezincinci. Ngokuchaseneyo, abanye baphikisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo iye yaba ngumthetho ogqithileyo, ithwalisa umthwalo ngenkqubo ezibiza imali ebambekayo ezilibazisa ubulungisa.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje

Umhlaba wenkqubo efunekayo usoloko ujikeleza. Intsingiselo emininzi ifanele ukuphawulwa:

  • Isihloko se-IX kunye neeklasi eziphethe kakubi ngokwesondo: Leya 2011 “Incwadi ethandekayo yeColleague” evela kwiSebe lemfundo ifuna iikholeji ukusebenzisa umgangatho wokuzibophelela kwi-Title IX Programs, utshintsho olujongene nenkqubo efunekayo kubafundi abamangalelwayo. IMimiselo ye-2020X yabuyisela imfuneko ephilayo yokuva nokunqamleza. Ukuhamba kuqhubekeka kubumba umlinganiselo phakathi kwamalungelo othe krwayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.
  • ubuchule bokwenza kunye nezigqibo ezizenzekelayo: amasebe kaRhulumente asebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo ialgorithm ukugqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka kungenelo, ukucwangcisa, okanye ukuxela kwangaphambili ukubuyiselwa komcimbi. Abahlalutyi bathi iinkqubo ezizimo ezizizizo ezizizodwayo ziyayiphikisa inkqubo efunekayo kuba aziniki saziso esinentsingiselo okanye ithuba lokuvavanya isigqibo. Iinkundla ezininzi ziye zafuna ukuba abantu banikezelwe kubuchule kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-algorithm.
  • Iingxaki zempilo ze-Public: Isifo secovid-19 siphakamisa imibuzo efunekayo malunga neemiyalelo yokuhlalisana kwamalungu omntu, izigunyaziso, kunye nezithintelo zokugonya izikolo. Iinkundla zidla ngokuxhasa amandla ongxamiseko kodwa zigxininisa ukuba kufuneka abe yeyokwexeshana kwaye ifanele ihlolwe ngokugweba.
  • inika isiqinisekiso sokucebisa kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni: Ngelixesha abamangalelwa bamatyala benelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa, abamangalelwa (kuquka abazali abajongene nokupheliswa kwamalungelo kunye nabaqeshi abajongene nokugxothwa) basoloko bengenasiqinisekiso. Abaninzi “baxhasi benkonzo ye-Gidiyon” abafumana ilungelo lokucebisa kwiingxoxo ezithile zoluntu eziphezulu, ezisekelwe kwinkqubo esesikweni.

Kubo bafuna ukuhlala benolwazi kwiimeko ezikhoyo, u-ACLU's inkqubela ye-cancuree yendlela efunekayo inika uhlaziyo oluthe rhoqo kwinkqubela-phambili yenkqubo.

Isiphelo: Banokuthabatha

Okulindelekileyo asikokusebenza nje; ngumgaqo ophilayo okhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Enoba ungumfundi ojamelene nokuchotshelwa kwetyala, umzali ophikisana nokumiselwa kwemfundo ekhethekileyo, umqeshwa olwa norhulumente ocel ’ umngeni isigqibo solawulo, ukuqonda amalungelo akho afanelekileyo.

Ezi zitshixo ziquka:

  • Usoloko uqinisekisa ukuba ufumene [[FLT: 0] ngexesha kunye nesaziso esinenkcukacha nakwesiphina isenzo esingalunganga kunye nesiseko saso.
  • Ithatha [umthetho okwimeko] ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuva phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.
  • Gcina iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zazo zonke iintetho, izigqibo neziganeko.
  • Funa amacebiso asemthethweni kwangoko xa inkululeko okanye umdla wempahla obalulekileyo usengozini.
  • Khumbula ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ngumgangatho, ayisosilingi .Imithetho emininzi inika ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ngaphaya kobuncinci bomGaqo-siseko.

Ngokusebenzisa ubunkimbinkimbi benkqubo efunekayo ngolwazi nangokuphaphama, ungazithethelela kakuhle, intsapho yakho, kunye noluntu lwakho. Umgaqo wokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho uhlala ungenye yezinto ezinkulu eziphunyezwe ngumgaqo-siseko waseMerika, kwaye lowo ufuna umgudu othe rhoqo ukuze ulondolozwe.