IJaji njenge-Arbiter yomGaqo-siseko

Ijaji inendawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kokwakhiwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Njengoko isebe likarhulumente limangalelwa ngokutolika umthetho, iinkundla zisebenza njengabameli bokugqibela boko kuthethwa ngumthetho nendlela esebenza ngayo kubantu, kwimibutho, nakwizwe ngokwalo. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza asiyonkqubo yobuchule yokufunda amagama ngaphandle kwephepha. Lisenzo esinzulu soxanduva lomgaqo-siseko esilawula umlinganiselo wamandla phakathi komthetho, iqumrhuquzelelo, namasebe ejaji.

Enyanzelweni yale mbopheleleko kumgaqo wokunyaniseka kwiinjongo zomthetho. Xa iBhunga okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe idlulisela umthetho, ikwenza oko ngeenjongo ezithile, ukulalanisa, kunye nezigwebo zenkqubo ezibekwe kumbhalo. Indima yejaji kukuhlonela ezo zinto zikhethiweyo, hayi ukuthabathela indawo iinketho zayo zenkqubo. Njengoko uJaji Elena Kagan wakha wagqabaza, "Sonke singabaxhasi bemibhalo," igxininisa ingqwalaselo yale mihla yombhalo we-judicatary njengefestile yokuqala yemithetho-windo.

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla eziwusingatha ngayo lo msebenzi, isizathu sokuba umbandela ubaluleke, nalapho kuvela iingxwabangxwaba kwingxaki yakhe nabani na ofunda umthetho, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, okanye ulawulo. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa ingcamango yeenjongo zowiso-mthetho, iindlela zokucacisa iijaji ezisebenzisayo, amatyala abonisa imigaqo engabonakaliyo asebenza, kunye nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olujongene neenkundla zokuhlala zithembekile ekufezekiseni ukuthanda kwabantu abanyuliweyo.

Ukuqonda Ukuzimisela Komthetho

Injongo yomthetho ibhekiselele kwiseti yeenjongo, iinjongo, kunye nezigqibo ezithile zenkqubo ezashukumisela iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho ukuba lenze ummiselo othile. Yiloo "isizathu" ngasemva "kwento" yomthetho. Kodwa ukuthamba loo njongo kunqabile ukuchanabeka. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ayiyongqondo enye enenjongo enye. Liqumrhu elidityanisiweyo eliyilwe ngamakhulu abantu ngabanye, ngalinye elinezisusa zalo, iingcinezelo zobugqhinga, kunye nokuhleba. Umbhalo wokugqibela wemali ngokufuthi ubonisa uthotho lwentengiso, unxibelelana ngamalungiselelo, kunye neziqumvo ezilungeleneyo ezazifuneka zikhusele ngokwaneleyo ukuze kungenelwe iivoti ezihambayo.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntsontela, iinkundla kufuneka zenze umgudu wokholo olungileyo wokufumana oko indlu yowiso-mthetho inenjongo. Olu phendlo lusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wamagunya . Ukuba iinkundla zisoloko zingahoywa okanye ziqondwa kakubi iinjongo zomthetho, zingenza ngokunempumelelo ukuphinda zimisele imithetho ekwibhentshi, zicuthe indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho njengesiko esiphambili. Kwangaxesha linye, ukuba iinkundla zaziqinile kakhulu okanye zingoonobumba abaqhelekileyo ekufundeni kwazo, zingasebenzisa umthetho ngendlela eziphikisana nenjongo yayo ecacileyo, zivelise iinjongo ezingekho ngqiqwelekweni okanye ezingekho bulungisa.

Imithombo yoMthetho

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uludwe lwezinto eziza kuqonda oko indlu yowiso-mthetho ifuna ukukwenza xa imisela umthetho. Ezi mithombo iquka:

  • Umbhalo wemithetho ngokwawo. Amagama ommiselo bubungqina obusesona sigqibo sinegunya. Njengoko iJaji uOverver Wendell Holmes Jr. yabhala, "Asibuzi ukuba intsingiselo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ithetha ntoni; sibuza kuphela ukuba uthetha ntoni lo mthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imbali esemthethweni: iingxelo zamakomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, iintetho ezivakalayo, kunye neengxelo ezivela kubaxhasi okanye abaququzeleli bomthetho abangundoqo zinganika umongo malunga neengxaki umthetho owawucetyelwe ukusombulula kunye nokulungelelanisa okubumba uhlobo lwawo lokugqibela.
  • Imo-mongo ebanzi yomthetho nentlalo: Iinkundla zingaqwalasela imeko yomthetho ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesivumelwano, iimeko zembali ezabangela umthetho, kunye neengxaki ezisebenzayo umthetho ocetyiweyo ukuba ucombulule.
  • Amacanon olwakhiwo: Le yimithetho etolika yobhontsi, enjenge i-soctive i- socis (igama elaziwa yinkampani eligcinayo) okanye [[FLT:] expressio un ist exclusio formius[ (intetho yento enye eshiya enye), esombulula iinkundla zoncedo.

Ubunzima obunikwa imvelaphi nganye buxhomekeke kwindlela yokuchaza ijaji okanye inkundla eyamkelayo. Abanye abagwebi bamisela intsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo ngaphezulu kwezinye zonke, ngoxa abanye bekulungele ngakumbi ukukhangela imbali yowiso-mthetho nenjongo. Le nkqubo yokuntywilisela ingenye yezona mpikiswano zilandelayo kwijurisprudence yale mihla yaseMerika.

Injongo Yalo Mthethwelo

Kumphakathi wayo, yonke imimiselo isisombululo kwingxaki ecingelwayo. Isenokuba ngumthetho wezoqoqosho ojolise ekuthinteleni amapolitiki, ummiselo wesigebengu owenzelwe ukuphelisa ugonyamelo, okanye umthetho wamalungelo abantu ocetyelwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo. Ukuqonda ukuba injongo esisiseko isoloko ibalulekile ekusebenziseni umthetho kwiimeko ezintsha akunakuba kwabonwa kwangaphambili yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Scherman AntiUnity ka-1890 uyalwa izivumelwano, intlanganisela, kunye namaqhinga okuthintela urhwebo. Umbhalo ubanzi kwaye uthe xhaxhe. Kwinkulungwane kamva, iinkundla kwafuneka zigqibe ukuba lo mthetho wenkulungwane ye-19 wasetyenziswa ukuba ulawule kwizoqoqosho lwamanani, kuquka ukuphendla i-algorithm ye-injini kunye neenkqubo ze-intanethi. Ukuphendula loo mbuzo, abagwebi kufuneka baqonde injongo engundoqo yommiselo: ukukhuphisana nokuhlala kakuhle, hayi nje ukuthintela uqheliselo lwezoshishino lwe-Gribde Age.

Iindlela Zokucalula Iijaji

Abagwebi basebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezicacileyo xa bechaza imimiselo. Indlela nganye ibonisa ingcamango eyahlukileyo ngendlela yokubeka eyona njongo ilungileyo yokubeka umthetho, indima efanelekileyo yejaji, kunye nohlobo lwenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuxeleni kwangaphambili indlela inkundla enokuthi ilawule ngayo kumbandela okhuphiswano olusemthethweni.

Ubhalo

Intsingiselo yomthetho kufuneka ibonwe ngokuyintloko ngentsingiselo eqhelekileyo yamazwi awo njengoko ebeya kuqondwa ngexesha lokwenziwa. Abaxhasi bayathandabuza imithombo engakumbi yemibhalo njengembali yowiso-mthetho, bephikisa ngelithi ukuxhomekeka kwiingxelo zekomiti okanye kwiingxelo zomgangatho kuphakamisa iimbono zabenzi bemithetho abancinane phezu kombhalo owawuvotelwa yigumbi elipheleleyo kwaye watyikitywa ngumthetho onegunya.

UMgwebi uAntonin Scalia wayengoyena mxhasi ubalaseleyo womthetho obhaliweyo. Waphikisa ngelithi imbali yowiso-mthetho asingomthetho, kwaye ukuyisebenzisa ukuchaza ummiselo kunciphisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Endaweni yoko, ababhali bemibhalo baxhomekeke kwisichazi-magama, kwimithetho yentetho, kunye nesakhiwo sommiselo ngokwawo. Inkcazo yemibhalo ayiyityesheli injongo, kodwa igxininisa ukuba injongo mayicatshulwe kulo mbhalo, hayi ibekwe kuwo.

Injongo Yokwazi

Imfundo engokwasemthethweni ifuna ukufumana eyona njongo yabenzi bomthetho abamisela lo mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nabaqulunqi bemibhalo, abaququzeleli bequmrhu bakulungele ukubuza imbali yowiso-mthetho ngokuphandle, bajonge iingxelo zeekomiti kunye neengxelo ezixhasayo njengobona bungqina obuhle boko kucetyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho njengeqela. Injongo kukubeka inkundla kwizihlangu zabayila-mthetho nokusebenzisa umthetho ngendlela evumelana neenjongo zabo ezithile.

Abahlalutyi bento abazimiseleyo bachaza ubunzima obusebenzisekayo bokungavumelani neenjongo zamakhulu abenzi bomthetho ngabanye. Amanye amalungu asenokuba avote ukuba anikwe ityala nangona zingavumelani neenxenye zalo, amanye asenokuba ayengenanjongo icacileyo, kwaye amanye asenokuba aye aphenjelelwa kukuqwalasela okuququzelelweyo okanye okungahambelaniyo nenjongo esezantsi yemali. Noko ke, inkqubano yeqhinga inendawo ende eMelika eqinileyo ephezulu kwemithetho elawulayo kwaye ihlala inempembelelo kwinkundla ezininzi zelizwe nezolawulo.

Ubalo

IPurposivivism, enxulumene kakhulu nesithandi sobulumko esisemthethweni uLon Fuller noJaji Stephen Breyer, ithatha inyathelo elingaphaya kwento yokwenza ngabom. Kunokubhekisa kwinjongo yomthetho ngamnye, ipurposiviv ibuza ukuba yintoni injongo esengqiqweni [ ummiselo njengento epheleleyo enokuqondwa ukuba ikhonze. Oku kuqonda ukuba imimiselo ibekwe ngokuchasene nesiseko semilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yentlalo nemigaqo esemthethweni, kwaye eyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokutolika umthetho imele isetyenziswe ngendlela ehambelanayo.

I-Proficing inika abagwebi ubhetyebhetye olungakumbi ukuze balungelelanise imimiselo kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Umzekelo, umthetho owelelayo "iivehice" kwipaki ungafundwa ukuquka iibhayisekile, iibhodi zokutyibilika entweni, okanye kwanee-drones, nokuba ezo zinto zikhethekileyo azikhankanywanga kumbhalo wokuqala, kuba injongo yomthetho kukukhusela abahamba ngenqwelo-moya nokugcina isimilo sobugocigo.

Inkcitho kunye nomGaqo-siseko ophilayo

Indlela yesine, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yi-pragmatism esemthethweni okanye "umgaqo-siseko ophilayo" indlela, igxininisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zokhetho olwahlukileyo lokutolika. Abagwebi abakhathazeki ngentsingiselo yembali okanye injongo yantlandlolo kunokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uvelisa imilinganiselo elungileyo, esebenzisekayo, neyingenelo engokwentlalo. Le nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko, apho amabinzana abanzi afana "ngenkqubo engaphambili" okanye "ukhuseleko olulinganayo" amema abagwebi ukuba baqwalasele ukuchaza imilinganiselo esekelwe kwisocietal.

Kumongo womthetho, ulungelelaniso ludla ngokudibana nobuGqirha. Ijaji elawulayo ingabuza: yiyiphi indlela yokutolika lo mthetho udidayo enceda umdla woluntu, ithintela iziphumo ezingenangqiqo, kwaye igcine intsebenziswano nenkqubo ebanzi esemthethweni? Ubhetyebhetye lwezi ndlela yokusebenza bubukhali bayo obuninzi, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi inokubakhokelela kwingili yejaji, kunye nabagwebi abathatha indawo yemiqathango yabo kwimithetho yabo yabo yowiso-mthetho.

Amatyala Abonisa Uphawu Kwingcaciso Yezaphuli - mthetho

Iingxoxo ezingokwengcamango zokuchaza indlela yokusebenza azikho ngqiqweni. Zidla ngokudlala kwiimeko zokwenene ezineziphumo ezibonakalayo kubantu ngabanye, kumashishini, nakwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Izigqibo eziliqela ezibalaseleyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zibonisa indlela abagwebi abaye baquzelela ngayo imicimbi yemithetho kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo nakwimimandla yemibandela eyahlukeneyo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki yemifanekiso ekwimeko yomthetho-siseko waseMelika, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalwaphula i-Ulinganisa uKhuselo lwe-Classiale lwe-14th Amement Amedicale. Eli tyala lidla ngokuchazwa njengeyoyisazulu okanye utoliko lwe-pragmatic. Injongo yokuqala yabalawuli be-145th Amentemplity yayidis yayidityanisiwe kumbuzo we-deko. Amanye amalungu e-Reprofectionmentationsmentmentant eyadlula i-andendingsss aye axhasa izikolo eziqeshiweyo kwiSithi se-Columbianfini. Umfundi we-Antemplity umelel.

Noko ke, iJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren, ebhalela iNkundla engqinelanayo, yagxininisa injongo esisiseko [[FLT: 0] yeSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus: ukuphelisa ukuthobeka okusemthethweni kwama-Afrika kunye nokukhusela amalungelo apheleleyo obumi. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba "ukukhetha kodwa" izibonelelo zazingalingani ncam, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuqondwa kwakuqala kwesakhelo sokhuselo. Esi sigqibo sihlala singumzekelo onamandla wendlela ijajidifisi enokuthi ixhase ngayo amaxabiso anzulu omGaqo-siseko xa umbhalo oqhelekileyo okanye umongo wembali ukhomba owahlukeneyo.

EUnited States v. Lopez (1995)

Kwi yenze iUnited States v. Lopez, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi uMgaqo weSikolo Esikhululekileyo sika-1990, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube ngumthetho karhulumente ukuba ube nesixhobo sokuxhobisa umpu kwiinyawo eziyi1,000 zesikolo. Inkundla yathi umthetho ungaphaya kwegunya leBhunga phantsi koMkhosi worhwebo, onika urhulumente amandla okulawula ushishino lwezoshishino kodwa awuwuniki gunya-mali jikelele kumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni.

[[NTLT: 0] Lopez ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wendlela ijudicary ethoba ngayo imida yamandla owiso-mthetho ngokubhekisa kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye nenjongo. Uluvo oluninzi, olubhalwe yiNkundla yeJaji William Rehnquist, lwagxininisa ukuba iCommerce Claus Claus yayinenjongo yokulawula umsebenzi wezorhwebo ochaphazela intengiso yamazwe ngamazwe, kungekhona ukulwabela ulwaphulo-mthetho amatyala ompu ekufuphi nezikolo. [FLT] [FLT] [FFF] [5]

IBhunga loKhuselo loBuntu lweZibonelelo zeZintu zeMihlaba (19984)

Elinye lamatyala omthetho olawulo alandelayo akha agqiba, IChevron yamisa isiseko sendlela yokufumana ulwamkelo lobulungisa kwintlawulo zoshishino lwesebe lwemimiselo edibeneyo. Phantsi kwe Imfundiso yetshebhin, ukuba umthetho awucacanga, iinkundla kufuneka zibambeze kulwazi olunengqiqo, ukuba isibonelelo sisebenza kwigunya laso elinikezelweyo.

Ubuchule bokwenza ingqiqo IChevron[[FLT: 1] isekelwe kwinjongo yowiso-mthetho. Ingqungquthela idla ngokuthumela igunya elichongiweyo kuba ayinabuchule okanye ubuchule bezobupolitika ukusombulula zonke iinkcukacha zobuchule zolawulo lwezicwangciso zolawulo. Ngokubhekiselele kwiinkcazelo zolawulo, iinkundla zinika isiphumo kukhetho lomthetho. Kwangalo xesha linye, [[FLT:] ICHEVron igxekwe ngokuvumela amaziko ukuba achaze kwakhona imimiselo yawo yolawulo ngeendlela ezisuka kwinkcazelo yokuqala yomthetho. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkuquluko ephakamileyo inike uphawu lokuvuma okanye ukuma kwemiqathango [[FLT:] [FLT] [FF]

Isithili saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

[[NTL:0] wathetha ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuzigcina nokuphatha izixhobo ekhaya. Uluvo loninzi lweJaji Scalia lwaba lukukhenketho lokuthatha intsingiselo yemibhalo kunye nokuqiqa kokuqala. Wahlola umbhalo wokulungisa, indlela yomgaqo-ntetho, nokuqonda kwembali kwasekunene ukuphatha izixhobo ngexesha lokusekwa.

IJaji Scalia yagqiba kwelokuba uHlaziyo lwesibini ludibanisa ilungelo lomntu elikhoyo ngaphambili, hayi ilungelo elinxulumene nenkonzo yamajoni. Uluvo oluphikisayo, olubhalwe nguJaji Stevens, lwathi izilungisi zifuna kuphela ukulungiswa koburhulumente. Iimbono eziqulunqayo ku Heller ubonakalisa indlela eziphikisana ngayo iindlela---- Umbhalo nenkqutho ye-astism kwicala elinye, kunye nokuzilungisa okuninzi komcimbi wendlela kukhusela ii-----can ivelisa ufundo olwahlukileyo lombhalo omnye womgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Olusebenzisekayo Ekuqondeni Imithetho Efanelekileyo

Kwanaxa iinkundla zizimisele ukuxhasa iinjongo zomthetho, zijamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ezi ngxaki zixhomekeke kwindlela yokutolika umbhalo obhalwe liqumrhu, ngokufuthi phantsi kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika, yaye loo nto imele isetyenziswe kwiimeko abaqhubi bezomthetho ababengenakuzilindela.

Ukubaluleka Kolwimi Olulawulayo

Umgaqo ocacileyo usasazekile. Amagama anemida emfiliba, ulwakhiwo-zivakalisi lungahlulwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye amabinzana obugcisa asenokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kumagqwetha, izazinzulu, okanye abantu abaqhelekileyo. Xa umthetho usebenzisa ibinzana elifana "nentlawulo esengqiqweni" okanye "kwenzakalisa," iinkundla kufuneka zinikezele okuqulathwe yimithetho eshiywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho evulekileyo. Oku akusosenzo sokuzimisela kwemithetho esesikweni; yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokusebenzisa imithetho eqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezithile.

Noko ke, ukungaqondakali kubangela ubuchule, kwaye ingqwalaselo ikhuthaza ukungavumelani. Ijaji etyekele kwimiqathango yemekobume ingafunda igama elithi "inokufumaneka" ngokubanzi ukuquka imisinga neendawo ezinamanzi, ngelixa ijaji exhasa amalungelo empahla ingayifunda ngokucutha. Zombini iijaji ziyakwazi ukukhankanya iinjongo zomthetho, kodwa ukucaphula kwazo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo. Umlinganiselo wale ngqiqo ukhokelele abanye abaphengululi ukuba baphikisane nokuba ukutolika kwendlela yokuchaza iprojekthi kusoloko kuyindlela yokuyila iziphumo ezifikelelwe kwezinye izizathu.

Imbali Echaseneyo Okanye Engaphelelanga

Kwanaxa iinkundla zijonga kwimbali yowiso-mthetho, zisenokufumana iingxelo eziphikisanayo. Umxhasi wetyala anganika ingcaciso enye kumgangatho weNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ngelixa ingxelo yekomiti egxekayo icebisa injongo eyahlukileyo. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ingadlulisela iingxelo zemali ezithetha ulwimi olwahlukileyo, kwaye ikomiti yengqungquthela exolelanisa zona ingaba nento engacacanga. Abenzi bezomthetho ngamnye bangenza iingxelo ezicwangcisiweyo zengxelo ezingabonisi iinjongo zabo zokwenyaniso okanye isiphumo esisebenzayo semali.

Ukukhetha siphi isiseko sembali yowiso-mthetho esiza kubekwa phambili kusenokuba sisiphumo esifunyanisiweyo. Abahlalutyi bembali yowiso-mthetho, kuquka nabaxhasi bemibhalo, baphikisa ngelithi ngokusisiseko "ukukhangela kwisihlwele nokukhetha abahlobo bakho". Ngenxa yokuba imbali yowiso-mthetho inkulu kwaye ingummiselo okhoyo, igqwetha elinobuchule lingasoloko lifumana inkxaso naluphi na utoliko olunqwenelekayo. Oku kunciphisa umthetho ngokwenza iziphumo ngokuxhomekeke kubuchule begqwetha ekuthatheni inxaxheba, kunokuba kukhutshwe umbhalo we-demodefasethi.

Ukutshintsha Kweemeko Zentlalo Nezobugcisa

Imithetho ayinakukwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili yonke inkqubela phambili. Umthetho obhalwe ngo-1950 malunga "nonxibelelwano lwetelefoni" awuzange ukhangele phambili i-imeyile, ukubhalelana, okanye i-media. Umthetho wokulawula "izithuthi" kufuneka usetyenziswe kwizithuthuthu zombane, iinqwelo-mafutha ezizimeleyo, okanye ii-drones. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba umthetho omdala usebenza kubugcisa obutsha, kwaye eso sigqibo sisoloko sixhomekeke kwindlela ebanzi ngayo injongo yomthetho wenkundla.

Ukuba inkundla ifunda injongo yomthetho ngokufutshane-ukulawula iintambo ezithile zomnxeba ezibonakalayo, umzekelo-- umthetho ungagcinwa ungenangxaki kwi-imeyili. Ukuba inkundla ifunda injongo ebanzi-ukukhusela ukhuseleko lonxibelelwano kungakhathaliseki ukuba lusetyenziswa kusini na----mthetho. Zombini iinkcazelo zingakhuselwa njengeenjongo zomthetho, kodwa zivelisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokulawula. Olu celomngeni luba lukhulu ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nobugcisa, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nobunkunkqele Basekuhlaleni

Abagwebi abathintelwanga kwimikhosi yezobupolitika neyentlalo ngexesha labo. Iimeko eziphikisana kakhulu, ezifana nezibandakanya ukuqhomfa, amalungelo emipu, okanye igunya lolawulo, zitsala ingqalelo enkulu kawonke-wonke. Abagwebi basenokuphenjelelwa, bengazi, okanye bengazi, ngomnqweno wokuphepha ukuphambana kwemithetho, ukugcina igunya lenkundla, okanye ukuhambisela phambili umbono othile wenkqubo ethile. Ezi ngcinezelo zingenza umsebenzi wokwaphula imigaqo-mthetho lukhuni.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla zinezixhobo zokuzikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ixesha lobomi kubagwebi besizwe, isithethe seembono ezibhaliweyo, kunye nokunyanzeleka kwemizekelo yonke iqinisekisa ukuba ukutolikwa kwengcaciso kuhlala kusekelwe kumthetho, hayi kwezobupolitika. Ingxoxo kawonke-wonke eqhubekayo ngokugweba nokuqulunqwa kweengcali zenkundla kubonisa ukugqalwa okunzulu kwemibandela yezonyango, nokuba ukuthembeka kwejaji kwinjongo yowiso-mthetho kungundoqo wokuziphendulela kwidemokhrasi.

Impikiswano Ehlala Ihleli Ngentanda - bulumko Yezeejaji

Uxanduva phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa asiyonto yenkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika; luphawu. UmGaqo-siseko wayila ngabom umsebenzi ozimeleyo wesigwebo owenziwe ngemithetho yokutolika, kodwa awuzange umisele indlela ethile yokwenza oko. Loo mahluko ubangele iinkulungwane zengxoxo phakathi kwabagwebi, abaphengululi, kunye noogqirha ngendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi.

Inkcazo yokwalukelwa kwendalo. UmGaqo-siseko ophilayo

Mhlawumbi lo ngumgca obonakalayo wempazamo kwimithetho-siseko yale mihla yaseMerika. Izazi ngezoqobo ziphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho imisiwe ngexesha lokumiswa kwemimiselo. Ukuguqula loo ntsingiselo, indlu yowiso-mthetho mayiwuguqule umthetho ngenkqubo emiselwe yidemokhrasi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abaLawuli bomgaqo-siseko abaphila, baphikisa ngelithi amabinzana abonisa ukuguquka komgaqo-siseko obonisa ukutshintsha amaxabiso neemeko zoluntu.

Zombini iinkampu zithi zithembekile kwiinjongo zomthetho. Izazi zoqobo zithi ukuhlonela iinjongo zabaququzeleli okanye ukwenza iKhomishini kufuna ukuba kutshixwe intsingiselo ngexesha lokufumana umiliselo. AbaLawuli bomgaqo-siseko bathi abafaki-siseko babefuna ukuba ulwimi lwabo olubanzi lusetyenziswe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Le ngxoxo ayinakuconjululwa, kodwa inika isiseko esichumileyo sokuqonda isimilo sokugweba.

Imithetho eLawulayo echaseneyo noMthetho wezeMigwebo

Ingxoxo enxulumene ne-impikiswano enxulumene neqondo leenkundla zomva wetyala kufuneka libonise kwamanye amasebe. Abameli bemithetho yokugweba baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zifanele zithabathe inxaxheba kwiisigwebo sowiso-mthetho naninina kunokwenzeka, zityumze imithetho kuphela xa zaphula umGaqo-siseko ngokucacileyo. Oku kusingisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye zithintele abagwebi ekubekeni amaxabiso abo. Abaxhasi bezenzo zomthetho ogwebayo, okanye oko maxa wambi kubizwa ngokuba "zikomgaqo-mthetho," bagxininisa ukuba iinkundla zimele zibophelele ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye zinyanze imida yemithetho yesiseko, kwanaxa oko kuthetha ukungayithobeli umthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ezi lebhile zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngokweziphakamiso, kunye nabagxeki besigqibo esithile esisibiza ngokuthi "isivumelwano" ngeli xesha abaxhasi besithi "sithintelwe". Enyanisweni, inkoliso yabagwebi iqhelisa ukuzithiba kwezinye iindawo kwaye ithathe inxaxheba kwezinye. Umbuzo ongundoqo awuyokuba ngaba ijaji iyalwa okanye ithintelwe ekucingeni, kodwa nokuba indlela yabo yokuqhuba ibonakalisa ngokuthembeka inkqubo yemithetho-siseko nemithetho eyadalwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Indima Yokuqala (Iziphene)

Iglu egcina inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo kunye. Xa inkundla itolike ngaphambili umthetho, iinkundla zamva zilandela utoliko, nokuba zifikelele kwisigqibo esahlukileyo ekuqaleni. Le mfundiso, esaziwa ngokuba istare decis[, ikhuthaza uzinzo, ukuqikelelwa, kunye nonyango olulinganayo. Ikwadibanisa izandla zabagwebi, ibathintela ekuzinziseni iinkcazelo ezizinzileyo ngenxa yokuba bekhetha indlela eyahlukileyo.

Ngoko, umzekelo awugqibekanga. Iinkundla zingazilawula izigqibo zangaphambili ukuba ziphosakele, zingqineke zingasebenzi, okanye ziphumle kwiintelekelelo ezifikelelwe ziziganeko. Isigqibo sokulawula ngokwaso sisenzo esitolika, njengokuba inkundla kufuneka igqibe enoba ukuthembeka kwinjongo yemithetho kufuneka igcine utoliko oludala okanye ilungise impazamo. Uxanduva phakathi kokuhlonipha imizekelo nokulandela utoliko oluchanileyo ngumxholo ophindaphindwayo kwizibuko leNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ukunyaniseka Nokuzivumelanisa

Indima yejaji ekuxhaseni iinjongo zomthetho yenye yemisebenzi entsonkothileyo neneziphumo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise uxinezeleko phakathi kovavanyo kumbhalo owenziwe ngedemokhrasi kunye nemfuneko esebenzisekayo yokusebenzisa imithetho yamandulo kwiimeko zangoku. Kufuneka zikhethe phakathi kwendlela zokuchaza ezikhuphisanayo, nganye enika umbono owahlukileyo wendlela yokuthembeka kukuthanda kwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Yaye kufuneka zenze njalo kwimekobume yophando olunzulu noxinzelelo lwezobupolitika.

Akukho mpendulo inye echanileyo kumbuzo wokuba uchaza kakuhle njani ummiselo. Indlela engcono ixhomekeke kumbhalo okhoyo, kwimbali yomthetho, uhlobo lwempikiswano, kunye nemilinganiselo eziswa ngutoliko etafileni. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba iinkundla zifikelele umsebenzi ngokunyaniseka kobulumko, ukuqiqa okungqongqo, kunye nokuzimisela okunyanisekileyo ukuqonda oko kugqitywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho nesizathu.

Kumsebenzi osebenza kakuhle wedemokhrasi, ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-siseko wemigaqo-siseko ethe yangenelwa. Ikhusela ulalanisa kunye nokhetho lwenkqubo abameli babantu abaye balwenza, naxa olo khetho luphikisanayo okanye lungathandwa. Kwangaxeshanye, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuzingisileyo, ngokusesikweni, kwaye ngokuvisisana nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni equlunqe kumGaqo-siseko. Le ndima idityaniswe ngumkhonzi othembekileyo wendlu yowiso--omphathi othembekileyo wendlu yowiso--dentiary othelisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye omntu ngamnye ngokwendawo kumgaqo-omgaqo-omGaqo-o-o-omGaqo-me----ye-ye-mascriary, kwaye igxininisa isizathu sokuba kusetyenzwe misebenzi yakhe kubo bonke abami.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwenkcazelo yemithetho kunye nentanda-bulumko egwebayo, qwalasela uphando lwezifundo ze- Justice Antonin Scalia, umsebenzi we-webhsayithi ye- Justicature [[ yenkqubo yocalulo, kunye neengxoxo kwiNkundla ye-[FLT] ye-United States ukwenzela iimbono zakutshanje. Incoko eqhubekayo phakathi kwabagwebi, amagqhinga, kunye nendlela izinkundla ezithelelana inkundla kufuneka ziwuchaze ngayo umthetho ziyingqinelanisa ngokuhlala kwexesha inkqubo yethu yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa.