INkqubo eBekiweyo Njengelitye Eliyintembeko

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo isoloko ichazwa njengendlela esetyenziswayo yenkqubo yomthetho waseMelika. Sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuba urhulumente uza kuwahlonela onke amalungelo asemthethweni anikwe umntu ngokwemithetho. Isiseko seMagna Carta kunye ne-ecedth Demences kwiNkqutyana yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine ye-U.S., inkqubela efunekayo yinkqubo apho urhulumente athintelwa khona kwisenzo somgaqo-mthetho ozimeleyo. Noko ke, inkqubo efanelekileyo ayikho kwimfumbathi. Impumelelo yayo ibotshelelwe ngqo [[FLT: 0] i-easyn [[FLT:]] [iiii] [[1] umgaqo-siseko othe bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafumana ingeniso, okanye imvelaphi, kufuneka bafumane ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kukhuseleko neengenelo lomthetho. Xa inkqubo elungele uluntu, uphazaththlene, uTrencel.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Nengaqondakaliyo

Imodeli iyingcinga ebekwe kabini. Ineziqu zombini iprocedical kunye ne[FLT]nbstritive[ yamalungu. Inkqubo efunekayo ichaphazela [[] indlela [[[FLT]]] [amanyathelo] [[FLT]] [5]] [amanyathelo kufuneka alandele phambi kokuba ahluze umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. I-'eququququzelela inkqubo efunekayo inxulumene ne [[FLT]]] [iiiiinqanawe] [iiiiiiiiiiindawo engundoqo] [indlela] urhulumente angenakumelana nayo konke, okanye angakwazi ukugxabana kuphela ngezizathu ezitheneyo. Imeko ezininzi, izenze izenze zidibene , zingqingqine , zisenza ingubo ezidibene nogxobo zidibeneyo

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ingqwalasela, Ukuva, Nokungakhethi Buso

Imigaqo-nkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana isaziso esaneleyo sezenzo zomthetho ezichasene nabo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa, kunye nesigqibo senkundla engenamkhethe. Ezi mfuneko azikho ngqiqweni; zisebenza kumacala amaninzi akhoyo, ukusuka kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumatyala olawulo kwiinzuzo zokukhubazeka, ukusuka kwimicimbi yokugcinwa kwabantwana ukuya kwiimeko zerhafu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iMaws v. Elditridge[[[FL:1] [7] iseke ukuvavanywa okulungeleleneyo ukufumanisa oko kufunekayo, ukuvavanya inzala yangasese, ukuchaphaza ityala ityala ityala ityala eliphosakeleyo, umdla wempahla, nomdlalo karhulumente. Oku kuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukukhuselwa kweprocculture kumele kuqwalaselwe kwizinto ezibandakanye nezibo ezikuqwaneyo zentlalo, ngenxa yoooothenjinga abambalwa ngenxa yoovimba abambalwa.

INkqubo ePhambili eNgaphambili: Amalungelo aPhakamileyo kunye

Inkqubo engundoqo ekhusela amalungelo “asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo hlanga,” njengamalungelo okutshata, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokwala unyango, nelungelo lokuzimela ngokwamakhamandela. Iimeko ezifana Griswold v.Connecticut[[[FL:1] [65] [ilungelo lokuvala inzala], Rhoevv. [[FLT]] kunye macala okuzilawula ngokwamanyana komzimba. Imeko elungileyo yokwakhenke ibandakanya ukulingana phakathi komnyaka, kunye nokulingana phakathi koluntu. Bathi babala imvume yokufumana ukhuseleko olufunekayo phakathi noncedo. Kodwa ke, i-[FLT] i-Redbergev [FFF:5] (5]) (iiexmartent) yonke imigaqo esezantsi).

Ukulingana EMthethweni: Ngaphandle Kokulingana

Ukungahambelani komthetho kugqitha kwingcinga esemthethweni yokuba wonke umntu uyalingana phambi komthetho. Iyaqonda ukuba amaziko, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo zomthetho zibunjwe lucalucalulo olulawulayo (ngokufuthi kumacala ohlanga, udidi, ubufana, kunye nokukhubazeka. Ukuthelekelela kufuna ukuba umthetho ucombulule ezi mpawu, kunokuba uzenze ngathi akukho. Lo mgaqo uboniswa kwingqiqo “yokulingana nobulungisa phantsi komthetho,” kodwa ufuna okungaphezulu kuneenjongo nje yokungaguquguquki; kufuneka imigudu esebenzayo yokususa imilinganiselo ekhusela abantu ekufikeleleni kwisigwebo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuthembana Koluntu

Xa inkqubo yomthetho ibonwa njengefanelekileyo nelula, ithe yafikelela, ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwamaziko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abantu bevakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ivumela izityebi, abanamandla, okanye abaninzi, abanakukwazi ukuthobela imigaqo esemthethweni kwaye basenokuyijonga njengengenamthetho. Uphando lubonise ukuba imigaqo ebhaliweyo isesikweni ilungile, kwaye iqheleke ngakumbi kuluntu kuneziphumo zokwenene zemeko. Ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yoluntu akuyomfuneko yokuziphatha kuphela kodwa ikwayimfuneko ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwentlalo.

Ukudibana kwenkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwentlalo:

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana kwentlalo luyi-symbiotic. Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuva okufanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yakhe. Ngokuchaseneyo, imigudu yoluntu elungelelanisiweyo. Ngokuchasene noko, njengokunika abathethi abangeyosiNgesi abasemagqabini okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba izindlu zenkundla zifikeleleka ngokwasemzimbeni qha, ngoko ke nyanisekile kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yabo bonke. Xa le migaqo mibini isebenza kunye, inkqubo esemthethweni iyakwazi ukudlulisela okusesikweni ngokufanelekileyo.

Ityala lophawu lomhlaba elibonisa uNqamlezo

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zibonisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo nokulingana kwentlalo ezikhuthazana ngayo.

  • Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yaphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, iphethe ukuba “yahlula kodwa iyalingana” ngokwemvelo ayilingani. Nangona eli tyala laziwa ngokuyintloko ngohlalutyo olulinganayo lokhuseleko, likwaquka inkqubo efunekayo kuba ikhutshwa abantwana abamnyama benkululeko yokuya kwisikolo ngokwamathelo alinganayo nabantwana abamhlophe. Isigqibo saqonda ukuba umlinganiselo osesikweni wenkqubo (ii-aces kwisikolo) yayingenantsingiselo ngaphandle kovavanyo oluncinci olungalinganiyo kwimfundo namathuba.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (63) waqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso kubamangalelwa abagwebi abangengomthetho abakwinkqubo yeSithandathu neyeshumi elinesine. Eli tyala lifakelwe ngqo inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokulingana kwentsebenziswano: ngaphandle kwegqwetha, ummangalelwa ongekho semthethweni akanakuthatha inxaxheba kwinkxaso yabo. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba inkqubo efunekayo yokuthethelela ifuna uncedo olungaphaya koluvolo; ifuna uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko, uvimba oxhomekeke ekufikeleleni okungenasiphelo.
  • ILenssée v. ILane [2004]) ithetha ngokufikelela ngokoqobo kwizindlu zenkundla zabantu abaneziphene. Inkundla yathi iSihlomelo II samaMelika AneMithetho Ekhubazekileyo sisebenza ngokusemthethweni kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMmiselo weSigqibo seshumi Elinamashumi Amane anesine, ngenxa yokuba ngaphandle kokufikelela ngokoqobo, abantu abaneziphene abanakusebenzisa amalungelo abo afanelekileyo enkqubo. Le meko idityaniswe ngokucacileyo nenkqubo engokwentlalo-ntle ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente asuse imiqobo yokwakha.

Izithintelo ezicwangcisiweyo kwinkqubo elungele ukulingana

Nangona kukho ezi meko ziphawulekayo, imiqobo yesixokelelwano isathintela inkqubo efunekayo ukuba ingabikho ngokulinganayo kubo bonke.

  • Imiqobo yezoqoqosho: Indleko yokuqesha igqwetha, ukuhlawula amangqina ochwepheshe, okanye ukuthatha ixesha lokuphuma ukuze uvele enkundleni ingathintela abantu abangenayo. Iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke ziphantsi ngokungapheliyo, zikhokelela ekuthwaleni kwemingeni eyenza ukuba umelo lungabi nampumelelo.
  • [[NTL:0] imiqobo yolwimi kunye nokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala: Imicimbi yasemthethweni yenziwa ngesiNgesi sobugcisa, enokuba nzima ukuyiqonda kwizithethi ezingezodidi okanye kubantu abangakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala. Ngaphandle kotoliko okanye izinto eziselubala, inkqubo efunekayo iba ngumgaqo-siseko weprocrasy ngaphandle kwentsingiselo esezantsi.
  • Imiqobo yezothutho nezobugcisa: iindawo zasemaphandleni zisoloko zinezindlu ezincinci zenkundla kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo olusemthethweni. Imigama yokuhamba inokuba mide, kwaye izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zinokuba zingekho. Kubantu abaneziphene okanye abanesifo esinganyangekiyo, ukufikelela ngokoqobo kwizindlu zamatyala kuhlala kuyingxaki eqhubekayo.
  • ucalucalulo olukhoyo kunye nohlanga: olupheleleyo phakathi kwabagwebi, abatshutshisi, kunye namajaji angakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingqwabalala kubantu abanombala, kwanaxa iinkqubo zingekho ngqiqweni. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, izivakalisi ezinyanzelekileyo, kunye nokungacaluli izivakalisi ezifunekayo ekucebiseni zonke izinto zibonisa indlela enokuthi iphazanyiswe ngayo bubuhlanga benkqubo.
  • Ulwahlulo lwe Digital:[[FT:1] Njengoko iinkundla zihamba zisiya zisiya kwimigangatho ye-intanethi", ingakumbi emva kwesifo se-COVID-19, abantu abangenayo intlawulo ethembekileyo ye-intanethi okanye ukufunda amanani batsala nzima. Iindlebe zenyani zingaphucula ukufikelela kwabanye kodwa zenzele abanye imiqobo emitsha.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Efanelekileyo Nobulungisa Bentlalo Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Ngoxa imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana kwentlalo imiselwe kakuhle kwingcamango, bajamelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo oluqhubekayo ekusebenzeni. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwakhula, kwabangela umahluko othe ngqo ekumelweni komthetho. Inkqubo yokugweba, ngokukodwa, iye yagxekwa ngokuphatha amalungelo enkqubo enkqubano njengengakhethwanga amahlwempu. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kwamaqumrhu olawulo kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezezorhwebo kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nenkqubo “engaphambili” ngokwezenzo ezisoloko zingenayo imigaqo yokukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kweenkundla zezaphuli-mthetho.

Utshintsho Nenjongo Yovavanyo

Inkqubo yebheyile yemali eUnited States ngumzekelo ocacileyo woxinzeleleko oluphakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana kwentlalo. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi bengakwazi ukuthenga ibheyile, bahlala entolongweni iiveki okanye iinyanga phambi kokuvavanywa, kwanokuba bacingelwa ukuba bamsulwa. Oku kohlwaya ubuhlwempu ngempumelelo. Oku kubandakanya ukuba ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kusekelwe kumngcipheko wokubhabha okanye kwingozi kuluntu, hayi kumandla okuhlawula. Imigudu yotshintsho, enjenge-New Jersey uhlaziso lotshintsho nomthetho othe ngqo waseCalifornia, injongo yokuhlanganisa ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango emiselwe imigaqo efanelekileyo ngexa kuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yobuhlanga kunye nokurhoxisana kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ezi nguqulelo zijongenenkcaso yezo zezopolitiki kunye nocelomngeni.

IiNkundla zoQhubekeko kunye neNkqubo eQumrhu

Iinkqubo zokuhlalisa zizinto zoburhulumente kunokuba zibe zezolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo oluninzi lwenkqubo alusebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo. Abahlali abajongene nokugxothwa abaqinisekiswanga ligqwetha elimiselweyo likarhulumente, nangona izibonda (ezichasene nelizwe, ukwahlukana kwentsapho) zinokuba mandundu njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Imiqobo yeelwimi, ukunqongophala komelo olusemthethweni, kunye nabagwebi abajongene nokusebenza kwemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango efunekayo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwebutho labantu. Amaqela ee-adcacy abenzele aye abizela iinkqubo zendalo yonke kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo lweenkundla ze-American Liberies Union, inkqubo yangoku “ngoku ijongenexabiso elisisiseko lenkqubo yokungalawuleki.”

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Ukudibana kwamapolisa kuvavanya imida yenkqubo efunekayo ngexesha lokwenene. Uhlaziyo lwesine lufuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kube sengqiqweni, kodwa iindlela zobupolisa ezinamandla ezijoliswe kwimimandla yemibala engafaniyo. Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd kunye nokuqhathwa okulandelayo kwabalaselisa indlela efanelekileyo yokuthintelwa ngamandla agqithisileyo nokungaphenduli. Utshintsho olufana neekhamera zequmrhu, iibhodi zobuveleli bamapolisa, kunye nophando oluzimeleyo lokudubula amagosa asebenza ngokuzibophelele kwimilo yemithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nenkcubeko, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuyaphikiswa.

Ukukhuthaza Ukulingana Ngotshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni: Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo

Ukuqinisa unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana kwentlalo kufuna utshintsho lwenkqubo kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko kumsebenzi osemthethweni. Ngasezantsi ziinkalo ezingundoqo zohlaziyo ezinokwenza inkqubo efunekayo ibe yeyokwenene kubo bonke.

Inika Unikezelo kumelo lwasemthethweni

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo kukunikezela ngamagqwetha kwabo bangakwaziyo ukufikelela kuwo. Oku kuthetha ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo iinkqubo zokukhusela uluntu, njengoko kufuneka Gideon v. Wainfright[, kodwa kwandisa uncedo olusemthethweni lwamakhaya. Ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zamakhaya. Ngokungathi kukhutshwe, ukugcinwa kwetyala labantwana, okanye imbutho yetyala, njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngokwemithetho-siseko, kodwa imimandla emininzi iye yabungela “inkqubo kaGidiyon. Umzekelo, iNew York City inikela umelo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni kwinkundla yezindlu zezindlu zasekhaya kubasebenzi abangenisiweyo. Imibutho efana ne-FLT [FL:] [FFF:] [FLT]

Uphuhliso lweenkqubo zomthetho nolwimi

Iinkundla kunye namaqumrhu olawulo kufuneka amkele iifomu, imiyalelo, kunye nokuchophela. Amaziko okuzinceda akwizindlu zenkundla anganceda abasebenzi abakwiziko lenkundla. Amazwana amaninzi aye asungula “ukwenziwa kwengcaciso yomthetho wesizwe” amanyathelo okwenza umthetho wentsapho, iingxelo ezincinane, kunye namatyala okugxothwa anokungabi nangxaki. Kumgangatho worhulumente, iNgqungquthela ye-Admini yoMzantsi eUnited States icebise ukuba abameli basebenzise ulwimi olucacileyo kwaye banike ingcaciso ecacileyo yamalungelo kunye neenkqubo zokubhena. Ezi zinguqulelo zinciphisa imfuneko yegqwetha, ngaloo ndlela zinyusa inkqubela efunekayo kwabo bangamele bamele imelo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kobuxhakaxhaka EBridge, Kungekhona Ukukhula, Kungumsantsa

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungaphucula ukufikelela kubulungisa ukuba busetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Iiqonga zesigqibo se-intanethi, ukubonakala kwenkundla okuziinyani, kunye nokuthobela kobungqina bamanani kunokuzigcina ixesha kwaye kuncitshiswe uhambo. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo kufuneka zenziwe ngofikelelo engqondweni(ukulungiselela ukuhambelana kwabafundi bekhusi, ukubonelela iinkonzo zokutolika, kunye nokunika ezinye iindlela zokutolika ezingena Internet. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo eMichigan nase-Arizona zivavanye iinkqubo ze-intanethi ukwenzela amatikiti emoto kunye nezinto ezincinci ezifunwa ngabantu, kodwa kufuneka zigade zikhusele ulwahluzo lwamanani, ingakumbi abantu abadala, abafumana imali ephantsi, kunye nabemi basemaphandleni.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya

Ukufumana nokusicombulula isigwebo, iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka ziqokelele zize zipapashe ugcino-lwazi lwamanani abantu ngeziphumo zetyala, amazinga omelo, kunye namava okumela. Umzekelo, iziko lesizwe leeNkundla zeBhunga leSizwe lincomela ukuba iinkundla zilandelela iiyantlukwano zobuhlanga kunye nezobuzwe ekuvalelweni kwangaphambili, isigwebo, kunye nezigwebo ezimiselweyo. Ugcino-lwazi olucacileyo luvumela abameli ukuba bachaze apho ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo kuqatha kakhulu kwaye balinganise iziphumo zotshintsho. Imibutho efana ne Vara Institute of Justity ikhokele amanyathelo ogcino-data olwazi-operation, kunye nezigwebo okunga okungagqibeleliswa komcimo.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko yokusesikweni kunye

Inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana akuyonjongo yokukhuphisana; ziinguqu ezimbini zengqekembe enye. Inkqubo efuna inkqubano efanelekileyo kodwa etyeshelayo imilinganiselo yoluntu ichane ngokusesikweni kodwa ingenabulungisa. Ngokuchasene noko, inkqubo esukela ngokusesikweni ngaphandle kokuzikhusela okunzima; ifuna ukuzinikela kokuzibophelela kokubini: ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, uhlanga, ulwimi, okanye amandla, unethuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa nokukhusela amalungelo akhe. Oku akuyiyo kuphela imbopheleleko ekwabelanayo yabagwebini, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nabemi abakholelwa kwisithembiso somthetho olinganayo. Njengoko iNkunye iNkukhundla ephakamileyo ibhale ityala elungileyo, ingumzekelo, ingumthetho ofanelekileyo, ingumthetho obalulekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa i [[QULT: 0] iCornell Incamery Information efunekayo yeqela lezolwazi , umsebenzi ACLU] kutshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye ne Iziko logcino-lwazi lobulungisa lwe-Dialue.]