Ukwazisa: Indlela Ingcamango Eba Nguyo Umthetho Welizwe

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yindawo ye-injini yedemokhrasi emele igqitywe ngabameli. Iguqula inkxalabo zikawonke-wonke, iingcebiso zoogcisa, kunye nezinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika zibe yimithetho elawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla — ukusuka kwisantya nemithetho yerhafu ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. Abafundi, abafundisi-mfundo, kunye nabemi abatshayelelayo, ukuqonda inyathelo ngalinye ukusuka kwizicelo zokudlulisa asiyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo nje kuphela; kukulungiselela okufunekayo ukuze uthathe inxaxheba kubomi babantu. Eli nqaku linikela ukwenziwa komgaqo-wiso-mthetho wenkqubo eUnited States, kunye neenkqulukwano ezandiswa ngokweenkcukacha kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yekomiti, iinkqubo zenkomfa yolawulo, kunye nezenzo zolawulo lwemithetho-siseko. Ngoxa inkqubo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko solawulo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho ohlala usenziwa ngomthetho-siseko solawulo lwesizwe.

1. Isigqibo soMthetho: Apho Imvelaphi

Umthetho ngamnye uqala njengengcamango. Izixhobo zomthetho zomGaqo-siseko ziqala njengegcisa. Amasebe alawulayo, oorhulumente, oorhulumente, iintlangano zendlu okanye zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. Kodwa ke, [[FLT: 0] iziphelo zeengcamango zemithetho yemithetho zibanzi kakhulu kuneCapitol Hill. Amasebe alawulayo, oorhulumente, iintlangano zezemfundo, iingcali zemfundo, kunye neenkcubeko eqhelekileyo zinikela zonke izicelo. Umzekelo, iCheac Air Act amentments zomment zomnyaka ka 1990 zancelo withi owe kwiCapitoll. Ngeminyaka ephakathi yeSikhungo soKhuselo lwezithintelo, lobugqeqeshini lomthetho wengca zakhiwe ngemiv kunye nesakhiwo sombulo.

Xa umgcini-mthetho echaza imfuneko yomthetho omtsha, ingcamango kufuneka ifakwe kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni. Olu xwebhu lwedrafti luquka isiqu, isandulela senjongo, kunye namacandelo abhalwe ngenyameko achaza iimfuno ezintsha, izigwebo, okanye iinkqubo. Isiluleko somthetho sobuGcisa — amagqwetha aqeshiweyo yiNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlela zolawulo — anceda abenzi bomthetho ekulungiseni ulwimi oluchanekileyo oluphepha ukungachananga nokumelana nocelomngeni olusemthethweni. Imali isenokuba yi- eyamkelekileyo [iii.] (iiiiiiiiindawo yomthetho esetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke) okanye ] [ir.inceda abenzi bomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ogama lingumntu ogama lingumntu ogama lingumntu, ogama lingu-vscreantyodwa njengomthetho)

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uMongameli unakho ukumisela umthetho. Ngoxa uMongameli engenakuzisa ityala ngqo, ulawulo lusoloko luthumela idrafti kumenzi-mthetho onobuhlobo oyamkelayo — umkhwa obizwa ngokuba yi "Isivumelwano sentsebenziswano" imizekelo yakutshanje iquka i-Inflact Reduction Act kunye ne-Infrablic Resure Investivationment and Jobs Act, zombini ezi zinto zivela kwizinto eziphambili kwindlu yabamhlophe.

Iintlobo zezinyathelo zomthetho

Ngaphaya komthetho oqhelekileyo (owatyunjwa ngeH.R. kwiNdlu, kwiNdlu yeQela), iKhonkqulu isebenzisa ezinye iintlobo eziliqela zeenqwelo-mafutha zowiso-mthetho:

  • [[NTL:0] Izisombululo ze-Imeta (H.J.Res. okanye S.J.Res.) — ziyafana kwimali kodwa zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela intengiso yomgaqo-siseko okanye ukugunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali yongxamiseko. Zifuna utyikityo lukaMongameli ngaphandle kokuba zicebisa ukubuyiselwa, okufuna ii-3 ezimbini zamagumbi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngamazwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Izisombululo zangoku (H.Con.Res. okanye S.Con.Res) — ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela uqingqo-mali, ukumisela imiyalelo yokungqinelana, okanye ukuchaza ingqiqo yeBhunga. Abanawo amandla omthetho kwaye abanikelwanga kuMongameli.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izisombululo ezilula (H.Res. okanye S.Res.) — singatha imicimbi yangaphakathi yegumbi elinye, efana nokwamkela imithetho okanye ukubeka abantu ngabanye. Ayisayinwa nguMongameli.

Ukuqonda le micalulo kubalulekile kuba igama elithi "bill" lisoloko lisetyenziswa lula kodwa indlela yesixhobo sokuyila iyahluka kancinci kuxhomekeka kwisithuthi.

2. Ukwazisa iBhili: Isiqalo

Emva kokuchwetheza, ityala liveliswa ngokusemthethweni kwigumbi elinye. Endlini, ilungu libeka uxwebhu kwi "intelekelelo" — ibhokisi eyenziwe ngomthi kwidesika yomabhalane wendlu. KwiBhunga lendlu, isalathisi sendlu silizisa phantsi. Intshayelelo ibangela izenzo ezintathu ezingundoqo:

  • Uxwebhu lufumana [[NTL: 0] inani (umz., H.R. 1234 okanye S. 567) elinika umqwalaseli osisigxina.
  • I- ibhaliwe — ngokuqhelekileyo umbhali oyintloko nommeli.
  • Imali inikwe ikomiti esekelwe kumbandela obalulekileyo (umz., imali yempilo isiya kwiKomiti yempilo, yemfundo, yeSebe, yeSebe, neyoMkhosi).

Intshayelelo ikwaqalisa ingxelo kawonke-wonke. Oku kubhaliweyo okupheleleyo, ingxelo exhasayo, kunye nolwazi lwezikhombisi zipapashwa kwi-intanethi nge-intanethi kwi-ofisi yoPhuhliso yoRhulumente kunye namanxuwa anjenge .Gov — uvimba obalaseleyo kubafundisi kunye nabafundi abagcina umthetho wexesha lokwenene.

Indima Yezikhonkwane

Kuba umlomo omnye unokuba nempembelelo elinganiselweyo, abaxhasi basoloko befumana izikhuseli-mali — abanye abenzi bomthetho abaphawula inkxaso yabo ngokudibanisa amagama abo ngaphambi okanye emva kwentshayelelo. Uluhlu olukhulu lwemali lubonisa inkxaso ebanzi kwaye luphucula amathuba emali yokwamkela ingqalelo yekomiti. Noko ke, ikhoponsora ayiqinisekisi ukudlula; iityala ezininzi ezinabankwi 100 abaxhasi abakhange bafumane ivoti yomgangatho.

3. Impinda yeKomiti: IHoseshi yeNkqutyana

IiKomiti zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba "ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinane" ngenxa yokuba zenza umsebenzi omkhulu onkcunkcaye. Ngamalungu angama-535 kwiBhunga, akunakwenzeka ukuba wonke umenzi womthetho ahlolisise zonke iimali. Endaweni yoko, umthetho ufaneleke kwiikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezisebenza ngeingcali ezigcina iindlebe, zihlole izibakala, ziphawule ityala.

Ukuva Nobungqina

Xa kubhekiswa kwityala, isitulo sekomiti — ngokuqhelekileyo ilungu leqela elinoxanduva oluphezulu — sifumana inkcazelo ekwingxelo yamangqina ahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka:

  • Amagosa karhulumente (umz., iintloko zemibutho, iijaji zelifa lemveli)
  • Iingcali nabaphengululi
  • Abameli bamaqela anomdla, amashishini, amaqhina okanye abantu abangeyongeniso
  • Umthetho ocetyisiweyo uchaphazela abantu ngabanye

Iindlebe zidla ngokuboniswa kuwonke-wonke kwaye zidla ngokuboniswa nge-tem, zinika iwindow kwinkqubo yokungaqiniseki. Zikwavelisa ingxelo ebhaliweyo enokucatshulwa kamva kwingxoxo yomgangatho okanye kwanakwiingxoxo zenkundla.

Intlanganiso Yokuphawula

Emva kokuva, ikomiti ingena uphawu olugqithisiweyo — intlanganiso apho amalungu acebisa ukulungisa, iinguqu, kunye nevoti kuhlobo lokugqibela lwemali ezakuthunyelwa phantsi. i-Markup ingaba yindawo yedabi: iqela elininzi lizama ukunyanzela udweliso lwalo, ngelixa iqela elincinane linika ezinye iindlela. I-patrom ephumelelayo iveza "ibhaso elicocekileyo" okanye "intenteza" elithatha indawo yombhalo wokuqala.

Asiyoendleko zonke ezisindayo kwikomiti. Abaninzi "abahleli kwikomiti" ngenxa yokuba isitulo asifuni kucwangcisa ukuva okanye ukunyusa ithambeka — uqheliselo olubizwa ngokuba yi-"pigeonholing"" kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, isicelo sokukhulula (ukufumana inkoliso yendlu) sinokunyanzelisa ukuba iphulwe kwikomiti, kodwa oku kunzima kwaye akufane kuphumelele.

Ingxelo zeKomiti

Ukuba ikomiti ivota ukuchaza ityala ngokufanelekileyo, ivelisa ingxelo yetyala — uxwebhu oluchaza injongo yetyala, ukushwankathela ukuvakala, kwaye luchaza naziphi na iziphendu. Le ngxelo ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe isizathu sokuba uxwebhu luyilwe ngendlela oluyiyo kwaye lusoloko luquka uhlalutyo lwecandelo. Kubafundi, iingxelo zekomiti zingumthombo ophambili obonisa ukuqiqa komthetho nokulalanisa.

4. Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko nokuKhuthaza kwicandelo lokuqala

Xa ityala lixelwe kwikomiti, lihamba kwi "lenda" ukuze liqwalaselwe kumgangatho. Iinkqubo zahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neBhunga leNdlu.

Iindawo zokuhamba zendlu

Indlu, enamalungu angama-435, ixhomekeke kwimida engqongqo yexesha kunye nemithetho ecwangcisiweyo. IKomiti enamandla ikhupha "umthetho" olawula ubude bengxoxo, inani leziphene ezivumelekileyo, kwaye nokuba utshintsho kufuneka lube yi-grenane (unyuso). Umthetho ovaliweyo" uyalwa na na umva; u-"umthetho ovunyiweyo" uvumela kuphela ukuba kubekho abathile. Umthetho ngokwawo mawuvunywe ngevoti enkulu phambi kokuba kuxoxwe.

Ingxoxo eMkhayeni yahlulwe phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi. Amalungu athetha ngokusuka kwisixhobo esingaphantsi kwexesha esithintelweyo — izihlandlo ezihlanu kwicala ngalinye. Indlu ngoko ivota isebenzisa inkqubo ye-elektroniki; amavoti ayabhalwa kwaye ashicilelwe. Ukuba idlula, ngu "imvume yokubhalisa" (ibhalwe kwokugqibela) kwaye ithunyelwe kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi.

Imisebenzi yeNtlanganiso

IBhunga leNtlanganiso, elinamalungu ali-100 kuphela, livumela impembelelo eninzi kakhulu. Akukho komiti yemithetho esesikweni; endaweni yoko, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zokuMamela iqwalasela amatyala phantsi "kwemvume yesivumelwano epheleleyo" izivumelwano ezixoxwe ziinkokeli zeqela. Ilungu elinye lomkhosi lingenza into lesicelo sokuvuma liphinde livale, linyanzelela uninzi lwenkokeli ukuba lusebenzise iintshukumo ezithe kratya ezifuna ama-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo.

Eyona nto idumileyo kwingxoxo yeBhunga leeNtsimbi yi- i-filibuster — iqhinga apho i-sentenet ithetha khona iiyure zokulibaziseka okanye ukubulala ityala. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, i-filbusters inyanzelisa iintlanganiso zomgama omde womgama omde; namhlanje, isisongelo nje se-Reaulbuster sanele ukufuna ama-60 okuvota ukucela [iiindawo enzima] [[ (ingxoxo ephambili]). Iintlawulo ezininzi, ukusuka kumthetho wamalungelo oluntu ukuya kulungiso lwempilo, luye lwayilwe zizinto zemfazwe zehlwiwa. Umzekelo, uAffordtable Act kuMthetho wocalalse woNcelo obizwa ngokuba yiyure ezingama-2020 000 kuphela ezifunekayo.

Ioli

Ukuba impikiswano iyaphela, kukho ivoti. KwiBhunga leNtsimbi, uMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli angavota ukonakalisa iqhina. Ukuba ityala lidlula igumbi lokuqala, lishenxa kwigumbi lesibini ukwenzela inkqubo efanayo — i-parel, i-stal, ukuva, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota.

5. Ulwazelelelo Kwenye Icandelo: Ukuphinda i Gauntlet

Iibhili-ekufuneka zidlulise omabini amagumbi afanayo phambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Igumbi lesibini (ukuba umlomo uvela kwindlu, uya kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMasa, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo) alidlulisi nje isinyithi serhabha-bhabha. Ibhekisa umthetho kwikomiti, ibamba iindlebe zayo, kwaye ingenza utshintsho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uxwebhu [[FLT: 0] [ipeni] [i-FLT:1] — uhlobo olwahlukileyo oluthetha ngomxholo ofanayo.

Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa ityala ngaphandle kokulungisa, liya ngqo kuMongameli. Noko ke, umthetho omkhulu uphela ngokuphikisana, ubangela imfuneko yoxolelwaniso.

6. IKomiti yeNgqungquthela: Ukusombulula iiNkqutyana

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali, ikomiti evumelanayo idityaniselwa ukuxoxa ngolalaniso. Ikomiti ibunjwa ngamalungu aphezulu akwikomiti yolawulo lwamagumbi omabini — adla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"Izikhonkwane". Badibana emva kweminyango evaliweyo besankceshela umlomo omnye onokuthi womabini amagumbi amkele.

Inkqubo yenkomfa yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Abaququzeleli bangathethana kuphela ngemibandela eyahlukileyo phakathi kweenguqulelo; abanako ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo amalungiselelo amatsha. Ingxelo yokugqibela yenkomfa mayisayinwe luninzi lwabanikeli begumbi ngalinye, emva koko bathunyelwe kuzo zombini ezindlwini ukwenzela ukuvota okuphezulu okanye okuphantsi — akukho ziko zivunyelweyo. Ukuba igumbi elinye elingavumelaniyo, irejista yomthetho iyafa, kwaye abanikeli-mgathi kufuneka baqale okanye bavumele umthetho uhle.

Iikomiti zenkomfa ziquka ezo zavelisa ukuThoba iNkqutyana ngo-1850, uMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo ka-1935, kunye noMthetho weNtlalo-ntle neMithetho ka-2017. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kweekomiti zenkomfa kuye kwarhoxa njengenkokeli zeqela ngokuya kuxhomekeka kwingxoxo engacwangciswanga kunye nolu tshintsho oluncinane — ukudlulisa uxwebhu olude lusamkele enye igumbi.

7. Isenzo soMongameli: Isibonakaliso, iVito, okanye i-Pocket Veto

Emva kokuba la magumbi omabini evumile umthetho ofanayo, ityala libhaliswe kwiphepha lesikhumba lize lithunyelwe kwiHolo emhlophe. UMongameli uneenketho ezintathu phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo 7 loMgaqo-siseko:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho [ — uba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo.
  • Ukuvota kumthetho - buyisela kwiKhomishini ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingayigqitha ngevoti ezimbini ezikwisithathu emagumbini omabini, nto leyo enzima kodwa enzima. Ukuvota okungalawuleki kusoloko kufuna inkxaso ye-bipartisan kwaye kunqabile; ekubeni ukusekwa, ngaphantsi kwe 5% yevetoes bekungaphumelelanga.
  • [[NTLT:0] musa ukwenza nto [ — ukuba iKhomyutha iseseqesheni, intengiso iba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiiCawa ezisusiweyo). Ukuba iCongress ithethana ngezo ntsuku ezilishumi, umba ufa ngeveto i-packet , engenako ukurnon.

Amandla eveto asebenza njengovavanyo oluqatha kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt voto35 ityala (elininzi kwimbali), ngelixa uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayeneshumi elinesibini kuphela lamavili. Isisongelo seveto siyakwazi ukubumba okuqulethwe ngumthetho phambi kokuba ifikelele umongameli, njengoko abenzi bomthetho bezama ukutyikitya iindleko zendlu emhlophe.

Isiphelo Somthetho

Xa uMongameli etyikitya umthetho (okanye iNgqungquthela] ikhupha iveto), umthetho upapashwa kwi uphakamiso kwiNkulu kwaye uququzelelwe kwinkqubo ye-United States ye-United States[[. Noko ke, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayipheleli apho. Imithetho emininzi igunya eliphetheyo lokubhala imigaqo ecacisa nenyanzelisa ummiselo omtsha. Le nkqubo [[FLT:]] ibandakanya isaziso sikawonke-wonke-wonke, amagqabaza, kunye nemingeni esemthethweni — enye indawo apho abemi banokuthelela khona.

8. Indlela Yokuzalisekisa: Ukusuka ekubekeni imithetho ukuya kwindawo eyinyaniso

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho kukwinqanaba lokugqibela apho kuchaphazela abantu. IKhomishini idla ngokuchaza imihla esebenzayo, imithombo yemali, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, akukho mntwana Oshiywe Emva Komthetho ka-2001 ofunekayo ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuvavanya nokuphendula ngexesha elithile, ngelixa umThetho wesikhathalelo ubekwa kwisithuba seminyaka emininzi. Ukukhutshwa komthetho kungenziwa lixakeko, ukunqongophalala kwemingeni, ukunqongophalaza, okanye ukutshintsha kolawulo xa umongameli omtsha ethatha isikhundla.

Abafundisi bangasebenzisa inyathelo lokuzalisekisa njengexesha elifundisekayo: imithetho ayizinqumlisi. Bafuna abasebenzi borhulumente, amagosa abathobelayo, abagwebi, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babalandele baze babanyanzelise. Umthetho odlula ngesixhobo esiqhutywa ngenqwelo-moya ungathabatha iminyaka ukuzalisekisa ngokupheleleyo, okanye ungakhutshwa ngemiyalelo engagunyaziswanga kunye nemithetho egqwethekileyo.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubo Yomthetho Ibaluleke

Ukufuna ityala elisuka kwisicelo sokudlulisela idemokhrasi kutyhila izenzo zedemokhrasi — ezididayo, ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa ekugqibeleni ezi zenzo zithatha inxaxheba. Le nkqubo ithe thamsanqa ngabom kwaye ibandakanya i-vetos ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokumelana nokugocagoca. Kubafundi, ufundo lwenkqubo yemithetho ikhulisa ukufunda nokubhala, ukucingisisa, nokuxabisa ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko. Kubafundisi-mfundo, banikela umxholo othe kratya odityaniswe kwimbali, urhulumente, izakhiwo, kunye neziganeko zangoku.

Ukuntywila nzulu, qwalasela indlela engundoqo yokukhangela izinto ezisuka kumthombo woovimba besizwe, ukulandela isibhengezo se-.gov., okanye ukubukela intlanganiso ephilayo okanye yomgangatho weBhunga elidlula kwi-C-SPAN. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enikwa ngayo amandla abemi ukuba babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo — nokuba ngokunxibelelana nabameli babo, ngokungqina, okanye ngokusuka nje ngokuvota ngolwazi ngendlela imigaqo elawula ngayo ubomi babo.

Umongo owongezelelekileyo ngendlela iinkqubo zepalamente ezahluke ngayo, i-website yePalamente ayiniki uthelekiso olulungileyo, kwaye inika u-SUSA.gov inkcazo yento ekhoyo[ inika isishwankathelo esifutshane esisemthethweni. Ukufunda amanyathelo enkqubo yowisomthetho asiyo nje inkqubo yeklasi — bubuchule obusisiseko bobumi obunetyala nakweyiphi na idemokhrasi.