Isiseko Seemfuno Ezingummangaliso

UMthetho wesine oLandlisiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela umgaqo-siseko wesifungo sokuba abemi banelungelo lokukhutshelwa, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo ezichasene nokuphandwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Lo mGaqo-siseko umisela isiseko esisemthethweni somgaqo-siseko sokwenza imvume, ufuna ukuba isiqinisekiso kuphela singqinelane ityala elinokwenzeka, sixhaswe sisohlwayo okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi ukuchaza indawo yokuphehlwaywa kunye nabantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa. Ngoxa oku kulungiswa ngokuhambelana kunqamleza urhulumente kunye nemithetho eququlukileyo ngemfundiso eququlukileyo yeSinyuso-14th Amend, ukuphunyezwa kwezimfuno-luko kusenokusuka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwenkqubo yorhulumente kunye nenkundla yombuso ngamnye.

Ukuqonda oku kungafaniyo asikokuqhelisela nje izifundiswa zemfundo ezingokwasemthethweni. Amagosa omthetho, amagqwetha, abatshutshisi, nabagwebi kufuneka basebenzise le migaqo mihla le ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengululwa nokuxhuzula kuxhomekeke ekuvutheni okusemthethweni. Isiqinisekiso esiza kuzalisekisa imilinganiselo karhulumente efunekayo yenkqubo ethile, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Eli nqaku lihlola umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweemfuno zikarhulumente nezombuso, ukunika iingcali zomthetho ezinolwazi olunzulu ngendlela yokufumana imiyalelo enokuthi iqhubeke iqwalaselwa kuyo nayiphi nayiphi na indlela.

Iimfuno Eziyintabalala Kwinkundla Yomanyano

Inkqubo yogunyaziso karhulumente isebenza phantsi kweMimiselo yeSizwe yoMbutho woMphathi-mthetho, echaza ngokukhethekileyo iMithetho 41, enika iinkcukacha zenkqubo zokufumana, ukwenza, kunye nokubuyisa izicelo zokukhangela nokubanjwa. Izivumelwano zoMatshi-mikhosi kufuneka zikhutshwe ngumgwebi wephondo okanye, kwiimeko ezithile, ngumgwebi wenkundla yesithili yengingqi yengingqi. Le nkqubo ibekwe phantsi kakhulu kuzo zonke izithili zikarhulumente, nangona isenokubakho iinguqu ezincinane kwimithetho yesithili sasekuhlaleni.

Iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zeMbango kwiNkundla yoMasipala

Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuba isizathu esinokwenzeka simiselwe nge-affidavit efunwe ngegosa lomthetho. Le komiti isebenza ngokutshayelela kufuneka iqulathe izibakala kunye neemeko ezaneleyo ukukhokela umntu onolwazelelelo ukukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ezakukhangelwa okanye umntu oza kubanjwa uwenze isaphuli-mthetho. Iinkundla zeFrederal zisebenzisa umlinganiselo wemeko [ uvavanyo olumiselwe [[FLT:]] ii-Illinois v. , oluvumela abagwebi ukuba benze izigqibo ezisebenzayo, eziqhelekileyo ukuba ngaba kukho na sizathu esisekelwe kulwazi olukhoyo.

Imvume yomanyano kufuneka yanelise imfuneko ekhethekileyo ngokuchanekileyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo ezakuphendwa, kuquka idilesi epheleleyo, inkcazelo yesakhiwo, kwakunye naziphi na izinto ezahlula indawo kwezinye. Izinto ezifanele zibanjwe kufuneka zichazwe ngokungqalileyo ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda uphengululo jikelele. Iinkundla zeFederal zidibanise isiqinisekiso apho inkcazelo yezinto zazibanzi kakhulu, njengemvume egunyazisa ukuphazanyiswa kwawo onke amaxwebhu okanye iirekhodi ngaphandle komdaba.

Iinkqubo zomkhosi womanyano kunye nemida yexesha

Umthetho womanyano womthetho we-Creastil Procedire 41 ubeka imida engqongqo yexesha kukwenziwa kwemithetho yengingqi yorhulumente. Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela masisetyenziswe ngeentsuku ezili-14 ukusuka kumhla wobunyani, emva kokuba imvume iba yingasebenzi kwaye ifanele iphinde ivunyelwe. Imvume yokubanjwa ayithwali ixesha elinye elilinganayo kuba iimeko ezithethelela ukubanjwa ngokubanzi azinaxesha laneleyo. Imithetho yomkhosi kufuneka isetyenziswe ngexesha lomhla ngaphandle kokuba umahluleli okhuphayo ugunyaziso lwenkonzo yasebusuku esekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo esiboniswayo.

Inkqubo karhulumente ikwafuna ukuba abaphathi banikezele ikopi yemvume kunye nerisithi yayo nayiphi na impahla ethatyathweyo okanye yathatyathwa. Kwixesha elifanelekileyo emva kokubulawa, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babuyise isiqinisekiso kwaye banike uluhlu lwempahla ebanjiweyo kumgwebi okhuphayo. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuphendula nokunika ingxelo yohlalutyo lwezomthetho ukuba ngaba imvume icelwe kamva.

Izixhobo zombane zombane

Umthetho womanyano uqulethe amalungiselelo akhethekileyo emvumelo yokuhlola nge-elektroniki phantsi kweSihloko III soLawulo loCrime kunye noMthetho weZitrato Ezikhuselekileyo ka-1968, kunye noMthetho woNxibelelwano oluBonelweyo ukwenzela ubungqina bamanani. Le mimiselo ibeka iimfuno ezongezelelweyo ngaphaya kwemiyalelo esesikweni, kuquka nemfuno ezicutha ukuthintelwa kokunxibelelana okungahambelani nophando. Imvume yezombane ifuna ukuvunywa kweSebe lomgangatho ophezulu wabaphathi bezobulungisa kwaye iphantsi koluvo oluthe kokugqibela logwebo olunemiqatha kuneemfaneleko eziqhelekileyo.

Iimfuno Ezisisongelo Kwinkundla Yetyala

Iinkqubo zeSizwe ezigunyazisa isiseko somgaqo-siseko soMgaqo-siseko wesi-45 WoMthetho oLandlisiweyo kodwa zisebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho karhulumente yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe agcina iimfuno zesiqinisekiso ezifanayo nemilinganiselo karhulumente, ngoxa amanye efumene amalungiselelo angakumbi okukhusela phantsi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente wawo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba oorhulumente bangayinyanzela imithetho engqongqo kunemithetho karhulumente, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aye enjenjalo kwiindawo ezisusela kwiinjongo ezifanelekileyo zokumisela imigaqo yokubulala.

Umahluko woRhulumente kwimigangatho ehambelanayo yezizathu

Ngelixesha onke amajelo efuna unobangela olindelekileyo wemvume, imigangatho yokufumana isizathu esilindelekileyo ingohluka kakhulu. Amanye amajelo alandela ugqibo lwemeko olupheleleyo ukusuka ku [FLT: 0] iIllinois v. Amasango, kodwa amanye alulahlile olu vavanyo oluthe tye lwemitya emibini edityanisiweyo ukusuka ku Alinalar v. Texas kunye [[FLT:] Spinellillic v. United States. Phantsi kovavanyo olubini oluzinzileyo, uvavanyo olusekelwe kulwazi olusuka kulwazi olumele lwazinziweyo.

Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zaseNew York ngokwembali ziye zasebenzisa imilinganiselo yazo ekuhloleni iinkcazo zokwaziswa, zifuna ukungqinelana okuninzi kuneenkundla zikarhulumente. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zaseKhalifoniya zitolike umGaqo-siseko waseKhalifoniya ukulungiselela ukuphengulula nokukhuselwa okungakumbi kunemfuneko yoMphetho-mda wesine, ingakumbi malunga nokuphengululwa kwezithuthi okungenagunyaziswayo nokulindelwe kwemfihlelo kwiindawo ezithile.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeNkundla yaseRhulumente kunye noLawulo lwezeejaji

Imvume yezombuso ikhutshwa ngabagwebi okanye iijaji zikarhulumente, kwaye umgangatho wobuveleli bomthetho wahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kolawulo. Kwamanye amazwe, izicelo zifuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe izicelo zokujongana neejaji ezingqongqo zisoloko zibuzwa ngamagosa ngesiseko esiyinyaniso sonobangela onokwenzeka. Kwamanye amazwe, inkqubo yokuhlola isenokubekwa ngamaqela angakumbi, kunye nabagwebi abamkela ii-affidavits ngexabiso lobuso ngaphandle kwengxaki ezicacileyo.

Imithetho yezomthetho yahluka-hlukeneyo ngokuphathelele ukuba ngubani onokuthi asebenzise imiyalelo. Imithetho yomkhosi ifunyanwa ngamagosa omthetho karhulumente anjenge-FBI, DEA, okanye abameli be-ATF. Izivumelwano zikarhulumente zingafunyanwa ngamapolisa karhulumente, amaphondo, amagosa amapolisa kamasipala, nakwamanye amazwe, ngamagosa omthetho okanye nangabemi bobucala abakwimeko ezilinganiselweyo. Ifomu ezisetyenziswayo zemvume yezicelo zikarhulumente ziyahluka ngokubanzile, namanye amazwe afuna iinkcukacha ze-ffidavits kwiimeko ezisesikweni zomgangatho wombuso, ngelixa amanye amagosa kamasipalapala evumela ubungqina bomlomo phantsi kwesifungo somlomo.

Imithetho ekhethekileyo kaRhulumente yokuPhunyelwa kweMiqathango eGqibayo

Imithetho yelizwe elawula ukwenziwa kwemiyalelo ingahluka kakhulu kwimithetho yesizwe. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba iwiswe phakathi kwesakhelo esifutshane kunexesha elifutshane elikwi-14 lemini, kunye namanye amazwe afuna ukubulawa phakathi kwe 48 ukuya kumashumi asixhenxe eeyure. Imithetho emalunga nokubulawa ebusuku iyahluka, namanye amazwe athintela ukuphengulula ebusuku ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezithile zibonisiwe, lo gama amanye ebeka umthwalo kumthetho oya kuqikelezwa ukubulawa kwemini.

Imfuneko yokunkqonkqoza kunye nokukhupha inika omnye ummandla womahluko wesizwe. Ngelixesha umthetho worhulumente ufuna abaphathi ukuba bavakalise ubukho babo nenjongo yabo phambi kokungena, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba le mfuneko ayigunyaziswanga ngokwemithetho-siseko kuzo zonke iimeko. Amanye amaphondo afake imfuno zokunkqonkqoza kunye nokukhupha imiyalelo kumthetho, ngaphandle kweemeko apho isaziso singaba yingozi okanye singancedi. Amanye amazwe aye amkela imilinganiselo engakumbi ekhuselayo ekungasetyenziswani komnqikela kwiimeko ezigqithiseleyo kuphela.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Phakathi Kwamajoni Kazwelonke Namazwe

Imilinganiselo esemthethweni ukwenzela unobangela ofanelekileyo

Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwemfuno zegunya lesizwe nelaseburhulumenteni ukwimigangatho esetyenziselwa ukuseka unobangela onokwenzeka. Iinkundla zoManyano zisebenzisa uvavanyo olupheleleyo lweemeko ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izithili.

Isicelo esigunyazisayo esizakwanelisa ngokulula ijaji yephondo singalahlwa yijaji yesizwe efuna ukungqinelana ngokuzimeleyo nobungqina bolwazi lukamamkeli. Iingcali zomthetho kufuneka ziluqaphele umgangatho osebenzayo kulawulo lwazo kwaye zilungise nezicelo ezigunyazisayo ngoko. iCornell Legal Information Institute inika ukhokelo olubanzi kwimiqathango elindelekileyo yesizathu [ ngaphaya kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Uxwebhu

Imithetho yomthetho efanayo elandelwayo kwiinkqubo zoMthetho 41 weFederal Rules of Criminal Procedare, idala ukungaguquguquki kuzo zonke ii-onke amagunya orhulumente. Iinkqubo zemvume zikarhulumente ziyahluka ngokwemithetho yesizwe, imithetho yenkundla, kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe afuna izicelo ezigunyazisiweyo ukuba zinikezelwe ngokobuqu, ngoxa amanye evumela izicelo zoxwebhu okanye ze-elektroniki. Iimfuno zoxwebhu ziyahluka, namanye amazwe afuna ukubhaliswa kwezibhengezo ze-affidavits kunye nezinye ezifuna ukungavunyelwa phantsi kwesohlwayo ye-pejury.

Inkqubo yokubuya yemiqondiso ephumezekileyo ibonisa omnye umahluko wento eyenzekayo. Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sibuyiselwe kumphathi okhuphayo onoludwe lwempahla ebanjiweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukubuya ngenani elithile lentsuku, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukubuya ngexesha elifanelekileyo kogunyaziso lungaphumela ekucinezelweni kobungqina kuloo mazwe nangona ukulibazisa okufanayo kungasayi kubulala kwinkundla yorhulumente.

Umda wegunya kunye nezinxaxhi

Imithetho karhulumente ingayiqaphela into engaqhelekanga kwimfuneko yokuba umthetho karhulumente ungagunyaziswa, okanye isenokuyivala imvume yaloo mthetho karhulumente. Ukuhamba ngemoto kunika umzekelo oluncedo. Iinkundla zomanyano zivumela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwezithuthi ukuba ikho, okusekelwe ekuhambeleni kwezithuthi nokulindela okuncitshisiweyo. Amanye amazwe, anjenge New Jersey nePennsylvania, abeke isikelwe umda umahluko wenqwelo-moto phantsi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente, ofuna imfuneko yokuphengulula imoto xa kunokwenzeka ukuba ikho, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezikhoyo.

Uphando lokuvumela lukwabonisa umahluko phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente neyaserhulumente. Iinkundla zoMasipala zisebenzisa umgangatho wokuvuma ngokuzithandela osekelwe kwimo epheleleyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kwamkele ilungelo labo lokwala, kwaye ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesaziso esinjalo bungacinywa. Umlinganiselo wegunya lesithathu lokuvuma kwesahlulo sesizwe.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Abagwebi bamagqwetha abamanyeneyo bafumana uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwaye baqhelene kakhulu nomgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo sesine kunabagwebi bakarhulumente abasingatha uludwe olubanzi lwemicimbi yomthetho. Olu lwazi lungachaphazela indlela ezibuzwe ngayo iizicelo eziqwalaselwayo. Oomatiloshe bamasebe bangayisebenzisa imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo kwiimeko ezithile ngenxa yolawulo lwabo oluphambili kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nolwazi lwabo neFederal Gamel of Criminal Procedature.

Abagwebi belizwe, ingakumbi abo bakwimimandla yasemaphandleni okanye iinkundla zolawulo ezisikelwe umda, banokuba namava ambalwa ngezicelo ezinzima. Noko ke, iijaji zikarhulumente kwimimandla emikhulu yesixeko zingaphatha umthamo ophezulu wezicelo zemvume kwaye zibe nobuchule obubalulekileyo. Umahluko kubuchule bokugweba kwiimeko zombuso kudala umahluko kwindlela iimfuno zesiqinisekiso ezisetyenziswa ngayo. I-ofisi yolawulo ye-U.S. Iinkundla zinika ulwazi olunenkcukacha kwi-jajingatha yolulo lwamajaji noxanduva [.

Abahlukileyo Kwimithetho Engqongqo Engaphaya Kwemigwebo

Inkqubo zorhulumente norhulumente ziyavuma ukuba zikho iindidi ezifunekayo, kodwa umlinganiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zimkhethe kwahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda oku kwahluka-hlukene kubalulekile kumagosa asebenza kumacala aphakamileyo omthetho nakumagqwetha akhuselayo acel ’ umngeni uphando olungenasiqinisekiso.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iinkundla zomanyano zivuma iimeko ezibonisa ukuba zikho ngokuchasene nemfuneko efunekayo, ukuvumela ukuphengululwa xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, ukukhusela ubomi, okanye ukukhusela ukuphuma. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zidla ngokuziqonda iimeko ezingqinelanayo ezingafaniyo, kodwa iimeko ezizinyani ezizizo ezohlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuboniswa kongxamiseko kakhulu kuneenkundla zikarhulumente eziya kufuna, ingakumbi ngokutshatyalaliswa kobungqina ekuphengululweni kweziyobisi.

Umahluko woluntu, ovumela ukuba kubekho amaxwebhu angenasiqinisekiso xa amagosa ebandakanyekile kwimisebenzi engahambelaniyo nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho, athatyathwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiimithetho-mthetho. Amanye amazwe aye andisa oku kukhetha ukuze aquke uvavanyo lwentlalo-ntle kunye noncedo longxamiseko, lo gama amanye amazwe emisele isicelo sawo sokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa ngomthetho.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubopha ucalucalulo sivumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule uvale umbanjwa kunye nendawo ekufuphi ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Umthetho womanyano, ulandela .Chimel v. California kunye kunye [[FLT]] ne-Arizona v. Gant, ilinganisela indawo yokukhangela kumntu obanjwayo kunye nendawo ephakathi kolawulo olukhawulezileyo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela oku kwahluka-phangaleleyo, lo nto ithintelwe ukuphendla ngetyala elincinane okanye umgama ophakathi kwezithuthi ukuze abanjwe ngokungqongqo kunangemthetho wesizwe ofunekayo.

Iinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe ziye zathi ukuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye amatyala angengowokugcinwa kwabantwana achasene nomgaqo-siseko owiswe phantsi koMthetho wesi-4. Le mithetho icacileyo yephondo ibangela imiqathango ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuloo mithetho.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Imbono ecacileyo ivumela ukuphazanyiswa kobungqina obungagwetyelwanga obuthi bubonwe ngokucacileyo xa amagosa ekho ngokusemthethweni. Iinkundla zomkhosi kunye norhulumente zidla ngokuyisebenzisa ngokungaguqukiyo le mfundiso, kodwa umahluko uyavela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo. Amanye amatyala afuna ukuba ubunjani bobungqina bubonakale ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa amanye esebenzisa umgangatho othambeka. Umlinganiselo osemthethweni obangela ukuba imbonakalo ecacileyo ibonakale ingafani, ingakumbi ngokusetyenziswa kweetotshi, iispeculator, okanye ukhangelo lwe-emol ukuze ujonge ubungqina obufihliweyo.

ISiko seSizwe seJaji sipapashe ukhokelo olubanzi lokuphendla nokuxhuzula umthetho ngaphaya kwemithetho yephondo enika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha zokohluka okucacileyo kwemeko.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Abasemthethweni

Uphando Oluphakathi

Kumaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asebenza ngaphaya kwemida yorhulumente neyorhulumente, ukuqonda ukwahluka kwiimfuno zegunya kuyafuneka. Abameli bomanyano abathabatha inxaxheba kumkhosi womsebenzi karhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imiyalelo efunyenweyo ihambelana nemigangatho yorhulumente neyorhulumente ukuba ubungqina buza kusetyenziswa nakweyiphi na indlela. Amagosa karhulumente afuna imvume karhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo zesizwe, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kweefomu ezivunyiweyo nokuthobela imida yexesha yesizwe.

Uphando oludityanisiweyo phakathi koorhulumente noorhulumente lufuna umanyano olucokisekileyo ukugqiba ukuba luluphi ulawulo oluza kufuna iimvume. Isigqibo sokuqhubeka kwinkundla yorhulumente okanye yenkundla yesizwe asichaphazeli nje kuphela iimfuno zogunyaziso kodwa sikwachaphazela nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka, imigaqo ecacileyo. Amagosa asemthethweni alwa nomthetho alwamkelo lomthetho kufuneka alungiselele ukucebisa abaphathi ngemilinganiselo esebenzayo ngexesha lophando olukhawulezileyo.

Intshukumo Neengxaki Zocinezelo

Amagqwetha okhuselo acela uphando olusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko ukuba imvume yanelise iimfuno zolawulo oluthile apho ityala libekwe khona. Isiqinisekiso esiya kuba sisemthethweni kwinkundla yephondo singaba phantsi kocinezelo enkundleni yenkundla yelizwe ukuba urhulumente ubeka imigangatho engqongqo ngakumbi ngenxa yesizathu, ingakumbi, okanye iinkqubo zokuphunyezwa. Ngokuchasene noko, ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente ziyayekelela ekuhloleni izicelo zogunyaziso kuneenkundla zesizwe, zenza unyanzelo lube nzima ngakumbi kwezo mithetho.

Umthetho wokuzikhulula, ophelisa ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuchasene noMphetho-Mgaqo wesi-sine, usebenza kwinkundla yorhulumente neyorhulumente ngoMgaqo-nkqubo we-14. Noko ke, amaxwebhu angasebenzisa umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ngokuphangaleleyo kunangokomthetho wesizwe ufuna ngokucinezela ubungqina bokwaphulwa kolungiselelo lwezomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ongaphaya kokhuseleko lwamagunya. imfundiso yomthetho wokuzikhulula iyaqhubeka iguqula [[, kwaye amayeza kufuneka ahlale ekho kuzo zombini iziganeko zorhulumente kunye norhulumente.

Uqeqesho nophuhliso lwenkqubo

Amaziko okuqinisekisa uqeqesho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ethetha ngeemfuno ezikhethekileyo zolawulo apho amagosa asebenza khona. Amagosa asebenza kulawulo oluninzi ajongene nocelomngeni oluthile, njengoko ukwahluka ngokwemiqathango phakathi kwamazwe angommelwane kungenza ukudideka nomngcipheko osemthethweni. Ukuququzelela iimfuno zemvume kufuneka kugqubuthele imilinganiselo elindelekileyo, ukulungiselela, ukugunyazisa iinkqubo zokubulala, kunye nonxulumano phakathi kolawulo nomthetho worhulumente.

Ii-ofisi zabatshutshisi kufuneka zigcine ukhokelo lwangoku kwimfuno zegunya kummandla abasebenza kuwo, kuquka ukuhlaziywa kwizigqibo zakutshanje zenkundla eziguqula imilinganiselo ekhoyo. Iintlanganiso zoqeqesho ezithe rhoqo ezithetha ngemigaqo yogunyaziso yorhulumente neyorhulumente zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kumelana nohlolo lomthetho nokukhusela ukubonakala kobungqina obubalulekileyo.

Isiphelo

Imiyalelo efunekayo kwiinkqubo zenkundla yelifa lesizwe nezelizwe yabelana ngesiseko somgaqo-siseko esifanayo kuMgaqo-siseko wesine, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwezo mfuneko kuhla-hle ngokweendlela ezifanelekileyo. Iinkundla zoManyano zisebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezifanayo zeMimiselo yoLawulo loMphathi-mthetho, ngelixa iinkundla zikarhulumente zisebenzisa imimiselo yazo, imimiselo, nemithetho yemigaqo-siseko enokuthi imisele iimfuno ezingqongqo kuneemfuno zikarhulumente.

Iingcali ezisemthethweni kufuneka zilumkele olu mahluko wokucebisa ngokunempumelelo abaxhasi, ukufumana imvume esebenzayo, kunye nocelomngeni olunesiphene. Umahluko kusukelo olulindelekileyo lwemigangatho, iinkqubo zokukhupha isigwebo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yogunyaziso, kwaye ulawulo lwejaji lwenze indawo entsonkothileyo efuna uqhubo olucokisekileyo. Amagosa omthetho angenelwa ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo ezicacileyo ezichaza iimfuno zazo zonke imimandla apho abaphathi basebenza khona, ngelixesha amagqwetha amele ahlolisise ngenyameko imigangatho esebenzayo xa kucetyiswa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisebe.

Njengoko iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente ziqhubeka ziphuhlisa ulawulo lwesi-44 loMgaqo-nkqubo, ulwalamano phakathi kweemfuno zomthetho norhulumente luya kuhlala lunamandla. Umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala uqinile: imiyalelo kufuneka ixhaswe ngokomthetho ofanelekileyo, kufuneka ichaze indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe kwaye izinto eziza kuthinjwa, kwaye kufuneka zibulawe ngendlela enxulumene nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela le migaqo esetyenziswa ngayo kulawulo olwahlukileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yokugcinwa komthetho isemthethweni isemthethweni kwaye ubungqina buhlala buvumelekile enkundleni.