Ukuqonda UmGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko uyinkqubo yemigaqo esisiseko okanye emiselwe ngokwendlela elawulwa ngayo ngurhulumente. Uchaza amagunya neembopheleleko zamaziko karhulumente kwaye uqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubemi. Intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ixhomekeke kubuchule bawo bokwakha isiseko esizinzileyo esilawula izenzo zorhulumente kunye nolawulo. UmGaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukubhalwa okanye umiswe kuxwebhu olunye okanye usasazwe kwimithombo emininzi. Okwahlula umgaqo-siseko kumthetho wawo oqhelekileyo kukuphakama: akukho mthetho okanye nyathelo likarhulumente elinokuphikisana namalungiselelo awo. Le mithetho elawula umthetho inika amandla awo alawulayo njengemvelaphi ephakamileyo esemthethweni kulawulo.

Umgaqo-siseko wangoku uquka amaziko amaninzi angundoqo: isandulela esichaza amaxabiso neenjongo zesizwe, amanqaku achaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente, ireyithi yamalungelo adweliswe kwinkululeko esisiseko, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Iqondo lenkcukacha liyahluka ngokubanzi. Eminye imimiselo yemithetho-siseko ifutshane kwaye ithambe, ngoxa eminye ibhalwe ngokuphandle kwaye ibhalwe ngokuphandle. Ngaphandle kohlobo, umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengesivumelwano sentlalo phakathi korhulumente nabantu bawo, umisela iimbopheleleko kunye neenjongo zoluntu.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali kweMigaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko iye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Iindlela zokuqala zokucinga zomGaqo-siseko zinokulandelwa ukususela kwimpucuko yamandulo, apho kwasekwa khona imithetho yokulawula intlalo noqingqo-mthetho. Ezi ziganeko zilandelayo zibalaselisa indaleko yomthetho:

  • Ikhowudi kaHammurabi: Enye yemithetho ebhaliweyo yokuqala, ekwiBhabhin. Yamisa imithetho yezorhwebo, impahla, kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho, imisela imizekelo yokuba imithetho mayibhalwe kwaye ifikeleleke.
  • IMagna Carta: Yatyikitywa ngo1215, yamisela amandla kakumkani wamaNgesi yaza yabeka isiseko sedemokhrasi yale mihla. Imigaqo yayo yenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokuvavanywa ngabagwebi yamva yaphenjelelwa ngamaxwebhu omGaqo-siseko.
  • UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States: Wamkelwa ngo1787, waseka inkqubo yorhulumente enamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwaniso. Ihlala ingumgaqo-siseko wesizwe obhaliweyo wehlabathi odala kakhulu nomzekelo wezinye iintlanga ezininzi.
  • Isibhengezo samaFrentshi samalungelo omntu nowabemi: samkelwa ngo1789, sagxininisa amalungelo abantu kunye nemigaqo yenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nomanyano. Impembelelo yayo yasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu nangaphaya.

Ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ziquka umGaqo-siseko wasePoland kaMeyi 3, 1791 (umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wesizwe owenziwe ngo-Europe), umGaqo-siseko waseIndiya owamkelwa ngo-1950 (umgaqo-siseko wehlabathi omde kakhulu), kunye nemithetho-siseko yasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaseJamani naseJapan, eyabeka isidima somntu kunye nezothelo. Ngamanye la maxwebhu asabela kwiimeko ezithile zembali ngoxa ayefak' isandla kwisithethe somgaqo-siseko sehlabathi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngendaleko yengcinga yomgaqo-siseko, i- ithala leengqungquthela eziqokelelwe zamaphepha angokwasemthethweni embali inika uqwalaselwa olubanzi lwenkqubela-phambili yangaphambili ye-Melika ne-Europe.

Iintlobo zomGaqo-siseko

IMigaqo-siseko ingahlelwa ngamacala aliqela. Ukuqonda ezi ndidi kunceda kucacise indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo inkqubo yomthetho.

Ibhalwe ii vs. UmGaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga

Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo umiselwe kuxwebhu olunye okanye kwiseti yamaxwebhu, ukwenza amalungiselelo awo acace kwaye afikeleleke. Inkoliso yamazwe, kuquka i-United States, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Afrika, ibhale umgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga. Umgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga, ngokwahlukileyo, usuka kwimithombo emininzi efana nemithetho, izigqibo zomthetho-mthetho, iindibano, nezithethe. I-United Kingdom ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wenkqubo engekho mgaqo-siseko, apho umgaqo-siseko ufumaneka kumaxwebhu afana neMagna Carta, iBhili yamaLungelo 1689, iSimiselo samaLungelo 1701,1, kunye neendibano eziqulungela iindibano.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Rigid v.

Umgaqo-siseko oqinileyo ufuna utshintsho olukhethekileyo olunzima kakhulu kunokudlulisa umthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kukhusela imigaqo esisiseko kwiintloko-siseko zezobupolitika ezidlulayo. Umgaqo-siseko othambileyo ungatshintshwa ngenkqubo eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho, uyivumele ukuba ilungelelanise ngokulula ngakumbi kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Imithetho-siseko emininzi iwela kwenye indawo kulwahluko oluphakathi kwezi zibonda zimbini.

UmGaqo-siseko weManyano

Umgaqo-siseko womanyano wabelana ngamandla phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye nemigangatho yengingqi, nomgangatho ngamnye onegunya elichaziweyo. IUnited States, iJamani, ne-Australia isebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wamaQela ugxininisa amandla kurhulumente osembindini, nangona unokuthi wabela igunya kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni. IFransi neJapan yimizekelo yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko odityanisiweyo.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko usebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Nantsi indima engundoqo abayenzayo:

  • Ukuvakalisa uBube bukaRhulumente: umGaqo-siseko uchaza umbutho worhulumente, kuquka ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye namasebe agwebayo. Esi sakhiwo sithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekuqokeleleni igunya eligqithisileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo nenkululeko: Aqinisekisa amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, akhusela abemi kurhulumente abaphangi. IiBhili zamalungelo zigquma inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yendibano, kunye nenkuselo ekuvalelweni ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Iprojekthi yokuzinza: ngokudala imekobume engqinelanayo engokomthetho, umgaqo-siseko ukhuthaza uzinzo nocwangco. Abami namashishini bangacwangcisa imicimbi yabo ngentembelo yokuba imithetho ayinakutshintsha ngokuzenzekela.
  • [[NTL:0] Utshintsho oluBanzi: umGaqo-siseko usoloko uquka imiqathango yokulungisa, ukuvumela utshintsho olufunekayo kwixesha elithile lo gama ugcina uqhubekeko. Olu lungelelwaniso phakathi kozinzo nobubhetyebhetye buyimpawu esebenzayo yoyilo lomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] URhulumente oMphathiswa: Umgaqo-siseko umisa umthetho kurhulumente ngokumisela imithetho yendlela amandla afunyanwa ngayo kwaye asetyenziswe ngayo. Oorhulumente abalandela iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko badla ngokumkelwa ngokusemthethweni ngabemi babo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwahlula uhlanga: Umgaqo-siseko ungasebenza njengophawu lokwaziwa kwesizwe kunye namaxabiso ahlukeneyo, unceda ukudibanisa abemi abahlukeneyo phantsi kwesakhelo somthetho esiqhelekileyo.

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Indlela etolikwa ngayo imigaqo-siseko inentsingiselo enzulu ekusetyenzisweni kwayo.

UbuGawulayo bumi ngelithi umbhalo womgaqo-siseko kufuneka utolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo yoluntu ngexesha lolwakhiwo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ihlonela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi kunye nemigaqo yezomthetho-siseko. ingqina ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesiseko kufuneka uchazwe ngokulula amaxabiso neemeko ezisusiweyo. Abaxhasi bathi le ndlela igcina umgaqo-siseko usebenza kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Ingxoxo phakathi kwezi ndlela idlalwa kwiinkundla ehlabathini lonke. Umzekelo, eUnited States, amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye ahlukana kakhulu kwimibandela enjengamalungelo obuqu, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nemali yezemfazwe, ebonisa iintanda-bulumko ezichaza izinto ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iindawo, njengeKhanada ne-South Africa, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezithe xhaxhe ngakumbi eziqwalasela iinjongo ezibanzi zemimiselo yesiseko.

umgaqo-siseko wesizwe osebenzisanayo weZiko leMigaqo-siseko unika uncedo oluluncedo lokuhlola indlela utoliko lomgaqo-siseko oluye lwavela ngayo kumongo weMelika.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Womgaqo - siseko

Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko ulawula ukutolikwa nokuphunyezwa komgaqo-siseko. Udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigaqo equkiweyo kumgaqo-siseko igciniwe. Iinkalo ezingundoqo zomthetho womgaqo-siseko ziquka:

  • [[[FLT: 0] Impinda yeJodicial: Iinkundla zinegunya lokutolika umgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho engenanto edibanisa amalungiselelo awo. La mandla, amiselwa kwiimeko zophawu olufana Marbury v. Madison [183]) eUnited States, asebenza njengovavanyo olunengqwalaselayo kwimithetho-siseko kunye nesenzo solawulo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: IiNkundla zinyanzelisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, zinika indlela yokuba abantu bacel ’ umngeni ukwaphulwa komthetho. Ukubekwa kwemithetho yezomGaqo-siseko kuvumela abemi ukuba bafune izingxengxezo xa inkululeko yabo esisiseko iphazanyisiwe.
  • Amandla okulawula: umthetho womGaqo-siseko unceda ukugcina ulungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente, uthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Iidepute kwimida yolawulo zisombululwa ngokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko.
  • Isicelo Esithe Tyaba: Kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko asebenza kungekuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente kodwa nakulwalamano lwabucala. Le ngcamango, eyaziwa njengesicelo esithe tyaba okanye Dritkwiung, idlulisela ukhuseleko lwesiseko somgaqo-siseko kwiindawo ezinjengemisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nezivumelwano zabucala.

Ukuqonda ngokunzulu indlela umthetho womgaqo-siseko osebenza ngayo ngaphaya kwezithethe ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, iProjekthi Constitute, eququzelelwe yiprojekthi yezomGaqo-siseko enxulumeneyo inika unikezelo kumbhalo phantse wonke umgaqo-siseko osebenza namhlanje.

Ucelomngeni Kulawulo LomGaqo-siseko

Nangona ibalulekile, umgaqo - siseko ujamelana neengxaki ezininzi, ezi zinto zinokuwuphazamisa umthetho zize ziphelise ukuthembana kwabantu kwimibutho elawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko.

  • Iingxaki zokwahlula: Inkqubo yokuguqula umgaqo-siseko inokuba nzima, yenza kube nzima ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zoluntu. Iimfuno eziphezulu kunye namanyathelo amaninzi okudibanisa anganqanda utshintsho naxa kukho uvumelwano olubanzi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] IiNkxaso zonyanzeliso:[ Kwamanye amazwe, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko awanyanzeliswa ngokunempumelelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kukwaphulwa komthetho okusasazekileyo. Ijaji ezibuthathaka, ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, nokungafumani mayeza asemthethweni kushiya abemi bengenakukhuseleka.
  • Ulawulo lwezibonelelo: Oorhulumente bangazama ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukuqinisa amandla okanye ukuthoba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Oku kunokuquka iinkundla zokupakisha, ukumisela uhlolo, okanye ukusebenzisa amandla ongxamiseko ukudlula kwizithintelo zomGaqo-siseko.
  • I-Constialitunion: nakulawulo-melo olumiliselweyo, imigaqo-siseko ingaphela ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuphangwa kwegunya eliphetheyo, ukungenzi nto, okanye ukungakhathali kukawonke-wonke. Le nto, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba kukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi, ibangela isisongelo esikhulu kulawulo-siseko.
  • Iinkcazelo ezidityanisiweyo: ukungavisisani ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko kungakhokelela kwiqhina le-politiki kunye nemfazwe ekhoyo. Xa amasebe karhulumente egcina iimbono ezingadibaniyo kwimibuzo yomGaqo-siseko, ulawulo lungakhubazeka.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala loMgaqo-siseko

Uhlolisiso olungqalileyo lwemeko lusenza siqonde indlela imimiselo eye yatshintsha ngayo imigaqo - siseko nebutho labantu. Nantsi imizekelo emininzi ephawulekayo ebonisa impumelelo nocelomngeni.

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wamkeleka ngowe-1787, waseka inkqubo yorhulumente eyahlula amagunya kunye nenkqubo echuliweyo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Izilungiso zayo, ingakumbi iBhili yamaLungelo, iye yaluncedo ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukunyamezela komGaqo-siseko iminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230 kungqina ukuba luqine. Noko ke, olu xwebhu luqulethe ulalanisa okuqhubekisiweyo kokukhotyokiswa kobukhoboka kwaye lushiye imibuzo engaphendulwanga malunga namandla orhulumente. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo engaphaya kobuGaqo-siseko kunye nokrwelo-siseko oluphilayo ibonakalisa ukuqhubeka kobuGatlenti kunye nokhuphiko.

UMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika

Ngo-1996, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona ngxaki zehlabathi ezihambela phambili. Wavela kwimfazwe echasene ne-astad kwaye wagxininisa isidima somntu, ukulingana, nenkululeko. UmGaqo-siseko waseka iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko enamagunya anamandla okuhlola ikomiti kwaye waquka amalungelo entlalo-ntle ezoqoqosho afana nokufikelela kwizindlu, unyango, kunye nemfundo. Umbono wayo oguqulayo uye wakhuthaza amanye amazwe, kodwa uphumeza imingeni eqhubekayo ngenxa yokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye neengxaki zezobupolitika.

Umthetho Osisiseko WaseJamani

Ngo-1949 yamkeleka njengomgaqo-siseko weNtshona Jamani, uMthetho osisiseko (Grundesetz) ugxininisa isidima somntu kwinqaku lawo lokuqala. Yaseka inkqubo yepalamente yephondo eneNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko eyomeleleyo (Bundesfassungshericht) eye yabumba ulawulo-melo lwamaJamani kangangamashumi eminyaka. UMthetho osisiseko uquka ibinzana elihlala ixesha elide elithintela ukupheliswa kwesimo solawulo lwesizwe, amalungelo abantu, kunye nemigaqo yedemokhrasi. Emva kokuba iphinde yamiswa ngo-19909, uMthetho osisiseko waba ngumgaqo-siseko weJamani omanyeneyo, ebonisa amandla awo okulungisa iidemokhrasi ngoxa ulondoloza imilinganiselo engundoqo.

UmGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya, owamkelwa ngo-1950, ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ixesha elide wehlabathi. Waseka inkqubo karhulumente enorhulumente onamandla ombindi kwaye waquka amalungiselelo okuvuma ukusingatha ucalucalulo lwembali. Amalungelo asisiseko oMgaqo-siseko nemigaqo yolwalathiso ibonisa ukuzinikela kwimithetho yentlalo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya iphuhlise imfundiso yesakhiwo esisisiseko, ethi iimpawu ezithile zomgaqo-siseko azinakutshintshwa, ingcamango eye yaphembelela umGaqo-siseko wejikelo-jini-jini-jistance mhlaba wonke.

Ikamva LemiGaqo-siseko

Njengokuba ibutho labantu liguquka, kufuneka liyimisele imigaqo - siseko. Ikamva lolawulo lomgaqo - siseko liza kubandakanya iziganeko eziliqela eziphambili.

  • Inxaxheba Ethe kratya: Ukudibanisa abemi kwiinkqubo zolungiso lomgaqo-siseko ngeendibano ezingekho mthethweni, iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, kunye nee-arhente zinokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umgaqo-siseko ubonakalisa amaxabiso akhoyo ngexesha. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko kufumene ukurhoxiswa kumazwe anjenge-Iceland, Kenya, neNepal.
  • Impembelelo yomhlaba wonke: Ukudibana kwehlabathi kungakhokelela ekufumaneni imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kwimimiselo yesizwe. IiNkundla ziphinda zicaphula umthetho wamanye amazwe nowezizwe ngezizwe kwizigqibo zomgaqo-siseko, zikhuthaza ukunqamleza komda wengxoxo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulungiso lwezobugcisa: imiba yokuthetha enxulumene namalungelo amanani, ukuzimela, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, kunye nobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo kwimimiselo yesiseko sesiseko buza kuba baluleke ngokukhulayo. Eminye imimiselo sele iquka imimiselo ekukhuselweni kogcino-lwazi nokufikelela kulwazi.
  • [[NTLA] Amalungelo angundoqo: Inani elikhulayo lomgaqo-siseko oqaphela amalungelo okusingqongileyo okanye ubeka imisebenzi kurhulumente ukukhusela imekobume. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuqondwa kotshintsho lwemozulu nokulondolozwa kwemeko-bume njengemicimbi yomgaqo-siseko.
  • UbuGaqo-siseko bomhlaba wonke: I-European Union kunye neminye imibutho yengingqi iye yaphuhlisa iimpawu zomgaqo-siseko ezisebenza ngaphezu komgangatho wesizwe. Le ntsingiselo iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolawulo lolawulo-mthetho, ukuphendulana kwedemokhrasi, kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwemiqathango emininzi yemithetho yesiseko.

Uhlalutyo lwentsingiselo evelayo kuyilo lomgaqo-siseko, i-IDEA yehlabathi lonke iMidlalo yoMgaqo-siseko yokwakha i-database ye- inika ugcino-lwazi oluthelekisayo kunye nezibonelelo kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke.

Isiphelo

UMgaqo-siseko usekelwe kumthetho nocwangco, ulungiselela inkqubo yokulawula nokukhusela amalungelo abemi. Amisela imithetho apho amandla afunyanwa khona, asetyenziswa, kwaye elinganiselweyo, edala iimeko zozinzo, inkululeko, kunye nokusesikweni. Ukuqonda indima yawo ibalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi ngokufanayo, njengoko ikhuthaza uxabiso olunzulu ngedemokhrasi nomthetho. Njengoko sihambela phambili, ukuvisisana nomgaqo-siseko kuya kubaluleka ekuhlangabezaneni nocelomngeni lolawulo lwanamhlanje.