Ulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye namalungelo karhulumente luye lwaba luxanduva oluphambili kulawulo lwamaMelika ukususela ekusungulweni kwalo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziphumo zokwenene zenkqubo karhulumente kwigunya lorhulumente, lihlolisisa imizekelo engokwembali, umthetho wesibonelelo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neengxoxo zamaxesha alo eziqhubeka zibumba ulwahlulo lwamandla eUnited States.

Isiseko Sembali SobuProtestanti

Inkqubo yolawulo lwamaMerika olumabini yazalwa ngokuyekelelana phakathi kwemikhosi yesizwe eyayifuna urhulumente onamandla onamandla nabo babesoyika igunya eliphakamileyo. Inqaku leConfederation (1781-1789) ladala urhulumente obuthathaka, lishiya uninzi lwegunya kumazwe. Ukungaphumeleli kwayo (ukungakwazi ukuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula ezorhwebo, okanye ukugcina umkhosi omileyo ("uthabathela kwiNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787.)

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko waseka inkqubo apho amagunya adwelisweyo anikwa urhulumente wesizwe (Azicle I, iCandelo 8), ngeli xesha uHlaziyo lweshumi lugcina onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. UJames Madison, ebhala ku] uLuhlu No.[45, luphikisa ukuba amandla karhulumente karhulumente ayakuba “wangoku, achazwe,” ngelixa amandla karhulumente aya kuba “ngalinganiyo kwaye angabinasiphelo.

Ingxaki Yokuphelisa Ukutya Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Ucelomngeni lokuqala olukhulu kwigunya likarhulumente lwafika ngexesha leNullification Crisis yonyaka wama-1832-33, xa uMzantsi Carolina wavakalisa imithetho yephondo engekho semthethweni kwimida yakhe. Umongameli uAndrew Jackson wasongela umkhosi, kwaye ukulalanisa kwaphelisa ungquzulwano , kodwa umbuzo wokuba ngaba amaphondo angawuchasanga na umthetho karhulumente ngokungenye indlela de kube yimfazwe yamakhaya. Uloyiso lwe-Union kunye neMiphetho-yoMdalizo ye-13, 14th, kunye ne-15) ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa amandla orhulumente, ingakumbi isiqinisekiso se-14th Amend Rempletedmist sesiqinisekiso sokukhusela nokuqhuba imigaqo elinganayo, kamva eyaba sisisiseko sokubandakanya uninzi lweSigqweqweqwe se-Ro-Roksi soLuntu lwaMandla nxamnye namaRhulumente.

Imithetho ePhakamileyo ePhambili eyatshintsha kwakhona iGunya likaRhulumente

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, amanyathelo aphambili karhulumente aye andisa igunya lesizwe ngoxa evelisa ukuxhathisa okuvela kumazwe. Le migaqo ilandelayo ibonisa imigaqo eqhubekayo yokungenelela korhulumente norhulumente ophembelela umva.

ISebe Elitsha Nomanyano Lomanyano

I-Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs (iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNtlalo-ntle ukuya kuMthetho weNational Labor Relations ````````````'' Schechter Poultry v.' iUnited States' yayifanele isebenzise iinkqubo ezininzi zesizwe, ngokufuthi phantsi kwemigangatho karhulumente, kwimodeli echazwe njenge “ulawulo lolawulo lwamaqumrhu.''INkunye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yagatya imithetho emininzi ye-New Deal (umz.[FLT]]]] [[FLTYFLTY]], 1935]), kodwa emva kolawulo lwenkundla yamatyala olunongenwayo, ixhasa amandla aphezulu phantsi kwe-Ceconsolces. Eli xesha lala isiseko senkqubo yolawulo lwaleburhulumente kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Rosethiocean (iat) kwiNt.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sanikwa umgaqo-nkqubo woburhulumente. Salela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikarhulumente, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente ``iRrow' ze-Jim Crow kumaphondo aseMazantsi. UMthetho waxhomekeka kuzo zombini iCommerce Claus (Isihloko II) kunye neSindululo se-1449th (Isihloko VI). Ukuva kwe-Atlantal yase-Atlanta j v. United States [1964], iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo ixhasa iSihloko-Sihloko sesibini, iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lobucala linokulawula amashishini aququze kwiNkolo loshishino lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Noko ke, kwathi kwathi kwathi kwathi kwathi kwane i-United States abaxhasi bephondo abaxhasi be-ogropublicracration abaxhasi be-ographig

Ulwando lwe-Medicaid noMthetho

UMthetho we-Affordcuble Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 wadala indawo entsha yokuhlola. Umthetho ofunekayo uthetha ngoMangangezo zeMedicaid ukunwenwa ukuya ku-88% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu okanye umngcipheko wokuphulukana nayo yonke inkxaso yemali ye-Mdicaid yezwe. I-Motional Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [202] [202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkulawula imo ye-mthetho i-oglorfective ilawula ukuba esi sisongelo asisongelo sisombululo sisenza ngokufanelekileyo. Njengoku-2025, amanani alishumi awayandisangandiswangandiswangacono lwe-medid kwinters. Le meko ibonisa indlela iNkuvo i-oventive ibonise ngayo ukuba imeko yelizwe i-oced i-excensivent i-ant i-agensive i-agence i-gent

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuchaswa nguRhulumente

Imithetho yemekobume yamafashoni .(*) i-Cec Air Act ye-Cease Act, iNational Policy Policy , i-National Policy Imigaqo efanayo esoloko ikhutshwa ngurhulumente. Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya, anikwe igunya elikhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho ococekileyo woMthombo woMeya wokukhupha igesi, ukhokele indlela, kodwa amanye axhathise imiyalelo karhulumente. Lo mjikelo we-Obama-era Clean Power Plan Plan (2015), onenjongo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhasi lekhabhayo ephuma kwimizila yamandla, ejongenelo kumazwe 27 ngaphambi kokuba ihlale yiNkundla ePhakakhulu. Ulawulo lwe-Trump luye lwayithathe indawo ngomthetho obuthathaka, kunye nolawulo lweBhiden luyelele iimigangatho ezomeleleyo ezimele ukubuyiselwa komthetho. Lo nyaka-ogalelo lomthetho wolawulo loluntu lubonisa ukuma kwemeko-onke-onke-onke.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Wemfundo: Ukususela Kumntwana Ongashiywanga Kuse ESSA

I-No Child Lend Behind Act (2001) imele eyona ndima inkulu karhulumente kwimfundo, efuna ukuba amazwe anike iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni kwaye ahlangabezane namaxhoba obuchule ekutshintshiseni ngemali karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi akhalaza ngokuphamba nokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho karhulumente. UMthetho woMfundi ngamnye ophumeleleyo wabuyisela igunya elibalulekileyo kumazwe kunye neendawo, ukususwa kokubekwa kwamalungelo karhulumente ukuya kumalungiselelo ombuso. Lo mthetho we-bipartistan ubonisa indlela inkqubo yorhulumente enokuthi yandise ngayo kwaye ivume ukusetyenziswa kwegunya likarhulumente kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko.

Uphawu Lwetyala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla Lukuchasa Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenze njengommeli wenkqubo yorhulumente, itolika umGaqo-siseko ukuchaza imida yegunya lorhulumente norhulumente. La matyala alandelayo amela iingongoma ezingundoqo zokujika.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Uluvo lweJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall lwaseka imigaqo emibini esisiseko: ukuba iKhomishini ithetha amagunya angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe (athathwe kuMfanekiso noMhleko kaClaus), kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba akanakuwuhlawula urhulumente wesizwe (ngokuba “amandla erhafu abandakanya amandla okutshabalalisa”). Eli tyala lakhuthaza ukuba urhulumente alawule kwaye lazisa ukucaciswa okubanzi kwegunya likarhulumente ebekuya kucelwa kangangeenkulungwane.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Eli tyala lachaza amandla eBhunga lorhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe ngokubanzi, likholelwa ukuba linwenwela kuwo onke umsebenzi worhwebo olunqumla iintambo zikarhulumente okanye oluchaphazela ngaphezu kwelizwe elinye. Esi sigqibo sanciphisa igunya lesikhephe somphunga saseNew York saza samisela umzekelo omkhulu wenkqubo ka Claus jurispulnce , owathi kamva waxhasa umthetho weNew Deal kunye namalungelo abantu.

EUnited States v. Lopez (1995)

Okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwiminyaka emalunga nama-60, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho weSikolo seSikhulu seSibhamu seSikolo soMthetho ```iNkundla yeSikhululo seSizwe'''''. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuba ukuba nompu kufutshane nesikolo akuchaphazeleki kakhulu kurhwebo lwezombuso. Lopez [iiii] impawu zexesha elitsha lokuvavanya ulawulo lwamandla karhulumente kwaye yavuselela uLawulo lweSiphengululo seshumi njengesiphelo esinentsingiselo. Yalandelwa ngumthetho .[FLT] v. United [1997] [1997], eyabetha umthetho womthetho ofunekayo kulawulo oluyimfuneko kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni lwendawo yogcino-mthetho wolawulo lomkhosi worhwebo lwemipumpumpu.

IFederation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, eli tyala laxhasa ugunyaziso luka-ACA lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa laphelisa isohlwayo sokwandisa iMedicaid. Esi sigqibo sakwagxininisa ukuba iBhunga lezorhwebo likaCelas aligunyazi ukuba linyanzelise abantu ukuba bathenge imveliso (i-inshorensi yokuphilisa), ekwakungaqiniseki ngemithetho yexesha elizayo. Isigqibo sasikukuhlengahlengiso oluntsonkothileyo olwagcina utshintsho lwempilo ngoxa kuqinisekiswa imiqathango yemithetho-siseko kunyanzelo yamazwe.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Kwisigqibo esingu-5-44, iNkundla yawisa umthetho ohlahlelayo weVoting Rights Act ka-665, owafuna ukuba amazwe athile kunye nemimandla ethile ikhetheke ukuze ufumane ukubekwa kwangaphambili kwemithetho yokuvota phambi kokutshintsha imithetho ye-vocation. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yaphikisa ukuba le nkqubo yayisekelwe kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha yaza yavukela “ulawulo olulinganayo lwamazwe.” Isigqibo sawuthintela ngokunempumelelo urhulumente wangaphambili kwaye sakhokelela kwimiqathango yomthetho omtsha wokuvota, ebonisa indlela ukuthintela okunga ngamandla asemva kumazwe.

IDobbs v.

Isigqibo seNkundla sokubhukuqa Roe v. Wade [1773] kunye i-Casey .[FLT]] 1992 yabuyisela ummiselo wokuqhomfa kumazwe. Umthetho wabangela ukuba kubekho imithetho edityanisiweyo: eminye imisela ebekwe kufutshane-amanqaku onyaka okuvalwa, eminye ikhusela ukukhutshwa kokuqhomfa, kunye nokukhutshwa kokuhamba nokuqhomfa okuphakathi kwelizwe kuyaqhubeka. Dobs ngumzekelo obalulekileyo weNkuqhubekayo weNkuhlela:5] ulawulo olupheleleyo kumbandela onzulu womhlaba othe konakalisa ukwanda, kunye neziphumo ezinzulu zempilo.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Kulawulo Lwangexesha Elidluleyo

Uxanduva phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente namalungelo karhulumente luyaqhubeka phantse kuyo yonke inkqubo. Izalathiso eziliqela zibonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ziganeko zangoku.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo lwecannabis lumiselwe ngurhulumente njengemichiza elawulwa yiShedyuli I yam phantsi koMthetho oLawulweyo weSubstances Act, ngaphezu kwama-20 amazwe agunyazise ukuzonwabisa umya, kwaye phantse ama-40 avumela ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango. ISebe leJaji liye lalungela ukunyanzeleka ukugcinwa komthetho ngothothotho lwe-metrokranda (ukuqalisa nge-CU 2013 Cole Mee Memorince), kodwa ingxabano ayikapheliseki. Amashishini e-glages ajongenebhis ajongene nomngcipheko wokudityaniswa kwe-mthetho, imiqathango yokubhanki, kunye neemfuno yerhafu. Imigudu yakutshanje yokuphinda-ka ka-2024 i-Dea (endiselwa ngo-2024) i-dentinganciphisa umsantsa, kodwa ingxabano ye-omgalelo yesizwe iyaqhubeka.

Izixeko Ezingcwele Nokufuduswa

Ama-odolo athintela intsebenziswano namagunya alawula ukufuduka karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente kangangeminyaka. Ulawulo lweTrump luzame ukugodlela iminikelo karhulumente “kulawulo loburhulumente”, kodwa iinkundla zithintele kakhulu le migudu. Ulawulo lweBiden lwayiphelisa imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi yokunyanzelisa kodwa luye lwajamelana neengxaki zalo ezingokwasemthethweni ezivela kumazwe alo mba umbano wolawulo oluphambili. Lo mcimbisheko ubalaselisa indlela urhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni abanokuxhathisa ngayo inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu lwasekuhlaleni, kwanaxa ukufuduka kungummandla wegunya likarhulumente.

Ingxakeko yempilo kaRhulumente kunye neNkcitho

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabangela isenzo esingathethekiyo sorhulumente solu mazwe . ukusuka kwimiqathango yohambo ukuya kugunyaziswa ngamagophe onyango lukawonke-wonke. Kwangaxeshanye amazwana agunyazisa amagunya awo onyango lukarhulumente we-Biden i-OSHEA umgangatho wongxamiseko ofuna abaqeshi abakhulu ukuba bagunyazise amagophe okanye bavavanyelwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo i-National Federation of Independent Business v. [[FLT] [252] [202]. Amazwe afana ne-Texas ne-Florida alwalela amagunya amashishini azimeleyo ukuba anyanze amagonyo alawule inkqubo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Isifo sanyusa umlinganiselo olungele ukuhambelana kwemeko lwe-Romistism.

Ucimo lwemeko kunye ne Autonomy yangaphakathi

Olunye umaleko oluntsonkothileyo lulele kumazwana ngokwawo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zelizwe ziye zawacima ngokukhula amasiko asekuhlaleni awehlayo, ulawulo oluncinane, ukuqeshwa kwerhafu yeplastiki, ukuvalwa kwengxowa yemali, ulawulo lwamapolisa, kunye nokungadibanisi ukukhusela ulawulo olufanayo. Lo mqobo unamandla, maxa wambi ubizwa ngokuba “kukukhulula okubhaliweyo,” ubonisa ukuba ingxoxo engaphaya kokusasazwa kwamandla athe nkqo ayipheleli kulwalamano lwesizwe kodwa ikwabandakanya uxanduva lwamazwe azimeleyo. Umzekelo, ukuvalwa kwemimiselo yompu yasekuhlaleni (enziwe ngo-2021) kuxhobisa amadabi asemthethweni kunye nomthetho kuMdambi.

Indima yeAttorney yeSizwe

Amagqwetha esizwe aye aba ngabadlali abaphambili kumadabi enkqubo karhulumente, ngokufuthi efaka iziphumo zomthetho-mthetho ezichasene nezenzo zikarhulumente. Phantsi kolawulo lweRiphabliki ne-Democratic, imibutho yamaphondo iye yacel ’ umngeni imimiselo yemekobume, imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka, imithetho yokunyamekela impilo, kunye namanyathelo emfundo. Le migaqo-mthetho idla ngokuphumela kwimiyalelo yelizwe lonke ethintela inkqubo karhulumente ukuba ingathathi nxaxheba kumgangatho wesizwe.

Ukuba Nekamva: Ikamva LobuFederalism

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye namalungelo karhulumente alumi; luguqula imibutho yezopolitiko eguqukayo, ukumiswa kweekomiti zezomthetho, kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke. Oonobangela abaninzi bazakuphembelela ukusetyenziswa kwe-trave. Abaninzi beNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoku babonise umdla ekuqiniseni imiqathango kumandla karhulumente, njengoko kuboniswa ku West Virginia v. I-EPA [20222], nto leyo enciphisa amandla e-EPA okulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu phantsi kwe-Ceaiool Air Act. INkunganiso ye-RC. INkundla ifuna ukuba ithethe ngokucacileyo xa igunyazisa imisebenzi yezopolitiki nezopolitiko. Le mfundiso inokuthi ifikelele ulawulo lwezwelo lwezwe elifana ne-omibutho elingungeneyo kwimibango kunye neyo.

Okwangoku, uhlaziyo lwemeko-ntle luyaqhubeka luqhuba inkqubo yovavanyo. Amazwe akhokelele kwikhefu lentsapho elihlawulwayo, ugcino-lwazi (umz., iCCPA) yobundilele be-mnatha, kunye nemo yezulu, kunye ne-cap-trade. Ubuchule bamazwe “bokuyila idemokhrasi” (ibinzana le-Justice Brandeis) lihlala liyimpikiswano enamandla yokulwela amalungelo karhulumente avunyiweyo. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo eyahlukeneyo idala ukhuphiso-magama (ngokomzekelo, ukufikelela ekukhutshweni, ukukhutshwa kwemiwa, ukukhutshwa kwempilo, okanye amalungelo okuvota, ukuthotho-otato kuyimfuneko ukuthethwa.

Umbuzo asikokuba imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente iza kuwachaphazela na amalungelo esizwe, kodwa indlela ezo ziphumo eziza kuxoxwa ngayo. Impendulo ixhomekeke ekutolikeni okusemthethweni, ekufuneni kwezobupolitika, kunye nokucombulula iimfuno zesizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo. Njengoko iUnited States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha oluvela kumgaqo wobuchule owenziweyo ukuya kutsho kwisifo esilandelayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya kwiziseko zomgaqo-siseko worhulumente, bona uluhlu lwetyala [[FLT: 0] iConstitution Annoted: Uguqulo lweshumi . Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yakutshanje yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kumandla karhulumente, inikela iProject yoGunyaziso loMgaqo-siseko [ yeNgqungquthela yesizwe yeGawula-mthetho yesizwe. [[FLT: 4.]