Iqela Lamalungelo Abemi Nempembelelo Yalo Ehlala Ikho Kukukhululeka Kwabemi Namhlanje

IPolitiki Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s imi njengenye yamaxesha okutshintsha kwimbali yamaMelika. Yayingumzabalazo oqhubekayo, oyingozi owenziwa ngabantu baseAfrika kunye namahlakani abo ukuphelisa inkqubo esemthethweni yocalulo lohlanga, ukuphelisa ulawulo olusemthethweni, kunye nogonyamelo oluye lwaqhubeka ukususela ekuvuselweni kwakhona. Ngoxa umbutho uphumeze oloyiso lwezibonelelo lwemithetho-mthetho, ilifa lawo lokwenene likwisiseko esimiselwe ukuqondwa kwale mihla kwenkululeko yabemi, kwaye uqwalasela indima engundoqo yokukhusela abantu ngabanye kwiimpumende zikarhulumente kunye nenkululeko eqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Oku kuvavanyathisela impembelelo yawo enzulu kumalungelo abantu akhoyo, ukumelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo, nokucinezela kwemfundo yemfundo enzima.

Isiseko Semisebenzi Ewaguqula Umthetho

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi lasekuhlaleni alizange liphumele ekungabini nanto. Lakhiwa kumashumi eminyaka okucwangcisa iingca, ucwangciso olungokwasemthethweni yiNaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, nenkalipho yabemi abaqhelekileyo ababeka ubomi babo esichengeni. Umthetho olandelayo kunye noloyiso olusemthethweni ngokusisiseko lwabuguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo, ludala isiseko esitsha ukwenzela inkululeko yabemi.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Ngokunokwenzeka esona siqwenga silandelayo somthetho wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona, uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1944 wakwalela ucalucalulo ngesizinzi sohlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Isihloko II savala ukuvalwa kwemida yeendawo zoluntu njengeehotele, iivenkile, neeholo zemidlalo. Isihlomelo VII sadala iKhomishoni elinganayo kunye nocalucalulo-calucalulo lwemisebenzi. Oku akuzange kuphele nje kuphela ngokusemthethweni kuMzantsi kodwa kwanikwa amabhinqa, amarhamente, kwanethi, kwanethi, kwananeLBGBTQ+ kamva abantu abathile ukuze bagxeke i-calucalucalucalucaluca.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Emva kohlaselo olunenkohlakalo kumatshato eSelma, e-Alabama, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson waqhubela phambili kuMthetho wamaLungelo, owawuvala umthetho wokuvota ongekho mthethweni njengovavanyo lokufunda nokubhala, irhafu, kunye nezinye iindlela ezicetyelwe ukuthintela ukubhaliswa kovota abaBlack. Icandelo 5 lalifuna amagunya athile akwimbali ekwahlulelwa kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Oku kwenza unyuso oluphezulu lombhaliso lwevota nomelo lwezobupolitika phakathi kwama-Afrika, ingakumbi kuMzantsi Mzantsi ntshona. [[FLT: 0] Isebe loMgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko se-siseko se-mthetho uchaza ukubaluleka okuhlala nokulandele kwezenzo zobulungisa.[FLT]

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Emva kokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King Jr., uMthendeleko weFair Howar House walwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, ekuhlawulwani, nasekuxhaseni izindlu ezisekelwe kwintlalo, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, kamva ongezelelweyo ngokwesini, ubulwelwe, kunye nemeko yobuhlanga. Lo mthetho onenjongo yokuphelisa amashumi eminyaka ezivumelwano ezingqongqo ngokweentlalo, ukubuyiselwa kweSebe leMisebenzi yeBhunga, kunye nezenzo zokwenyani zelizwe ezisekelwe kuluntu oluMfiliba. Noko ke, ingxube yobulungisa yezindlu ihlala ingummandla wemfazwe eqhubekayo, njengoko imimandla emininzi yabemi besahlala.

Uhlanga lwezikolo

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yo1954 [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavakalisa ukuba “izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo,” ibhukuqa i- Pnety v. Ferguson[ “iyahlula kodwa iyalingana” imfundiso. Kodwa ayizange yenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Yathatha iRock ePhakathi [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] ngo- 1957, imiyalelo yenkundla, kunye nemikhosi yorhulumente yokunyanzelela ukuthobela. Ixesha elingaphaya kwexesha, dese-65] ibhekiswe kwizithuthi zikawonke (emva kweMontmer Buy Coans, i-Rids Revens), ii-mablicki, nezinye izikhundla ze-omatiko, kunye nomgaqo wolawulo lukawonke-omatiko-omati, ezithe zabelwayo, ezimiselwe ngumthetho wolawulo loluntu.

Indlela Intlangano Eyayiyixhasa Ngayo Imfundiso Yamakhaya Yale Mihla

Utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni nolungokwenkcubeko olwabangelwa yiNtlangano yaMalungelo e-Civil aluzange luphele ngeminyaka yee-1960. Bayila inkqubo engokomGaqo-siseko neyokuziphatha eye yasetyenziswa yimibutho neenkundla ezalandelayo ukwandisa ukuqonda inkululeko yabemi kwiindawo eziliqela ezichanabileyo.

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Kwamanye Amaqela Athintelweyo

Iindlela kunye nokuqiqa okusemthethweni kwe-Civil Rights Movement kwasebenza njengesikhokelo sokulwa amalungelo kamva. Umbutho wamalungelo wamabhinqa wowe-1960 kunye nowe-1970 waboleka ngqo kuMthetho wamaLungelo kaNoval [FOM:] uSihloko se-VII sokungavumelani kocalucalulo ngokwesini, ukuvavanya ukungalingani emsebenzini. Amalungelo asebenzisa umfuziselo ukukhusela amaMelika noMthetho weNkululeko wonyaka ka1990. ILGBT+ amalungelo akhuthaza ukukhuselwa okulingana kobulumko [[FLT: 0] [FLT] Brown kumatyala afana [FLT:] owesibonelelo olunexabiso elingulelweyo lwe-RGOberge. Hods [FLT] [FOG] [5] [25:], nto leyo egunyaza i-umthetho womtshato osemthethweni woburhulumente.

Iziganeko Ezisemthethweni Ezisakhokelwa Yinkundla

Amatyala angundoqo eNkundla ePhakamileyo asuka kwixesha lamaLungelo akwisiNkundla samaZwe aPhakamileyo ayaqhubeka ebumba amatyala akhoyo. iVirginia (1967) yawisa imithetho echaseneyo nomthetho we-mission, imisela ilungelo elibanzi lokutshata ngokukhululekileyo kwimiqathango yobuhlanga (imo ekhankanyiweyo). [[FLT:]] ukuva kwe-Atlantal [United States (1964]) yaxhasa amalungiselelo e-Rhulumente yamalungelo kawonke ekwakhele phantsi kwemithetho kaClassiscscs, iqinisekisa indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni inkululeko yoshishino-mthetho wobucala. [FLT:]

Isithethe Somthetho

IKravin Rights Movement yabonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo ._asoloko benokulungelelaniswa kunye nesiphumo sokutshintsha ngaphandle kokulinda abezobupolitika okanye iinkundla. Intshukumo yokuhlala-phantsi, i-Free Rides, uMatshi eWashington, kunye novoti ihlomelo lobhaliso lwasetyenziswa kakuhle, imisebenzi ephezulu eyakha uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke. Le mfaniso yemibutho yengca elwayo ikhutshiwe kwintshukumo ukusuka kwimfazwe echasene ne-aticism eMzantsi Afrika ukuya kuhambo , etsala ngokucacileyo kwimisebenzi yoluntu e-Matter ye-FT , esetyenziswa kubugcisa bokungathobekiyo, ukulungelela, kunye nokwakhiwa koovulindlela ngoovulindlela bonyaka we-1960.

Ubungqina obuphangaleleyo bokungalingani kwenkqubo

Phambi kweKhavinity Rights Movement, abamhlophe abaninzi baseMerika babengaziyo okanye bengakunakanga ukuthotywa kwemihla ngemihla kunye nogonyamelo olujongene nabemi abaNsundu. Ukunikezelwa koomabonwakude kwenkohlakalo yamapolisa eBirmingham (1963) kunye nohambo lwangeCawa olunegazi eSelma (65) kothusa uhlanga. Oku kwabangela ukuba kubekho imfuneko engapheliyo yokuphendula nokubonisa ulawulo lomthetho norhulumente. Namhlanje, iikhamera zequmrhu, iibhodi zohlalutyo lwabemi, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kwizikhululo zamapolisa zisuka ngqo kwimfuneko yangaphambili yokuthetha inyaniso ngobuhlanga.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlala Ukhululekile Kubemi Kwinkulungwane Yama - 20

Nangona kukho uloyiso olusemthethweni, isithembiso sokufumana inkululeko epheleleyo sasekuhlaleni asikazalisekiswa.

Ukunyelisana Kobuhlanga Nokuphathwa Kwamapolisa Ngolunya

Ukunyanzeliswa kobuhlanga ngomthetho kuyaqhubeka ngesantya esisoyikisayo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abaqhubi abamnyama nabakwi-Spenic bamisiwe, bahlolwa, babanjwa, bephezulu kakhulu kunee-drives zabamhlophe. Ukufa kukaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylor, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwayo baye babangela ingcelele yokuqhankqalaza kunye nezibongozo ezitsha zamapolisa. Ngoxa i-Civil Rights Act kunye nemithetho egunyaziweyo inika ezinye iingcaciso, umlinganiselo wokungalinganiyo kwemibutho elincinane unyusa inkxalabo esisiseko ngokhuseleko olungekho ngqiqweqweni nokhuthuko olungenangqiqo, kunye nengxelo elinganayo yokuzingela.

Ucinezeleko Lwale Mihla

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka-2013 iShelby County v. I-Harker , eyathi yabetha ifomu yokucacisa iSivumelwano samaLungelo, amatyala amaninzi ashukunyiselwa ngokukhawuleza ukumisela imithetho ethintelayo yokuvota. Iimfuno ze-ID engqongqo, ukukhutshwa kwevota, ukuncitshiswa kwasekuqaleni kokuvota, kunye nokuvalwa kweendawo ezincinci kwimimandla encinci kubangele ukukhawuleziswa kokurhoxiswa kwe-Rofrancement. Injongo ephakathi yombutho ukuba ivoti nganye yommi ifanele ilingane kwaye ingakhutshwanga. [FOT:]

Ukungcungcuthekiswa Okuninzi Nenkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

I-United States ifaka abantu abaninzi kunalo naluphi na uhlanga, kwaye ukwahluka kobuhlanga kuphaphamile. Amadoda amnyama aphantse aphindwe kathandathu njengamadoda amhlophe afakwa entolongweni. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo, kunye nemithetho ekwimiqathango emithathu ivelise uhlobo olutsha localulo oluchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namazwe aseAfrika. Umthetho weNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-Civili usetyenziswa ukuvavanya ingxowa yemali, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nentlawulo oluthiweyo, kunye nemibutho efana neNaACP esemthethweni yeNyuziya ukhuselo-mkhosi ikhokela umsebenzi.

Ukuqhubeka Kocalucalulo Kwingqesho Nezindlu

Kwanalapho imithetho ilwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo, ukunyanzelisa uluntu idla ngokungabi namsebenzi. Ukucalucalucalulo ngemisebenzi kunzima ukukungqina; amaxhoba amaninzi akaze afake izikhalazo. Ukuhlahlela ngokusemthethweni kweendawo, ukuqhuba kweendawo, ukubolekisa ngenkohlakalo, kunye nokubhalisa imithetho egqwethayo. UKumkani uyaqhubeka edala imimandla esubalele. Injongo ye-Fair Howale Act “yokuhambisela phambili ngokusesikweni izindlu ezintle” iye yathotyelwa phantsi ngamandla ngabalawuli abathile. Umlo wokulwela ithuba elilinganayo lezoqoqosho, elo uGq. uKumkani ulwele kwi-R.

Umlinganiselo Welifa LeNtlanganiso WomGaqo-siseko Nowenzululwazi

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi lalingeyophulo nje lezobupolitika; yayiyimpikiswano enzulu yomgaqo-siseko ngentsingiselo yenkululeko nokulingana. Le nkqubo yaphinda yachaza ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yokuhlaziywa kwemithetho ye-(yeshumi elinesithathu, ye-14, neye-15) ukumisela iimfuno ezifanelekileyo kurhulumente zokuphelisa ucalucalulo, hayi ukuphepha nje. Oku kucaciswa kusisiseko somthetho wale mihla wenkululeko yabemi.

Ukuguquka Kusuke Kukumgangatho Ophantsi

Phambi kweNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-Civil, iinkundla zaqonda ukulingana ngokwendlela esemthethweni: urhulumente akanakukwazi ukucalula ngokucacileyo abantu ngokohlanga. Kodwa le nkqubo ibhenca ukuba imithetho ebonakala ingathathi cala ingaqhubeki njengeqela lesizwe. Ingcamango yomlinganiselo ekwisikhundla sokulingana [] yavela: inkululeko yokwenyaniso yoluntu ayifuni nje ukuphunywa kwemithetho yocalucalulo-m-calulo, kodwa ukususwa okusebenzayo kwemiqobo echasa amaqela. Lo mgaqo ukhuthaza ukumelana, ukunyanzeleka kwamalungelo okuvocalula, kunye nokuchasana kwemilo namhlanje.

Indima Yokungathobeli Kwamakhaya

UMartin Luther King Jr. “ILet yaseBirmingham Jail” iseyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokukhusela ukungathobeli kwemiphakathi njengendlela yokukhusela inkululeko yabemi. Waphikisa ukuba abantu banomsebenzi wokuziphatha ofanelekileyo wokungathobeli imithetho engekho sikweni, kwaye isenzo esingqalileyo sidala uxinezeleko olunyanzelisa uluntu ukuba lujamelane neempikiswano zalo. Le ntanda-bulumko iye yamkelwa ngemibutho esukela kwiCwangciso-Nyuclet Disrhamentation ukuya kwinkcule. Igunya lokuziphatha lokungasebenzisi mandla lihlala lisesona sixhobo esinamandla kwabo bafuna ukwandisa imidanganiso yokuthetha nendibano.

Imfundo njengelixa lokukhusela inkululeko enzima

Ulwazi lwembali yamalungelo abantu luyinkululeko yoluntu. Ngaphandle kokuba abantu bayazi indlela izizukulwana zangaphambili ezizabalazela ngayo amalungelo, ukukhuselwa kunokuphela ngenxa yokungakhathali okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokungqalileyo kwezobupolitika.

Ukufundisa Ukubaluleka Okupheleleyo

Izikolo ezininzi zisafundisa uhlobo oluchanekileyo lweNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-Ovil olujolise kwiinkokeli ezinkulu kunye neempumelelo zowiso-mthetho lo gama becutha ugonyamelo, iingcamango ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuchasa okuqhubekayo. Uqeqesho olunamandla lwamalungelo abantu kufuneka luquke imbali yokuvuleka, ukucinezelwa kwemibutho yezopolitiko emnyama, nendima yeentlangano ezifana neBlack Panther Partior kwiinkonzo zoluntu zobuqu kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukuba le ntsebenzi yayingeyodwa kodwa umzabalazo oqhubekayo oquka iMontgomey Busbott, iMississippian Free Summer, kunye nemfazwe yakudala yeNkulungela-zim, kunye nemfazwe yeNtlanganiso kunye neyo yokuphendula ityala.

Ukucinga Ngokuthandabuza Okusesikweni Kwentlalo

Imfundo kufuneka ixhobise abafundi ukuba bahlolisise iziganeko zangoku ngelens yenkululeko yabemi. Umzekelo, isifundo esingoMthetho wamaLungelo singakhokelela ekuhlolweni kwemithetho yale mihla elawulayo kunye ne-ID. Ingxubusho ye-Civil Rights Act inganxulumana nengxoxo ekhoyo emalunga nokukhuselwa kwe-LGBTQ ngabasebenzi. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babuze ukuba ngubani ongenelwayo kumthetho othile okanye inkqubo ethile elungiselela ukuba babe ngabemi abakhutheleyo abanokwazi xa inkululeko isongezwa.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nemfundo Ebalulekileyo

Izikolo neeyunivesithi zingasebenzisana nemibutho yasekuhlaleni yamalungelo abantu ukunikela amathuba enkonzo afundwayo: ukuba nenxaxheba kwizicelo zokuvota, ukuphanda ngocalulo lwezindlu zasekuhlaleni, okanye ukunceda uxwebhu olubhalwe ngomlomo. Ukuthembisana okunjalo kuguqula amalungelo angabonakaliyo abe ngamava aphilayo kwaye kwakha ukuzinikela kobomi bonke kokusesikweni.

Ukunika Amagosa Alandelayo Umandla

Ekugqibeleni, eyona ngxenye iphambili yemfundo kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni kukuphumelela. Xa abantu abaselula beqonda ukuba umGaqo-siseko uluxwebhu oluphilayo kwaye banamandla okufuna ukuba uphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo, baba sisizukulwana esilandelayo samagqwetha, abaxhasi, abalawuli, nabagwebi. I-Civil Rights Movement yangqina ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo, abaxhotyiswe lulwazi nenkalipho, banokuwuguqula umthetho kunye nohlanga. Imfundo yinkqubo edluliselwa ngayo loo mfundiso.

Ukuvukelwa kweNkqubela-ntle yeNkqutyana yaseMerika

Impembelelo yeKhavinity Amalungelo Oluntu e-U.S. i-Intelligation ifikelela ngaphaya kwemida yaseMerika. Ibinzana elithi “Siyawonga” laculwa ngabavukeli base-Northern Ireland, abachaphazeli bemfazwe e-Antipartheid eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nabaxhasi abalawuli beedemokrasi baseMpuma Yurophu. Imodeli yemfazwe yokulwa nogonyamelo, i-Intesteation, kunye nokukhuthaza amalungelo esizwe zilungelelaniswa ngemibutho yamalungelo abantu e-Latin Merika, iDalit eIndiya, kunye neRomsportamentmentations of Human Rightss kunye nezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezilandelayo ziboleka kakhulu kulwimi nakwimigaqo yamalungelo abantu. [[FLT:] amalungelo e-R.[FLD]

Uqukumbela: UMatshi Ongagqitywanga

I-Civil Rights Movement yafikelela oko abaninzi babecinga ukuba akunakwenzeka: yaphelisa ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho engokwasemthethweni kaJim Crow, exhaphazelekileyo kwizigidi zabemi abantsundu, yaza yabeka urhulumente wesizwe ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabemi. Kodwa umsantsa phakathi kwesithembiso somthetho nento ephilayo uyaqhubeka. Ubutyebi beentlanga buhlala buninzi, ubungcazelelwa, ubufunda, kunye nempembelelo engenakulinganiswayo yenkqubo yokusesikweni yezaphuli-mthetho, bonke obukhoyo bubungqina bokuba umsebenzi wesigebebe-mthetho awugqibekanga. Inkululeko yabemi (*) yale mihla imele ifunde imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuthintela, ukuma kogonyamelo, ukungaphindiswa kwemi, ukuthetha nokuquququze kungene phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhubekayo. Isifundo senkqubo solwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Romsportston siphentil, sivuma nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi isithethe esisandulelayo esisamngeni setyala, kodwa sivunywa yimeko esisetyenziswayo esilawula