Irhafu idla ngokujongwa njengomthwalo, kodwa ingumsebenzi osisiseko wemali kwimpucuko yanamhlanje. Ukusuka kwindlela esiqhubela phambili kuyo ukuya kwizikolo ezifundisa abantwana bethu, ingeniso yerhafu ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezenza ubomi boluntu bube nokwenzeka kwaye bungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda impembelelo yerhafu kwezi nkonzo zentlalo kuxhomekeke kwiimbono zoluntu akuyonto nje isiseko semfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yelizwe. Oku kuhlola unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwemigaqo yerhafu nempahla kawonke wonke, indaleko, indaleko lolwalamano olungokwembali, kunye nocelomngeni ekumeleni inkqubo yerhafuzo yale mihla ekulondolozeni inkqubo elungileyo nephumelelayo yerhafu.

Ukuqonda Irhafu: Ngaphezu Kwembopheleleko

Kumgangatho wayo osisiseko, irhafu yimali enyanzelekileyo okanye olunye uhlobo lwelevy olubekwe kumhlawuli werhafu (umntu okanye umbutho osemthethweni) yintlangano karhulumente ukuze kuxhaswe iinkcitho ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke. Kodwa irhafu ingaphezulu kakhulu kunentengo elula. Zimela isivumelwano soluntu: abemi banikela inxalenye yengeniso yabo okanye ubutyebi babo ukuze bafumane iinzuzo zeqela ezingenakuzibonelela ngokwabo ngempumelelo.

Inkonzo yeNguquko yezemali [i-IRS] yase-United States, umzekelo, iqokelela ngaphezu kwe-$.9 yezigidi zezigidi zemali eninzi ngonyaka wama-2023, imali eyabelwa yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lobuzwe ukuya kuhlolo lokhuseleko lokutya. Ngokwe- irhafu nemali kawonke-wonke-wonke ye-data ye-[, amazwe angamalungu aqokelela umlinganiselo wama- 34% we-GDP kwirhafu, inani elibonisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wengeniso efunekayo ekulondolozeni izibonelelo zoluntu neenkonzo zale mihla.

Iintlobo Zerhafu Neenjongo Zazo Ezahlukileyo

Ukuqonda uhlobo ngalunye lwerhafu kunceda abemi babone ukuba imali yabo ihamba phi yaye kutheni kukho iirhafu ezithile.

  • Irhafu efunyenweyo: Yirhafu kwingeniso yomntu ngamnye neyoshishino. Oku kuqheleke kukunyuka kwesantya, okuthetha ukwanda kwengeniso, eyenzelwe ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwengeniso nokuxhasa iinkonzo ezisekelwe kumgangatho ophezulu njengemfundo nokhuseleko lwentlalo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Irhafu erhafu: Irhafu esetyenziswa ekuthengisweni kwempahla neenkonzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibuyisela umlinganiselo, njengoko iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi zichitha umlinganiselo ophezulu wengeniso yazo kwimpahla ezinokuhlawulwa. Amazwe amaninzi akhulula iimfuno ezifana nokuthengwa kwamayeza kunye nokuncitshiswa kwale miphumela.
  • [[NTLA] Irhafu efunyanisiweyo: A levy esekelwe kwimpahla, ngokuyintloko umhlaba. Lo ngumthombo ongundoqo wemali yenkonzo yoluntu olufana nezikolo zikarhulumente, amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, kunye namathala eencwadi. Ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla abonakalisa iimeko zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zempahla zingakhokelela kwimali yesikolo eninzi phakathi kwemimandla etyebileyo namahlwempu.
  • [[KLT:0] Irhafu ekhutshwayo: Irhafu ejoliswe kuyo kwiimpahla ezithile, njengepetroli, utywala, necuba. Ezi zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "irhafu yesono," zenzelwe ukudimaza ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziyingozi ngoxa zinyusa ingeniso yemali enxulumene neendleko ezinxulumeneyo (umz., irhafu ingxowa yerhafu egcinwe kwiindlela; iinkqubo zerhafu yerhafu yezonyango lwecubathi).
  • [[UMTHOLO] Irhafu Yomqulu Ongasileyo: Irhafu yomvuzo nemivuzo esetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo ukuxhasa iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yentlalo yoKhuseleko loluntu nezobuMedicare. Abaqeshwa nabaqeshi banikela, kwaye le mali ithenjiwe ngokuthemba abo baza kungenelwa kwixa elizayo.
  • Isigqeba neNgqeso yerhafu: Irhafu ekudluliseni ubutyebi ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Imimandla embalwa iphantsi kolu khupho-rhafu ngenxa yokhululeko oluphezulu, kodwa ihlala iyisixhobo sokuthetha ngobutyebi.

Umgaqo Wobuchule Bokuhlawula

Ingcamango engundoqo kwimigaqo-siseko yerhafu yi "impumelelo yokuhlawula""" ingcamango yokuba abo banemiqathango emikhulu yemali kufuneka banikele ngesabelo esikhudlwana kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwiinkqubo zerhafu zengeniso eqhubekayo. I-Sconomics Adam Smith yalatha ngokudumileyo uluhlu lwemiqathango emine yerhafu: ukulingana, ukuqiniseka, ukunceda, kunye noqoqosho. Ukungalingani kufuna ukuba irhafu ikwazi ukuthwala umthwalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ayibekeli phantsi kobunzima obungeyo kwabo banokukwazi ukuhlawula.

Ngokwe- I-ofisi yoHlahlo loMhlazo ePhakathi (CBO), inkqubo yerhafu karhulumente wase-U.S. iqhelekile, kunye ne-1% ephezulu yeentsapho ehlawula umyinge womlinganiselo werhafu ehlawulwayo emalunga nama-30% ngexesha eliphantsi ihlawulwa amaqondo angalunganga ngenxa yetyala elibutyala elilingana netyala lemali ebhaso-mali. Oku kunyuswayo kunceda ukuxhasa iinkonzo zemali ezixhasa iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, njengoncedo lokutya nezindlu zikawonke wonke.

Indima Yerhafu Ekuxhaseni Iinkonzo Zoluntu

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ziyindlela eluncedo yokunika ingeniso yerhafu. Ngaphandle kwengeniso yerhafu, oorhulumente bebengayi kukwazi ukunikezela ngeempahla ezibalulekileyo ezithengiswayo ezikhoyo ngezantsi kwentengiso . njengomoya ococekileyo, izibonelelo zempilo, kunye nemfundo yoluntu jikelele. Ulwalamano phakathi kwerhafu nexabiso lenkonzo luthe ngqo: xa ingeniso yerhafu incipha okanye ixhatshazwa, iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ziyawohloka, zibangela umonakalo oyena mmi ubuthathaka.

Imfundo: Isiseko Samathuba

Imfundo kawonke-wonke yenye yezona nkonzo zibalulekileyo zerhafu. E-United States, malunga ne-90% yemali yesikolo sikawonke-wonke ye-K-12 ivela kurhulumente nakumthombo wasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zempahla ezininzi. Iziko lezemfundo yesizwe leNtlalo-mali yerhafu linikela ingxelo yokuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke ezichithwe malunga ne-R1000 (R1,000) kumfundi ngamnye ngonyaka wama-202020, zisebenzisa imali eninzi kakhulu ngesithilithali, kanti ezinye zichitha ngaphantsi kwama-R3 000 ngelitifomu ngexesha abanye abafundi befikelela kwi-R3 000). Oku kungumphumo othe ngqo wokuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ebangela umjikelezo wobuhlwempunge: izikolo ezifumana izikolo ezityebileyo, ezitheneyo, ngoxa iingiswe kwimibutho yemibutho yemfundo ephambili.

Ngaphaya kweKne12, iikholeji zerhafu, iiyunivesithi zephondo, kunye noncedo lwabafundi lwemali. Umgangatho wemali ephezulu noncedo lwemali yemali. Inkqubo yemfundo exhaswe kakhulu ixhomekeke kwingeniso yerhafu. Inkqubo yemfundo enika ubuchule obungakumbi ivelisa umsebenzi, inciphisa ubuhlwempu, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuhambelana nentlalo. Ngokuchasene noko, imfundo ephantsi kwemfundo ikhokelela kumgangatho ophantsi wokuphumelela, ukuncitshiswa kwemveliso yezoqoqosho, kunye nexabiso lentlalo-ntle yexesha elide elinjenge-ecrompty kunye noxhomekeko yempilo.

Ukunyamekela Impilo: Ingxaki Yobomi Nexesha Elide

Iinkqubo zonyango ezigunyazisiweyo ziyahluka-hluka ehlabathini lonke, kodwa onke amazwe aphucukileyo asebenzisa irhafu ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwezempilo okusisiseko. EUnited States, iMedicare (kubantu abadala) kunye neMedicaid (abantu abahlawulwa kancinci) zixhaswa ngemali eyintloko ngerhafu ehlawulwayo kunye nemali-mali-mali eninzi. Urhulumente wase-U.S. uchitha malunga ne-R3,9 lezigidi-zigidi zezigidi zemali enkqumrhuthayo ngo-2023 ngezi nkqubo, uqikelelo malunga nama-28% emali emali karhulumente. Amazwe aneminxeba enye okanye iimompatho zenkonzo yesizwe, njengeKhanada neUnited Kingdom, imali yempilo ephantse ukuba isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ngerhafuwo-mali.

Izibonelelo zempilo kawonke-wonke .(iingxaki zokujongwa kwerhafu, iinkqubo zokugoma, imilinganiselo yamanzi acocekileyo, kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwerhafu.) Isifo se-COVID-19 sikwabalaselisa indlela ekwakubaluleke ngayo oku kuxhaswa yimali: uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo nokusasazwa kwemichiza ye-odoli kwenziwa ukuba kubekho ungeniso olukhawulezileyo kurhulumente olusuka kwingeniso yerhafu. Ngaphandle kwerhafu, abantu bebeya kujongana nemigangatho ephezulu yezifo ezinokuthintelwa ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye iindleko zempilo zinokunyuselwa ngokupheleleyo kubantu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekurhoxelweni kwemali nakwiimeko ezingachaphazelelwanga.

Izakhiwo: Ubugcisa Borhwebo Nobomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Iindlela, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, iinkqubo zamanzi, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, kunye negridi yombane zonke zikhuselwe kakhulu. Irhafu yepetroli karhulumente wase-U.S. i-18,4 ye-sente ngelitha (okanye itshintshiwe ukususela ngo1993) yondla i-Highway Trust Fund, exhasa imali phakathi kohola wohola wendlela kunye nokugcinwa kwenqanawa. Irhafu yerhafu yommandla kunye nerhafu yommandla womhlaba yongeza omnye umaleko. Noko ke, njengokuba izithuthi zinika ipetroli kunye nombane, lo msinga wemali uyancipha, nto ebangela ingxaki yemali exhasa ingeniso.

I-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) inika izibonelelo ze-U.S. udidi lweC- kwaye iqikelela izithuba zemali ezizizigidi ezisisi - 2,6 zezigidi zemali ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ukunyuswa kwezibonelelo ngerhafu kunika iimbuyiselo eziphezulu: idola nganye echithwe ekulondolozweni kwendlela ilondoloza iindleko zezithuthi zexesha elizayo, kwaye yonke i-dola ethenjiweyo kwingeniso kawonke wonke ingenisa i-R3,5 kwimivuzo yezoqoqosho. Izibonelelo ezikhoyo zinciphisa ukuxinga, ukukhutshwa kwemoto, kwaye idibanisa abantu kwimisebenzi nemfundo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu: Ilitye Lolungelelwano

ISebe leMicimbi yoLawulo loLuntu, iinkonzo zomlilo, ukuphendula kongxamiseko, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba ixhaswa ngokuyintloko ngerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kunye nerhafu yengeniso karhulumente. Le misebenzi isebenza imini yonke ukukhusela ubomi nempahla. Ngokutsho kwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bachitha ngaphezu kwama-2095 ezigidi zee-R395 zezigidi epoliseni, kwizigwebo, nakwiinkundla zolawulo ngowama-2020. Ngaphandle kwezi nkonzo, ulwaphulo-mthetho belungathintelwa, imililo ibiya kusasazeka ngaphandle kokuphendula, kwaye ingxhulumaniswano yamakhaya ingakhula ibe lugonyamelo.

Kodwa ulwalamano oluphakathi kwerhafu nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lunzima. Amanyathelo okunciphisa uqingqo-mali lwamapolisa anokukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nokucothoza koncedo olungxamisekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kumapolisa ngaphandle kokuxhasa imali efunekayo yeenkonzo zentlalo-ntle-ntlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle-ntle-ntle-ntlelonkene okanye ukukhotyokiswa ngempilo-mgangatho-ngqondo. Imbono yoluntu iqonda ukuba irhafu yerhafu yokhuseleko lukawonke kufuneka ilungelelanise ukugcinwa nokuthintelwa nokubuyiselwa kokhuseleko.

Imbono Efanelekileyo Ngerhafu

Ngokwembono yoluntu, irhafu ayisososo okanye ubusela; lixabiso lebutho labantu eliphucukileyo. Iingcali zentanda-bulumko ezisuka kuThomas Hobbes ukuya kuJohn Shawls ziye zaphikisa ngelithi abantu bayavuma ukuhlawulwa irhafu ngenxa yeengenelo zokuphila phantsi korhulumente ozinzileyo onika umthetho, ucwangco, kunye neempahla zikawonke-wonke. Le sivumelwano sifuna abemi ukuba bahlawule isabelo sabo esifanelekileyo, kwaye, nabo bafune ukuba babonakale bendiwe kwaye baphendule kurhulumente ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo loo mali.

Iingenelo Zokubandakanyeka Kwemithetho Yerhafu

Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela iirhafu ezixhaswa ngayo ngurhulumente, badla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

  • Ukuvota kunyulo lwangaphakathi kumaqhina esikolo, iintlawulo zezibonelelo, kunye nezicelo zomlinganiselo werhafu.
  • Iquka iimvo zikawonke-wonke apho kuxutyushwa khona izabelo zoqingqo-mali.
  • Ukuxhasa utshintsho lwerhafu oluvale indlela yokuphepha okanye ukwenza inkqubo ibenokulingana.
  • Ukunyusa okanye ukunikela ukongeza iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kuluntu olungenamsebenzi.

Abemi ababotshelelweyo bangaqhubela phambili imithetho elungelelanisa iirhafu kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Umzekelo, abemi kwamanye amazwe baye baxhasa ngempumelelo ukunyuswa kwerhafu yegesi ukuxhasa intlawulo yezothutho okanye ukudlula kwerhafu "yoovimba berhafu" ukuxhasa imfundo kawonke-wonke. Xa abemi bengayamkeli, inkqubo yerhafu idla ngokunceda izilangazelelo zemali ezihlawulwayo kunokuba incede uwonke wonke.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthembeka

Ukubonisa indlela ingeniso yerhafu echithwa ngayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu. Oorhulumente abanxibelelana ngokucacileyo apho ii-dola zerhafu zihamba khona/ngokudlula kwi-intanethi, kwii-clackboards ze-intanethi, kwiingxelo zonyaka, kunye neengxelo ezipapashiweyo zoqingqo-mali.

Xa abemi bebona iziphumo ezithile, --" irhafu yempahla yakho ihlawulelwe ilori entsha yomlilo eyafika ngemizuzu emithathu ukusindisa indlu yommelwane wakho"". Ngokuchasene noko, amatyala abandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwerhafu (njengokufunyanwa kwemali yembuyiselo edla imali eninzi echithekileyo kumazwe athile) aphelisa ukuthemba kunye nokuphelisa iimvakalelo zokulwa nerhafu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba uwonke wonke asweleke iinkonzo zemali efunekayo.

Iingxaki Ekuhlawuleni Irhafu Neenkonzo Zoluntu

Kwanakwinkqubo ezicwangciswe kakuhle, kuvela imingeni enciphisa ukusebenza kweenkonzo ezithe zahlawulwa ngerhafu. Ukuphendula le miba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba irhafu inceda uluntu ngokulinganayo.

Ukugxothwa Kwerhafu Nokuphepha

Ukungahlawuli irhafu . Ngokusemthethweni kusilela ukunikela ingxelo yengeniso okanye yeempahla zokufihla, kwaye irhafu iyaziphepha ngokusemthethweni qhatha ii-patroli ukucutha iimfanelo . zombini zinciphisa ingeniso ekhoyo yeenkonzo zikarhulumente. I-IRS iqikelela ukuba umsantsa werhafu yomnatha (umahluko phakathi kwerhafu ehlawulwayo nerhafu) ungaphezulu kwee-R3, amawaka ezigidi zee-R3, 000-waka-waka ngonyaka eUnited States kuphela. Ii-akhawunti zonxweme, iinkampani zeqokomkhulu, kunye nocwangciso lwezentengiso lwezentengiso olunochukunolo (umz., ukurhoxanduswa kwengeniso yerhafu)

Amazwe asakhasayo abandezeleka ngokulinganayo: ngokweBhanki yomhlaba wonke, ukuphepha irhafu ngamashishini amazwe ngamazwe kubiza amazwe asakhasayo imali eqikelelwa kuma-$200 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka. Ngokulinganayo noncedo lwamanye amazwe alufumanayo. Ukuvala ezi bhaqo ngentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe (njengesiseko se-ECD's Erosion kunye ne-Intelligence Shifting) kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi akuphazamisi mali kawonke-wonke.

Ukungalingani Kwirhafu Nakukusasazwa Kweenkonzo

Asizizo zonke iinkqubo zerhafu ezilinganayo. "ezifana nerhafu ethengiswayo nerhafu ehlawulwayo" beka umthwalo onzima kumakhaya afumana imali ephantsi, achitha isabelo esikhulu sengeniso yawo ekusebenziseni ingeniso. Okwangoku, abantu abazizityebi badla ngokungenelwa kumgangatho ophantsi werhafu ngengeniso yamakomkhulu, inzuzo, kunye neendawo zokufihla irhafu. Oku kungalingani kukhokelela ekufikeleleni kwemali ephezulu. Uluntu olunobutyebi lungangenisi ziyakwazi ukuthenga izikolo, izitrato ezikhuselekileyo, kunye neepaki ezicocekile ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla aphezulu avelisa irhafuthelo yasekuhlaleni. Amahlwempu, anemiqatha yempahla kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ashiywa ziinkonzo eziphantsi, ukukhuthaza ubuhlwempu.

Iinkqubo zerhafu eziqhubekekayo .None apho isantya sinyuka ngengeniso------asel-ase-luntslone yoncedo lomgangatho wokudlala lo mmandla, kodwa kuphela ukuba ingeniso isasazwa ngokulinganayo kwimiqathango yemithetho. Iindlela zokwandiswa kwemali kunye nezipho zemali ezikhoyo (njengeSihloko seI sezikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi) zizama ukuphendula le nto, kodwa zisoloko ziphantsi kwemincintiswano yezobupolitika.

Ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho nerhafu kwamanani

Unyuko lwe-e-commerce, umsebenzi okude, kunye neenkonzo zamanani zibangele ucelomngeni olutsha kwintengo yerhafu yesithethe. Imithetho yerhafu yentengiso yenzelwe izitore zezitena nezineenjiko; ukuyizalisekisa ukwenzela intengiso ye-intanethi kwi-intanethi i-2018 yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-1918 efuna isigqibo kwi- South Dakota v. Howachir, evumela ukuba kuthengwe irhafuthengiso olukude. Ngokufanayo, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho lwe-gigg, iplatfoms trans) kwenza kube nzima ukufumana ingeniso kwingoma, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungenisweni phantsi kokukhutshwa kwengxelo.

Irhafu eqokelelwayo yerhafu iphantsi kwengcinezelo njengoko izikhuthazo zobugcisa zivelisa ingeniso kumazwe apho zimbalwa khona izinto zomzimba. Isivumelwano se-OECD somlinganiselo werhafu encinane yehlabathi lonke ye-15% simisela ukunqanda olu hlanga luye ezantsi, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kungalingani. Ukuba iziseko zerhafu zikhukuliseka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba oorhulumente benokuzenza, iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ziya kujongana neenkonzo ezingapheliyo phantsi kokuzinziswa phantsi komdla.

Izifundo zetyala: Iinkonzo ezipheliswe ngerhafu ehlabathini lonke

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo axhasa ngayo aze anikele ngayo iinkonzo zikarhulumente ngerhafu kutyhila indlela abathengwa ngayo nabahlaziyi ngayo abantu.

Umzekelo waseScandinavia: Irhafu ephezulu, Iinkonzo Eziphezulu

Amazwe afana neSweden, iDenmark, neNorway aphakathi komlinganiselo ophezulu werhafu ukuya kwiGDP ehlabathini (ngaphezu kwama-40%). Ngokubuya, anika imfundo yamahhala yaseyunivesithi, ukukhathalelwa kwempilo yendalo yonke, ikhefu lobuzali, kunye neengenelo ezimandla zokungaqeshwa. La mazwe asoloko ejongene nezona ziphezulu kulonwabo lwehlabathi lonke kunye neezalathiso zokuphuhlisa abantu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iirhafu eziphezulu ziyayidimaza ishishini, kodwa abaxhasi baphawula ukuba iinetha ezinamandla zokhuseleko lwentlalo zibangela ukuba zikwazi ukubeka engozini kunye nokukhula ngokunciphisa iindleko zobuqu zokungaphumeleli.

EUnited States: Irhafu Ephantsi, Iinkonzo Ezilungelelanisiweyo

Irhafu yase-U.S. emalunga ne-28% ye-GDP, ngaphantsi komlinganiselo we-OECD, kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-inshorensi yomqeshi esekelwe kumqeshi kunye nenkxaso-mali yezikolo. Isiphumo sisixokelelwano esineemeko ezithe kratya: iinkonzo ezintle kwiindawo ezityebileyo kunye nentsilelo enzulu kwezihlwempuzekileyo. Isicwangciso sokuhlangula kunye noMgaqo-siseko wokuReduction iye yafaka imali karhulumente kwisiseko nakwimozulu, kodwa iindleko zexesha elide zokwakha zisongela ukhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nolwelo lweMedicasare.

ISingapore: Imilinganiselo Ephantsi, Uhlangulo Olungenabungozi

I-Singapore inerhafu ephantsi (kumgangatho wama-22%) kodwa iminikelo ephezulu yeSebe lezezimali eliPhathiswayo elikwiCandelo eliPhakamileyo, eligubungela ukunyamekela impilo, indlu, nomhlala-phantsi. Urhulumente ukwaxhomekeke ekuthengisweni komhlaba nasebusweni kwemali yobutyebi obuphezulu. Lo mzekelo ufumana iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke eziphezulu ezinemithwalo yerhafu ephantsi, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iphazamisa imivuzo kwaye inikel

Isiphelo: Inkcitho yokubhala irhafu

Impembelelo yerhafu kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ayiyonkupho yoqingqo-mali kuphela. Kubonisa indlela elikhetha ngayo irhafu kubemi balo lize linike imali leyo imisela ubunjani bezikolo zalo, impilo yabemi balo, ukhuseleko lwezitrato, namandla ezibonelelo zalo. Ngokwembono yoluntu, ukuqonda olu lwalamano akuyomfuneko; ngumsebenzi wommi ngamnye kwidemokhrasi.

Abemi abanolwazi bangaxhasa imithetho yerhafu elungileyo, elungele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezimanyeneyo. Bangaphenduliswa ngeenkokeli ngokuchitha imali nokunyanzela ukubonakala ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Bangaqonda ukuba ukuhlawula irhafu akuyoncama kodwa kukutyala ikamva elabelwe kunye, qha, apho umntwana ngamnye afumana imfundo elungileyo, yonke intsapho iyakwazi ukuhlawula impilo, kwaye uluntu lungaxhomekeka kwiindlela ezikhuselekileyo nakwimisebenzi yongxamiseko.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ayilinganiswa ngokuncipha kweerhafu zayo, kodwa ngendlela eziluncedo ngayo ezo rhafu. Imbono yoluntu isikhumbuza ukuba sonke sibophelelekile kulo msebenzi, yaye amandla okubumba inkqubo yerhafu ekugqibeleni axhomekeke kubemi ababotshelelweyo, abanolwazi.