Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Ingxaki Yokwenene Yezoqoqosho Ngenxa Yenkxwaleko Yezobupolitika

Xa abezobupolitika eWashington besilela ukuvumelana ngemali ehlawulwayo, iziphumo ziphinde ziphinde zibekwe kude ngaphaya kweeholo zemarble zekomkhulu. IGovernment imela ngaphezu kweholo yezopolitiko yezopolitiko ``````````'inyikima zezoqoqosho' ezigungqisa iziseko zempumelelo yaseMelika, ezichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwiibhanki zoluntu ukuya kwintlawulo lwehlabathi lonke. Xa imixholo yentloko-ntloko-ntloko ijolise kwizakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ezivaliweyo nabasebenzi abavalekileyo, iziphumo zezentengo yezemali zikarhulumente [[FLT][FLT] ] zihamba zinzulu, zidala ii-cad projekthi ezichaphazela wonke umgalelo woqoqompuko.

Intengiselwano karhulumente yokuvalwa kwezoqoqosho inwebe kakhulu ngaphaya kokungaphazamiseki kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Usuku ngalunye lokuzinzisa ludida izigidi zezigidi ze-GDP, lunciphisa intembelo yeshishini, luphazamisa iimarike zemali, kwaye lubangela ukungaqiniseki okuhlala kudala emva kokuba urhulumente evulekile. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo zezoqoqosho kunceda abemi, amashishini, kunye nabenzi bemithetho kuqonda isizathu sokuba iingxabano zemali zithwale impumelelo eMerika.

Yintoni Ukuvaleka Koorhulumente? Ubuchule Bokungaphumeleli Kwemali

A urhulumente osisifefe-mgamshelwa uvalwa uyenzeka xa iBhunga lisilela ukudlulisa umthetho onika imvume yokuxhasa imisebenzi karhulumente phambi kokuba igunya elikhoyo loqingqo-mali liphele. Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-Antideficiency wonyaka ka-884, amaqumrhu karhulumente akanakuchitha imali ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, elinyanzelisa ukuyeka imisebenzi engeyoyo engundoqo xa kuwiswa ngemali.

Le asiyongxaki yokwexeshana kuphela ``iyonakalisa' esisiseko kumsebenzi osisiseko wogcino lomsebenzi karhulumente. Inkqubo yokuvala ibangela uthotho lweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zomthetho nolawulo olugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imisebenzi eqhubekayo kwaye yeyiphi ephelayo, idala ukuphazamiseka okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho.

I-ICTP I-ICT: Ukwahlula Izoqoqosho

Umahluko phakathi [[NTL:0] obalulekileyo nongamelekanga kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemida udala umgca wengxaki yezoqoqosho ogqiba ukuba ngubani osebenzayo, ngubani ohlawulwayo, kwaye yiyiphi imisebenzi yezoqoqosho eqhubekayo:

[[UMTL:0] Iinkonzo ezingundoqo eziqhubekeka ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokhuseleko lwelizwe
  • Ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya kunye nemisebenzi yeTSA
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho woManyano neentolongo
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba
  • Igridi yamandla kunye nemisebenzi yedama
  • Uvavanyo lokhuseleko loluntu (nangona zikhona iinkqubo ezintsha)
  • Ukuhanjiswa kweposi nge-USPS (ezinyuselweyo)

Iinkonzo zemali ezimisayo ziquka:

  • I-Eden (iMitchells)
  • Imisebenzi emininzi yenkqubo yolawulo
  • Ulungiselelo lwemali-mboleko ebolekiweyo eFBA, inkqubela-phambili yasemaphandleni)
  • Ulungiselelo lwerhafu (ukuvavanya amaxesha okuvala)
  • Ingqokelela yemithetho nengqokelela yenkcazelo yezoqoqosho
  • Imisebenzi yenkundla yomanyano (emva kombhobho wemali ogciniweyo)
  • Uphando lwenzululwazi

Olu lwahlulo ludala abaphumeleleyo ngokoqoqosho kunye nabangaphumeleliyo, namanye amacandelo aqhubeka ngokuqhelekileyo ngelixesha amanye ejongene nokuphazamiseka okupheleleyo.

Imeko Engokwembali: Ukufunda Kwizinto Ezazenzeka Kwixesha Elidluleyo

Ukususela inkqubo yale mihla yoqingqo-mali yaqala ngo1976, i-United States iye yafumana 22] iisithuba semali ezikhokelela ekuvaleni , kunye neempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho:

Ukuvalwa kweMajor kunye namaxabiso ayo ezoqoqosho:

  • (1995-19996 (iintsuku ezingama-26): Ixabiso elingu-R2,4 lamawaka ezigidi, elichaphazelekayo kwabasebenzi 800 000
  • 2013 Iintsuku ezingamashumi asibhozo): Uncitshisiwe GDP ngee $42 bhiliyoni, ukukhula okusikiweyo ngo 0.6%
  • 2018-2019 [iintsuku ezingama-35]: Ixabiso elizizigidi ezizii-R31 zezigidi kwi-GDP, ii-33 zamawaka ezigidi lilahleka ngokupheleleyo

Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa ngakunye kuye kwafundisa izifundo ezibuhlungu zezoqoqosho, kodwa ubuninzi nokuhla kwexesha lokuvalwa kwemijuxuzo yokuvalwa kwenqanawa kuye kwanda kunokuba kunciphe, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba iimpembelelo zezobupolitika zithathele indawo ingqwalasela zezoqoqosho.

Imiphumo Ekhawulezileyo Yezoqoqosho: Iinkuku Zokuqala

Ukungalungelelani koMsebenzi woManyano

Impembelelo ekhawulezileyo kwabasebenzi bezwe elingurhulumente idala inkxwaleko yokuqala yezoqoqosho. Ngezigidi ezimalunga ne 2,1 zabasebenzi basekuhlaleni, ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo kuchaphazela umsebenzi omkhulu kunayo yonke imisebenzi yeenkampani enjengoWalmart okanye iAmazon.

Abasebenzi abaqeshweyo (umzekelo 800 000 850 000 ngexesha lokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo) kufuneka bayeke ukusebenza ngoko nangoko kwaye abanako ukufumana intlawulo de kube zisiphelo zokuvala. Aba basebenzi bajongene:

  • Ukuphulukana nemali encinane ehlawula imali yendlu, irente kunye nerhafu
  • Ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuvalwa kwexesha elinzima lokuzinzisa
  • Imiqathango yokufuna umsebenzi wokwexeshana ngenxa yemithetho yemilinganiselo
  • Uxinezeleko lwengqondo luchaphazela imveliso nasemva kokuba ibuyele

[[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi abakhutshiweyo abamele basebenze ngaphandle komvuzo (malunga nama-420 000 ngexesha lokuvala ngokupheleleyo) bajongene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo:

  • Ukudinwa ngemali ngoxa ulondoloza iimbopheleleko zomsebenzi
  • Ukungafumani ngeniso ingakumbi ngexesha elipheleleyo
  • Ukungabikho kakhulu njengengcinezelo yemali
  • Iingxaki zokuziphatha ezichaphazela umgangatho wenkonzo nokuphumelela

Ingxaki Yokwahlukana: Amaxhoba Alibalekiweyo

[ Izindlu zokwakha zemfazwe ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa zisoloko zijongene neziphumo ezimbi kakhulu kunabasebenzi bengingqi. Ngokungafaniyo nabasebenzi bakarhulumente abafumana intlawulo ephambili, izakhiwo-------------kusuka kwimisebenzi yokuhlalisa ukuya kwiingcali ze-IT/-IT fumana kwakhona ingeniso elahlekileyo.

Urhulumente wesizwe uqesha malunga nezigidi ezisisi-3,7, phantse ngokuphindwe kabini abasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwezakhiwo, abaninzi bajongene:

  • Ilahleko egqithisileyo yengeniso ngaphandle kobunyani bokubuyiselwa umva
  • Ukungaqiniseki kokwenza into ngempazamo njengeenkampani zokuphinda zifake okanye zikhuphe abasebenzi
  • Ukungaphumeleli kweshishini kwizindlu ezincinci ezingenayo iminqongo
  • Ifaka imimiselo kwiimali-mboleko, irente, kunye nentlawulo yonikezelo

Olunye uhlolisiso lwafumanisa ukuba abasebenzi benkokheli baphulukana nemali emalunga nee - R2,5 zamawaka ezigidi zomvuzo ebudeni bonyaka wokuvalwa komsebenzi wonyaka ka - 2018 - 2019 kuphela, imali engakhange ibuyele kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuwa Kwabantu Abathengayo

I- Ikhomputha echitha ngexesha lokuvalwa kolawulo lukarhulumente ihla ngokuphawulekayo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Abasebenzi bomanyano kunye neenkomfa zinciphisa ukuchithwa kwemali ngama-50-75% ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemijukujelwa, ukwenza iimpembelelo ezikhawulezileyo:

[[UMTL:0] I- Shashington D.C. indawo yemetro[[FL:1] (ne 15% yabasebenzi kumsebenzi wozwelonke) iyabona:

  • Imali enikwa inkxaso-mali yemali
  • Intengiso iyehla 15-25%
  • Ishishini lenkonzo lilahlekelwa yi 10-20% yengeniso
  • Imicimbi yezakhiwo

iikhompathimenti kufutshane namalungiselelo karhulumente amava afanayo okuhla:

  • Iidolophu ezisisiseko zomkhosi zibone iindleko zasekuhlaleni zehla ngama-30-40%
  • Uluntu olusebenzisa isango lemiphango yesizwe lulahlekelwa yi-50-80% yengeniso
  • Imimandla yophando lweFederal ibone ukuhla kwezoqoqosho ngama-20-30%

Oku kuncitshiswa kwemali kudala isiphumo esingalunganga sokwanda, apho idola nganye yomvuzo olahlekileyo karhulumente inciphisa umsebenzi woqoqosho nge R2.00.

Amadabi Amancinane Oshishino

Amashishini amancinci ngexesha lokuvalwa komsebenzi karhulumente [[FLT: 1] ajongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olusongela ukusinda kwawo:

Izakhiwo zorhulumente kufuneka ziqhubeke zihlawula abasebenzi kunye neentloko ngaphandle kwengeniso:

  • Inkcitho yenkcitho yemali efuna ingqwalaselo ephambili
  • Ulibaziseko lwemali yorhwebo, ukruthakrutha ulwalamano
  • Umlinganiselo wamatyala uyawohloka, ukwandisa iindleko zokuboleka
  • Azikhange zichache, ngempazamo yama-20-30% kunyaka othe waphela

ABABOLELI bemali-mboleko abanako ukufikelela kwimali evunyelweyo ngexesha lokuvala:

  • Ulwandiso loshishino lumisa phakathi
  • Ulibaziseko lokuthenga izinto zezixhobo, oluchaphazela imveliso
  • Igunya lokunqongophala kweekomkhulu elisebenzayo lisusa
  • Ingxaki ebangelwa kukukhuphisana kwemali ekhoyo

Imvume esemva kunye namashishini axhomekeke kwiphepha-mvume ukwenziwa kobunjani bomgaqo-nkqubo:

  • Imveliso entsha iveza ukulibazisa ngaphandle kwemvume yeFDA
  • Ukurhweba ngaphandle/ukurhweba ngaphandle
  • Ulwakhiwo lumisa ukulinda imvume karhulumente
  • I-IPOS kunye neminikelo yemali ilibaziswa ngaphandle kokuhlola i-SEC

Iimpendulo Zezemali: Wall Street Ajongwe

Ukwanda korhwebo lwe-Stock

]

Iziphumo zentengiso ezingaphaya kwe([FLT: 1] ziquka:

  • i-S&P 500 embalini ilahlekelwa ngu 0.1-0.2% ngeveki yokuvala
  • Isalathisi se-Volatility (VIX) sandisa 15-25% xa kuvinjwa
  • Ukuntsonkotha kwemithamo kunciphisa i 10-15% njengoko ukungaqiniseki kunyuka
  • Iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe zidla ngokudlula ezo zemali zaseUnited States

Iziphumo ezicacileyo ze- zohluka ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Iintsebenziswano zokhuselo zijamelana noxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo lokuthengisa
  • Ukuhambelana nokutyelela nokunika ulwamkelo
  • Iintlawulo zobuGcisa zoMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo
  • Ummandla we-D.C. uphantsi kwe-10-15%
  • Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kunye nestaples zabathengi zisoloko zifumana "zizikhuseli ezikhuselekileyo"

Urhwebo Lomanyano Namanqaku Abangel ’ Umdla

[[FLT: 0] Imposiso yokuvala isiphumo kwinzala [[FLT: 1] yenza izinto ezintsonkothileyo:

[[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zentengiso ezigqithisileyo[[FL:1]:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo
  • Ulwamkelo lwexesha elide lusenokuwa njengoko ukulindela ukukhula kuncipha
  • Ukungathathi-nxaxheba kwezemali kuyahla ngaphandle kwabathengi
  • Kuvela imibuzo efunwa kwamanye amazwe ngozinzo lweU.S.

Iziphumo zentengiso zeCredit:

  • Umanyano lomanyano lusasaze isiseko esibanzi
  • UMasipala kwimimandla exhomekeke kurhulumente ujongene nokuthengiswa
  • Amaxabiso okutshintshiselana amatyala amiselweyo eUnited States anyuka
  • Isebe elimisela izilumkiso malunga nokulawulwa kwemali

Imiphumo Ebangelwa Yimali Namazwe Ngamazwe

I U.S. dolar ngexesha lokuvalwa kukarhulumente isoloko ibuthathaka nxamnye neenkcitho ezinkulu:

  • Isalathiso se-Dollar siwa ngu-0.5% ngeveki yokuvala
  • Uhambo olukhuselekileyo lokufuduka lusiya eSwissfranc nase-yen yaseJapan
  • Iimarike ezidityanisiweyo zijongene noxinzelelo olubangelwa kukungathandeki
  • IVeki ye-Cryptocurrency yandisa njengenye ingqokelela yezitore zexabiso

Inkcitho yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe iquka:

  • Ukunciphisa utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwimali yemali yaseUnited States
  • Izivumelwano zorhwebo nengxoxo zezizwe ngezizwe ezithe zalityalwa
  • Imibuzo engeenkokeli zaseUnited States kumaqumrhu ezoqoqosho
  • Imali ithenjiswe

Iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezizizo zohlobo lwecandelo: Abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo

Ukutyelela Nokubuk ’ Iindwendwe: Ukuthwaxwa Kwezinto Ngokukhawuleza

ushishino lweTYUM ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa lujongene nelahleko eyintlekele, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezixhomekeke kwimitsalane karhulumente:

ukhenketho lwelizwe luvelisa ii-R22 zezigidi ngonyaka kwaye luxhasa imisebenzi engama-311 000. Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa:

  • Uluntu lulahlekelwa zii-R22 zezigidi suku ngalunye
  • Iihotele zifumana amaqondo okurhoxisa angama-60-80%
  • Abakhenkethi baphulukana nayo yonke ingeniso yamaxesha
  • Iivenkile zokutyela nezorhwebo zinciphisa abasebenzi 30-50%

I-Shashton D.C. ukhenketho (24 ezigidi zeendwendwe zaminyaka le) zifumana intsalela engaqhelekanga:

  • Ukuvalwa kweSmithsonian kuchaphazela amatyelelo aminyaka le azizigidi ezingama - 30
  • Ukuvalwa kwesikhumbuzo kudimaza izigidi zabakhenkethi
  • Uhambo lwesikolo lususa intwasahlobo namaxesha akwindla
  • Ukuwohloka kwencwadi yendibano kwiminyaka ezayo

[[UKWENZIWA:0] Ukhenketho lwezizwe ngezizwe ubuso bomonakalo ohlala uhleli:

  • IVisa ilibazisa ukucutha amanani abakhenkethi abasemzini 15-20%
  • Amaziko okuhamba avela kwamanye amazwe awakukhuthaziyo ukutyelela
  • Iindawo zokuqokelela zifumana ulwahlulo kwiimarike
  • Umonakalo wesinyithi uyaqhubeka iminyaka emva kokuvalwa

Izakhiwo Zokwenene: Iivenkile Ezineemarike Ezineengqekembe

intengiso yemo yefama ngexesha lokuvala amava abalulekileyo okuphazamiseka:

Ifama yelizwe elikwindawo ebanzi[ ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi:

  • Imali-mboleko ye-FHA neye-VA (30% yemarike) ayinako ukuqhubekeka
  • Imali-mboleko ye-USDA ekhompyutheni yasemaphandleni iphela ngokupheleleyo
  • ISRAPTHO SENKCUBEKO SIBALISELA UKUBA SISEBENZISWA
  • I-inshorensi yeThamsanqa nge-FEMA ayinakukhutshwa

Ezi zinto ziphazamisayo:

  • Intengiso yasekhaya ihla nge-10-15% ngexesha lokuvalwa
  • Ukulibaziseka kokuphuma kwemali ngemixokelelwano yentengiso
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso njengoko abathengisi bephelelwa lithemba
  • Imali eninzi exhasa abathengi abazizityebi

Ifama yelizwe elingu ``` ingekho kwi:

  • Imali ehlawulwayo ebambezelekileyo okanye emisiweyo
  • Inkcitho encitshisiweyo kwiimarike ezixhomekeke kurhulumente
  • Ulibaziseko lweprojekthi yophuhliso
  • Ukubhatala ngemali-mboleko yeSBA akufumaneki

Ukulima: Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho

Icandelo lolimo ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanwa lijongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga ezichaphazela uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni:

[[UMTL:0] Imali-mboleko kunye neemali-mboleko ziyeka uqhubekeko:

  • Imali emalunga nama - R2 000 ezigidi
  • Ukusebenzisa iimali-mboleko ngexesha lokutyala okungekhoyo
  • Ukumiswa kwentlawulo yoncedo
  • Imali ehlawulwayo yenkqubo yolondolozo

[[UMTL: 0] Ugcino-lwazi lwezolimo kunye neengxelo zengxelo ukuyeka:

  • Ingxelo yesivuno se-USDA ethi iintengiso ezikhokelayo
  • Ukuhlola ukukhuseleka kokutya kuncitshiswa
  • Iziqinisekiso zorhwebo
  • Uphando olungokwasemngciphekweni wezifo

Iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezithe ngqo uphinda-phinde:

  • Urhwebo lwezixhobo zefama luhla ngama-20-30%
  • Iibhanki zasemaphandleni zijongene neemali ezibolekiweyo ezithe zanda
  • Amashishini okubonelela ngezolimo anciphisa uluhlu
  • Ishishini ledolophu elincinane lilahlekelwa yi-15-25% yengeniso

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokubuyiselwa: Inkqubela edityanisiweyo

Impembelelo yecandelo lokuvala icandelo lobunzululwazi bobugcisa inwenwela ngaphaya kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente ezikhawulezileyo:

[[UKWENZIWA:0] uphando kunye nophuhliso uphazamiseko:

  • I-NSF ne-NIH zinika imali engama-50 amawaka ezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka
  • Uphando lweYunivesithi lumisa
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wesalathisi nesiqalo
  • Ukudluliswa kobuxhakaxhaka kwilabhu yesebe

[[Umthetho:0] ulwamkelo lomthetho lulibazisa[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izixhobo ezivunyiweyo zeFDA
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • I-EPA ivumela ukulondolozwa kwemeko-bume
  • Ubugcisa bokukhupha inqwelo-moya imisa

Ezi zibambezeleko ezibangela:

  • Uqikelelo olumalunga ne-R3,5 yezigidi zemali elahlekileyo
  • Inkcitho ekhoyo kunye nokhuphiswano lwezizwe ngezizwe
  • Ikomkhulu le-Venture lithandabuza kwimizi-mveliso elawulwayo
  • Ukufuduka kweevenkile ukuya kumazwe azinzileyo

Iziphumo zezoqoqosho zexesha elide: Iingxibo Ezingaphiliyo

Ukuphulukana Nemveliso Neendleko

[[UMTL: 0] Imveliso yophumo emva kokuvalwa [[FLT: 1] ayifumaneki ngokupheleleyo:

[[UMTL: 0] Ilahleko yemveliso [:

  • Iveki yokuqala emva ukubona kuphela 60-70% yemveliso eqhelekileyo
  • Imveliso epheleleyo ayibuyi kangangeeveki ezine-6
  • Ezinye iprojekti azivuleki emva kokulahlekelwa ngumbane
  • Ulwazi lweziko luphulukana nabasebenzi abahambayo

[[FLT: 0] Uqokelelo lwe window yeqosha [[FLT: 1] lwenza iintambo ezihlala zihleli:

  • Ii-passport eziqhubekekayo ziphinde ziqhubeke iinyanga ezi-3-6
  • Ulibaziseko lwerhafu ludlulela ngexesha lefatyi
  • Imvume kunye nemvume yokubuyisela umva iiprojekthi zilibazisa ishishini iinyanga eziyi-6-12
  • Imeko yorhoxiso lombindi wongezelela iminyaka yokulinda amaxesha

I-ofisi ye-Accounting Office iqikelela ukuba usuku ngalunye lokuvala lufuna iintsuku ezintathu-5 zomsebenzi wokuphucula, okuthetha ukuvalwa kwemida yeentsuku ezingama-90-50 yokusebenza okucuthwayo.

Ikomkhulu Lenqwelo - moya

[[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo ezisetyenziswayo emva kokuvala [[FLT: 1] ziba lucelomngeni olukhulayo:

[[UMTL: 0] Imo etshintshayo ikhawuleza ngokuvala inqanawe ngako konke:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Abasebenzi abaphezulu bashiya izinziso zecandelo labucala
  • Ukuphinda ubeke iziphene ezibini
  • Ulwazi lweziko lulahleka ngokusisigxina

ququzelelela imisebenzi :

  • Iintsebenziswano ezingoovimba zifumana iindima ezisisigxina zecandelo lobuqu
  • Amashishini amancinane akufuphi kunokuba avinjelwe imozulu kwixesha elizayo
  • Abasebenzi behlabathi babuyela ekhaya okanye bafudukele kwenye indawo
  • Ubuchule bokulungisa buphela ngokusisigxina

Intembelo Yoshishino Nokungasayi Kuzibophelela

Utyalo-mali lweshishini ngexesha lokuvala ukungaqiniseki [[FLT: 1] luhla ngokuphawulekayo:

Utyalo-mali olunemibhejelo [ lulibazisa okanye lurhoxise:

  • Ushishino lwehla 0.5% ngeveki
  • I-R&D inciphisa i-10-15% kumacandelo achaphazelekayo
  • Ujikelezo lomkhenkce ludlulela ngaphaya kwexesha lokuvalwa
  • Amalungiselelo olwando atshintshela kwamanye amazwe

ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Imali ehlawulwa ngurhulumente ehlawulwa ngemali
  • Umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe alufuni ukubandakanyeka kurhulumente waseUnited States
  • Uhlaziyo lwemiba ecwangcisiweyo

Uphando lweSikolo seBhunga lubonisa ukuba ukungaqiniseki kwenkqubo ekuvalweni kwemali kunciphisa utyalo-mali nge 15-20% kumacandelo axhomekeke kurhulumente, iziphumo ezihlala iminyaka emi-2-3.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nempembelelo Ye-GDP

GDP isiphumo solawulo lukarhulumente amaqumrhu ngexesha:

[[UMTL: 0] Ilahleko ye-GDP:

  • Iveki nganye yokuvala ipesenti yekota yeGDP nge 0.1-0.2%
  • Iziphumo ezininzi zokwandisa ilahleko ethe ngqo nge 1.5-2x
  • Uqoqosho lwengingqi lulahlekelwe ngu-2-3x kumlinganiselo wesizwe
  • Ukuchacha kuthatha izithuba ezibini

[[UMTHL:0] Ilahleko egqithisileyo yezoqoqosho:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zokukhula zinciphisa amathuba exesha elide
  • Ulibaziseko lokulungisa lwenza ukhuphiswano olusisigxina
  • Ukulahlekelwa ngamakomkhulu abantu kunciphisa ukukhula kwemveliso

Ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho kucebisa ukuba ukungaqiniseki kokuvala kuncitshise ukukhula kwemeko ye-U.S. ngu 0.1-0.2% ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2010, imele amakhulu ezigidi zempumelelo elahlekileyo.

Umahluko wengingqi nowemveli: Iintlungu ezingalinganiyo

Ukunaba Okubangelwa Yimeko - bume

ifuthe lezoqoqosho lokuvala lihluka ngokuphawulekayo ngobukho borhulumente:

[[UMTL:0] Owona mvutho uphezulu wemimandla:

  • I-Shashington D.C. Metro: 30% yezoqoqosho oluxhomekeke kurhulumente
  • Iindlela zeHampton, VA: Ukuchitha imali emkhosini kulawula
  • HEntsville, AL: NASA kunye nenkomfa yokhuselo
  • Imibala, CO: ufakelo lomkhosi
  • San Diego, CA: imisebenzi yomkhosi wamanzi neyomda

Le mimandla ibonelela:

  • Imisebenzi inyusa 2- 3 iincopho zeepesenti
  • Amaxabiso ezindlu ahlayo 5-10%
  • Imali enikwa inkxaso-mali
  • Ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ihla 15-20%

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Isiphumo sesiphumo sengingqi :

  • Uqoqosho lwecandelo loMntla-mpuma
  • Izikhululo zobugcisa ezingenabukho buncinci borhulumente
  • Imimandla yezolimo phakathi kwemijikelo yemali karhulumente
  • Imimandla evelisa amandla nephuhlisa ngokwayo

Umahluko womlinganiselo wobomi

[[UMTL:0] Ukupheliswa kwempembelelo yamanani kutyhila iziphumo ezingalinganiyo:

[[UMTHETHO: 0] Iziphumo zomgangatho ozayo:

  • Abasebenzi beSebe beSebe abafumana imali ephantsi baswele izigcini
  • Abasebenzi abasebenza kunye (ngokufuthi abahlawulwa kancinci) abafumani mbuyekezo
  • Abasebenzi abafumana ingeniso ephezulu baneempahla
  • Ukungalingani kobutyebi kwanda ngokuvalwa kwemihlaba

[[UMTHL:0] Izahlukaniso kunye nokwahluka kobuzwe:

  • Abemi base-Afrika bagqithisele kumsebenzi karhulumente (18% vs. 13%
  • Iintlola zamaSpeyin zichaphazeleke ngokugqithisileyo
  • Ishishini elincinane alifumani mali
  • Impembelelo yoluntu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezixeko

Age- iziphumo ezinxulumeneyo:

  • Abasebenzi abaselula abanamali
  • Abasebenzi abaphakathi bajamelana neengcinezelo zendlu yokutyela
  • Abasebenzi abatsalayo abakufuphi banyusa ukunduluka
  • ISebe lifumana inkxaso-mali

Ukwahlukana kwasemaphandleni

Imimandla ye-Urban ngexesha lokuvala ubuso obujongene kodwa obubonakalayo bunemiphumela:

  • Izakhiwo ze-ofisi yomanyano azinanto
  • Izixhobo ezifumana inkxaso-mali
  • Amashishini aphantsi alahlekelwa sisihlwele sasemini
  • Inkcubeko iyavalwa

Imimandla ebanzi ngexesha lokuvala amava asasazekileyo kodwa anzulu impembelelo:

  • Ulibaziseko lwemali yolimo ngexesha lamaxesha anzima
  • Imali-mboleko yokuphuhlisa amakhaya iyathintelwa
  • Ulawulo lwelizwe lomanyano luyayeka
  • Amashishini asedolophini alahlekelwa yimali yokusebenza

Iindleko Ezifihlakeleyo: Ukulinganisa Engenakulinganiswa

Impembelelo Yempilo Kawonke - wonke

Comment=Impilo ye-Public ngexesha lokuvalwa kolawulo iwohloka ngeendlela ezinokufumaneka:

[[UMTL: 0] I-Disease counsure column iyadamba:

  • Ukugadwa komkhuhlane weCDC kucutha 40%
  • Uhlolo lokhuseleko lokutya lwehla ngama-60%
  • Ukuqhambuka kwezifo kulibazisa
  • Intsebenziswano yempilo yehlabathi lonke iyaphela

Iinkonzo zeHealth uphazamiseko:

  • Uvavanyo lwe-GIF luyekele ukuyeka ukubhalisa
  • Inkonzo yezonyango yase-Indiya
  • Ucwangciso lokutya iWic lunengxaki yokungaqiniseki
  • Ukuxinezeleka ngemali kuyakhula

Uphando lubonisa iveki nganye yokuvala inqanawe ingqubana:

  • Ukwanda kotyelelo lwamagumbi ongxamiseko
  • Ukwanda konxulumano lwempilo yengqondo
  • Ukwanda kweengxelo zogonyamelo lwasekhaya
  • Ukwanda konyango lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Iindleko zokusingqongileyo nokhuseleko

[[UMTL: 0] Ukhuseleko lwe-Environmental ngexesha lokuvala luyekile ngokugqibeleleyo:

Ukunyanzelisa ulawulo ukumisa:

  • I-EPA ihlola ukumiswa kwezityalo zemichiza
  • Uhlolo lokhuseleko luphelile
  • Ulawulo lweziko lenyukliya luyancipha
  • Ukugada inkunkuma okuyingozi

[[UMTL: 0] Umonakalo we-Environmentment [[FTL:1] uqokelelwa:

  • Ukulahlwa okungekho mthethweni kwanda 20-30%
  • Ukungcoliswa kongcoliso akubonwa
  • Ukuzingela izilwanyana zasendle kwanda ngokuphawulekayo
  • I-data ifumaneka ngokubakho kweendawo ezifihlakeleyo zokuhlola imozulu

[[UMTLL:0] Ukhuseleko lwePublic luyehla:

  • Ukulibala ukutya
  • Ukuphelisa uphando lokhuseleko
  • Ukumiswa kokhuseleko emsebenzini
  • Uvavanyo lokhuseleko lwezithuthi lunqumamile

Imfundo Nophando

[[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yokuvala iziphumo zokuvala inwebeka ngaphaya kwemyuziyam ezivaliweyo:

[[UMTL:0] K-12 uphazamiso:

  • Ulibaziseko loncedo lwemfundo olumanyeneyo
  • Inkqubo yesidlo sasemini yesikolo ixhasa ngemali yokungaqiniseki
  • Inkxaso-mali yemfundo ekhethekileyo
  • Izikolo zamaMerika zamaIndiya zijamelene nokuvalwa

[[UMTL:0] Imfundo ephezulu [ imingeni:

  • Uphando lwenza iscandi seprojekti esiphakathi
  • Umfundi oqeqeshiweyo ubeka ixesha
  • Iingxaki zeVsa yabafundi yamazwe ngamazwe
  • Ulibaziseko lokulungiselela uncedo lwabafundi bomanyano

[[UTL:0] iziphumo zophando zenza ilahleko esisigxina:

  • Uphando lwexesha elide lulahlekelwa yi-data engatshintshekiyo
  • Imisebenzi
  • Iingxaki ezikhoyo ngokuphikisana nezinye iintlanga
  • Uphazamiso lombhobho wokususa izinto

Uhlalutyo lweNational Science Foundation luqikelela usuku ngalunye lokuvala lulibazisa inkqubela yenzululwazi ngeveki enye, ngophando luye lwancitshiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Impikiswano yehlabathi: Amanxeba okuzikhusela athe shwaka eMelika

Ukuma Kwezoqoqosho Emhlabeni Wonke

U.S. ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke ngexesha lokuvala [[FLT: 1] lukonakalisa ngokugqithisileyo:

Umonakalo woluvo lwezizwe ngezizwe:

  • Isebe elinika ingcebiso ngemali
  • Utyalo-mali lwamazwe angaphandle luyehla 10-15%
  • Comment
  • I-G7 Ukuthenjwa kokhokelo kuyadodobala

[[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zeTrade:

  • Iilayisensi ezirhweba ngaphandle zilibazisa ukubiza amawaka ezigidi
  • Uthethwano lorhwebo lulityekwa okanye lungaphumelelanga
  • Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe azifuni ukuncedisana neUnited States
  • Uxanduva olunetyala kumazwe azimeleyo

[[UMTL:0] Ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho lweziko:

  • ILondon neSingapore zizuza ishishini lemali
  • Uludwe lwamazwe ngamazwe alufuni ukutshintshiselana ngeU.S.
  • Iibhanki zakwamanye amazwe zinciphisa imisebenzi yaseUnited States
  • Ukufumana umntwana oza kusetyenziswa ngokunesantya

Ukubuyiselwa kunye nokhokelo lobuxhakaxhaka

U.S. uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olusuka ekuvaleni lusongela ukhokelo lwezobugcisa:

  • ITshayina neYurophu zifumana iingenelo zophando
  • Isiphiwo esikhethwa ngamazwe azinzileyo
  • Ikomkhulu lezinto ezinokuthengiswa ngentelekelelo
  • Uphuhliso lwemigangatho yobugcisa kumazwe angaphandle

Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa nganye kwenza iMelika ingabi nomtsalane kakhulu:

  • Inkxaso-mali yophando lwehlabathi
  • Ukubhalisa kwabafundi bangaphandle
  • Ukufuduka okunobuchule
  • Ushishino lobuxhakaxhaka

Ukhuselo nokhuseleko

Isiseko soshishino eside ngexesha lokuvala ijongene nocelomngeni olungaqhelekanga:

  • Uphando olulungelelanisiweyo lukhawulezile ukumisa
  • Iziphumlisi zokhuseleko zokucima ukhuseleko
  • Ulibaziseko lokuthengiswa kwezixhobo
  • Umkhosi uthoba

Inkcitho yezoqoqosho iquka:

  • Imali emalunga ne - R350 ezigidi ngosuku
  • Iintlawulo ezincinci aziphumelelanga
  • Abaxhasi behlabathi bafuna ezinye iindlela
  • Inzuzo zobuxhakaxhaka iyancipha

Izicombululo Nobuchule Bokwenza Ubuchule

Izabelo zomthetho

Ukusungula ulawulo lokuvala ngohlaziyo lwemithetho:

[[UMTL:0] izisombululo eziqhubekeka ngokuzenzekelayo zizakugcina inkxaso-mali kumgangatho ongaphambili:

  • Isusa izakucima njengesixhobo sezobupolitika
  • Ukubonelela ngozinzo kucwangciso
  • Inciphisa ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho
  • ISebe ligcina iinkonzo eziyimfuneko

[[UMTL: 0] Umthetho wothintelo lomthetho weGovernfication izicelo ziquka:

  • Inkcitho yeBhunga loLawulo
  • Iimfuno zeseshoni yolwamkelo de kube sisigqibo
  • Imali eninzi esetyenziswayo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wekota

Ungenelelo lwemeko- yenqanam:

  • Imali ebonelelwayo yelifa lemveli
  • Iingenelo zokungaqeshwa
  • Imali-mboleko ebolekiweyo kumaqumrhu
  • Isikhululo serhafu yepropati yabasebenzi abachaphazelekayo

Ukucwangcisa ukuhambelana neshishini

Isicwangciso seshishini lokuvala i' sibaluleka:

[[UMTL:0] iindlela zemali [:

  • Ukugcina imali egcinwe iintsuku ezingama-90
  • Ukuhlawuliswa kwemali
  • Misa iilayini zetyala phambi kokuvala
  • Cinga ngemveliso ye-inshorensi yokuvala

[[UMTHL:0] Ucwangciso lokwenziwa kwento :

  • Khulisa amaqela aphendulayo
  • Yenza iinkqubo zoncedo zabaqeshwa
  • Yazi imithombo yengeniso engezizo
  • Ukwakha umanyano lwamacandelo

[[UMTL: 0] Ulawulo lwe-Risk[[UMTL: 1]:

  • Ixabiso lokucima umngcipheko kwizivumelwano
  • quka iidigi ezinamandla
  • Gcina iindawo ezahlukeneyo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukulungiselelwa Kwemali Ngamnye

Imali ye- yeyakho ngexesha lokuvala ifuna ucwangciso:

[[UMTL: 0] Abasebenzi bezentengiso kufuneka:

  • Imali yongxamiseko enikwa inkxaso-mali yenyanga ezintathu-6
  • Ukuqonda izikhuseli zababoleki-mali
  • Iintlawulo zemali zerhafu
  • Uhlolo lweenkqubo zoncedo lokuvala

[[UMTL:0] Izixhobo zifanele[[UMQONDISO:1]:

  • Phendla imali yoncedo
  • Uphuhliso lwemisinga yengeniso emininzi
  • Yazi ukuba akukho misebenzi ifanelekileyo
  • Uthungelwano ngaphandle koxhakamfulo lorhulumente

[[UMTL:0] Amalungu ekhommo kufuneka:

  • Inkxaso echaphazela amashishini asekuhlaleni
  • ISebe lixhasa izicombululo zezobupolitika
  • Zikhethele uncedo
  • Ukulungiselela uhambo olujikeleza iingozi zokuvalwa

Indlela Ephambili: Ukuphelisa Umjikelo Wokucimeka

Ukuziva Usilele Kwezobupolitika

Ukuqonda kusizathu sokuba urhulumente avimbe ukwenzeka kutyhila ukungaqini kwezoqoqosho:

Iintshukumisa zemeko zezoqoqosho zigqitha ubuchule bezoqoqosho:

  • Izisongelo zokuvalwa zinika isixhathiso sokuqhuba
  • Ukuxhotyiswa komgaqo-nkqubo
  • Ingqalelo yamaziko eendaba kwizikhundla zezobupolitika
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi

Amaxabiso ezoqoqosho awahambelani namaxabiso ezobupolitika:

  • Abezobupolitika abathwali lahleko yemali
  • Imali esetyenziswayo
  • I-Phondo yexeshana lokugqibela.
  • Iziphumo ezixhasa ukrwelelo lobuGcisa

Ukwakha Ukulungelelaniswa Kwezoqoqosho

Ukuzinzisa kwemeko- bume ekuvaleni ukuvala kufuna utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo:

[[UMTL:0] Utshintsho lokwehla komphezulu :

  • Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho
  • Uqikelelo lwemeko kunye nombilini wasekuhlaleni
  • Ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zobuqu kuneenkonzo zikarhulumente
  • Yenza izinzisi ezizenzekelayo

[[UMTHLL: 0] ii-drs:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Imisebenzi yeshishini echasene nokuvalwa
  • Inkcazo yezosasazo kwiimpembelelo zezoqoqosho
  • Uxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe lozinzo

[[UMTL:0] izisombululo zokulungisa :

  • Iblokh yokuhlawula urhulumente
  • AI yokuqhubekeka kwenkonzo
  • Inkqubo esasaziweyo yokuzinzisa
  • Unxulumano lwabucala

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokwenyani

Xa uhlola kwezoqoqosho zikarhulumente zokuvala , amanani athetha ibali elicacileyo:

[[UMTHLL:0] Iintlawulo[[UMTLL:1]:

  • I-R21-44 yezigidi kwilahleko yeGDP
  • Umonakalo osisigxina wezoqoqosho
  • Amawaka abantu abangakwaziyo ukuqhuba ishishini
  • Ukulahlekelwa okungenakuthelekiswa nanto ngokuzithemba nokukhuphisana

[[UMTHL:0] Izixhobo zebhanethi:

  • I-DSD eqinisekisiweyo
  • Akukho mali igciniweyo (iindleko zigqitha nayiphi na imali egciniweyo)
  • Akukho nkqubo iphuculiweyo kugcino-lwazi
  • ISebe libonise ukuba akukho mpumelelo ingakumbi

Isigqibo sezoqoqosho sicacile: ukuvalwa kwenqanawa kumela ukulahleka kobunzima bomthwalo wenqanawa obupheleleyo kuqoqosho lwaseMelika.

Isiphelo: Inkcitho yezoqoqosho

I- yezoqoqosho yomkhosi worhulumente wokuvala ityhila ukungaphumeleli okungundoqo kulawulo lwaseMelika oluguqula ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika zibe ziintlekele zezoqoqosho. Ukuvalwa kokucima ngakunye kuhlahlela amawaka ezigidi ze-GDP, kutshabalalisa amashishini, kuphazamisa ubomi, kwaye kuthoba umgangatho wehlabathi lonke wezoqoqosho lwaseMelika ngaphandle kokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo zezoqoqosho.

Amanani achaza inxalenye nje yeli bali. Ngapha koko, irejista ingumsebenzi okhethwe ngurhulumente phakathi kwerente nempahla, umnini-shishini omncinane ebukela amashumi eminyaka ephelelwa ngumsebenzi, umphengululi obona uphando lwempumelelo lutshatyalaliswa, okanye uluntu lubukela isiseko salo sezoqoqosho siwohloka. Ezi ndleko zabantu, ziphindaphindeke kwizigidi zamaMerika, zimela ixabiso lokwenene lengxaki yezobupolitika.

Ukuvalwa kolawulo kuchaphazela imisebenzi noqoqosho ngeendlela eziyabela kude ngaphaya kokuphazamiseka okukhawulezileyo. Zidala amanxeba ahlalayo kwimveliso, ukulahlekelwa okusisigxina kolwakhiwo, kunye nomonakalo osisizukulwana kubuchule bukarhulumente. Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa nganye kwenza okulandelayo kube nokwenzeka ngakumbi ngokuguqula ukungalungelelani nokuqhuba kwetalente kude kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukuqaphela ukuba ukuvalwa kwemiqobo akuziziganeko zezobupolitika kuphela, kwaye zibangela ukuba iMelika ibe buthathaka impumelelo, ukhuphiswano nokhuseleko. Isisombululo asinzima: izigqibo ezizihambelayo, imithetho yokuthintela, okanye ezinye iindlela eziphuhlisiweyo eziye zasetyenziswa. Oku kungabikho lulwazi kodwa kuthanda kwezobupolitika.

De iMelika igqibe kwelokuba uzinzo lwezoqoqosho lungaphezulu kunendawo yemidlalo yembutho yezobupolitika, ukuvalwa kwezithuba kuza kuqhubeka kunyusa inani labo kulwando olulahlekileyo, amashishini atshabalale, kunye nekamva elinciphileyo. Umbuzo asikokuba sinako na ukukwazi ukuthi singazimela ii-ankis/iimali kusini na. Izoqoqosho zicacile: yonke imihla yokuzinziswa kwenza iMelika ibe buthathaka, ibe buthathaka, ibe nokhuphiswano oluncinci. Umbuzo wokwenyaniso nguxa ekugqibeleni siza kuthi kwanele.

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