Ukuqonda Indima Yerhafu Yasekuhlaleni Kwizigqibo Zoshishino

Ziphakathi kwezixhobo zerhafu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisixhobo sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Izixeko kunye noorhulumente bamaphondo kulo lonke elaseUnited States nazweni jikelele bathumela irhafu yempahla, ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu, ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu yerhafu, kunye nezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ukutsala amashishini amatsha okanye ukukhuthaza akhoyo ukuba anwenwe. Ingcinga ephantsi inyanzelekile: ngokunciphisa umthwalo werhafu yenkampani, ulawulo lunganciphisa iindleko eziphezulu zomsebenzi, umhlaba, okanye irhafuthelo, ukuwenza ube yindawo entle kakhulu yokutyalo lwabiwo. Kodwa ziphumelela kangakanani ezi zinto ukuze zisetyenziswe? Kwaye ziphumelela njani ezo zinto zikhuthaza ukuba zihambe kakuhle? Yaye ziziphi ezorhwebo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ukuze zinikeze iinkampani?

Ukuze siphendule loo mibuzo, kufuneka sihlolisise ubungqina obuxhasa ukufuduswa kweshishini kunye nezigqibo zolwandiso, indlela eziveliswe ngayo iinkqubo zokukhuthaza, kunye neempembelelo ezibanzi zezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngendlela umsebenzi okhuthaza irhafu wasekuhlaleni, iziphumo ezibhaliweyo kwihambo yezoshishino, kunye nokuqwalasela inkqubo okunokunyusa iingenelo ngokuncitshiswa kweengozi.

Ukuchaza Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni: Iintlobo Nezixhobo Zokusebenzisa Imali

Iinjongo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni azisiso isixhobo esinye, somsonto. Ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu kwisakhiwo, ubude, kunye nexhoba. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuhloleni impembelelo yazo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwerhafu Yempahla

Enye yezikhuthazo eziqhelekileyo, ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu yempahla kunciphisa okanye kuphelisa irhafu yepropati ishishini ebeliya kuhlawula ngenye indlela kuveziso olutsha lwendawo, umatshini okanye izixhobo. Ezi zixhobo zidla ngokusetyenziswa ukutsala amaziko amakhulu okwakha okanye amaziko okusasaza afuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, isixeko singanika ingeniso yeminyaka eli-10, apho ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu kuhla unyaka ngamnye, kunikwe ixesha lokufumana ingeniso phambi kokuhlawula intlawulo olupheleleyo.

Ukuthengiswa Kwerhafu

Imithetho emininzi ikhulula amashishini ekuhlawuleni irhafu yentengiso ekuthengeni izixhobo, izinto zokwakha, okanye amanye amagalelo asetyenziswa ekunyuseni okanye ekutshintsheni imisebenzi. Oku kunciphisa iindleko eziphambili zotyalo-mali lwekomkhulu kwaye kunokwenza indawo ikhuphisane ngakumbi kushishino lwekomkhulu njengendawo yokuhamba, inqwelo-moya, okanye ukwenziwa kwamandla anokuhlaziywa.

Amatyala Erhafu

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko benika ityala lerhafu yerhafu enxulumene nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi, imigangatho yokuhlawula, okanye uphando kunye nenkcitho yophuhliso. La matyala anciphisa ngokuthe ngqo irhafu yeshishini, ngokufuthi ngendlela yokuhlawula irhafu jiko-jini okanye nge-dellar-enye i-. Amanye amatyala ayahlawulelwa, oko kukuthi urhulumente uthumela ishishini itsheke ukuba ityala liyigqitha irhafu yalo.

Ukurhwebelana ngerhafu (TIFF)

Nangona ubuxhakaxhaka bemali kunokuncitshiswa kwerhafu ngqo, i-TIFF isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuxhasa ulwando lwezoshishino kwisithili esimiselweyo. Phantsi kwe-TIFF, ulwando lwengeniso yerhafu yempahla eveliswa yinkqubela-phambili entsha isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula inkqubela phambili yezengqalelo kawonke wonke, njengendlela, izinto ezisetyenziswayo, okanye iigalaji zokupaka, eziyingenelo ngqo kwishishini. Ishishini alifumani myalelo werhafu, kodwa urhwebo lukawonke wonke lunciphisa iindleko zalo lophuhliso.

Ezinye Izakhiwo Eziphambili

Ezinye iindawo zinika imirhumo yerhafu (umz., iindleko zokwakha zemvume), iirhafu zerhafu kuludwe lwezinto zobuqu, okanye isiqinisekiso sexabiso lerhafu ngexesha elimisiweyo.

Indlela Irhafu Ephembelela Ngayo Izigqibo Zokufuduswa Kweshishini

Xa inkampani igqiba kwelokuba ithathe indawo yayo yenye indawo (ukuze ifuduse ikomkhulu layo, isiziko lokuyila, okanye isiziko lokusasaza/ukunika ipropati enzima. Irhafu ibalulekile, kodwa ayiqhelekanga ukuba ibe yeyodwa okanye iphambili imqhubi. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwabalawuli abalawulayo besakhelo senkampani, oothunywashe abaphezulu baquka:

  • Ukufikelela kumgangatho wabasebenzi abanobuchule
  • Ubuchule kubathengi nakwabo bathengisayo
  • Izibonelelo zezithuthi (iindlela, amazibuko, iinqwelo-moya, isiporo)
  • Ukulawulwa nokuvunyelwa kwexesha
  • Inkcitho yezakhiwo nokwakhiwa
  • Ubomi obusemgangathweni babasebenzi (kwisikolo, kwizindlu, nakukuzonwabisa)
  • Imozulu yerhafu kunye nokufumaneka kwentsebenziswano

Irhafu ingayitshintsha irhafu xa iindawo ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu ziphantse zilingane. Umzekelo, inkampani ecinga ngesityalo esitsha sokwenza imveliso kuMzantsi mpuma we-United States ingafumanisa ukuba iTennessee noMzantsi Carolina banikela iindleko ezifanayo zengqesho ephantsi, ii-logis ezilungileyo, kunye nemithetho elungele ukwenziwa komsebenzi. Kuloo meko, ukuhlawulwa kwemali yempahla okanye ityala lerhafu yentlalo-ntle kwinginya ethile ingaba ngunobangela ogqibayo.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba izikhuthazo zisebenza kakhulu kwimisebenzi yekomkhulu elinemichiza ehambayo, kwaye ziphezulu, kwaye zihamba-hamba-hamba qha, inkampani inobunzima obunyanisekileyo bamazwe amaninzi okanye amazwe. Kushishino oluncinci, olunxulumene noluntu olusele lunempembelelo encinane ekufudukeni kodwa lunokuba nento yokwenza nezigqibo zolwandiso.

Uhlolisiso Lomzekelo: Uphendlo LweHQ2 LweAmazon

Ukhuphiswano oluphezulu lwekomkhulu lesibini leAmazon (HQ2) ngo-2017-2018 luyibonise kakuhle indima yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ekuthunyelweni kwenye indawo. IAmazon yamema ukucela izicelo kwizixeko ezingaphaya koMntla Merika kwaye yafumana izicelo ezingama-238, ezininzi zinikela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwizikhuthazo. Ekugqibeleni, i-Amazon yakhetha ukwahlulwa phakathi kwe-Arlington, iVirginia, kunye neLong Island City, New York, kunye nomnikelo othelekelelwa kumawaka ezigidi ezingama-3, kwilizwe nakwizikhuthazo zoluntu. Noko ke, emva kokuba umkhosi kawonke uAmazon warhoxisiwe eNew York, wachaza inkcatho yenginyazo zezopolitiko. Ithuba labonisa ukuba negunya kunye neengxaki zoncedo olukhulu lwezikhuthazo zenkampani enkulu.

Indlela Abaxhasi Berhafu Abaluxhasa Ngayo Ulwando Lweshishini

Ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwenye indawo, izikhuthazo zerhafu zingakhuthaza amashishini akhoyo ukuba andise imisebenzi elawulayo. Oku kusoloko kuyindlela engekho yempikiswano yokusebenzisa izihlomelo kuba ishishini sele linengxelo ebhaliweyo ekwingingqi yoluntu, kwaye ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi kunye notyalo-mali kujongwa njengengenelo engqalileyo. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo eziquka:

  • Ukwakha ijelo elitsha okanye ukudibanisa indawo yokugcina impahla
  • Uhlaziyo lwe-R&D olukhokelela kwigunya elitsha
  • Ikomkhulu lolwandiso longezelelo lwemisebenzi ehlawulwa kakhulu
  • Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ubugcisa obukhoyo

Iinkqubo eziphambili ezilungiselelwe ulwandiso zibopha inzuzo kwiziphumo ezikhethekileyo, eziqinisekisiweyo . "ezifana nokuyila inani elincinci lemisebenzi okanye ukwenza utyalo-mali oluncinane olusekomkhulu. Izihlomelo ezisekelwe kwinkozo yekomkhulu, ezifuna ishishini lihlangabezane neencopho ngaphambi kokuba lifumane inzuzo epheleleyo, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokukhupha ingeniso yerhafu ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa.

Umzekelo: ISikhundla SaseTesla eNevada

Xa uTesla wagqiba kwelokuba akhe iGigafactory yokuqala yemveliso yebhetri, wakhetha indawo ngaphandle kweReno, Nevada, emva kokwamkela ipakethi exhobisayo exabisa malunga ne-R3,3 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeminyaka engama-20, kuquka ikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu emali emali ethengiswayo kunye nokusebenzisa irhafu yezixhobo kunye nepropati yeminyaka eli-10. Oku kubonisa indlela umqulu wezinto ezikhutshiweyo othe wazimisele ngayo ukwenza imisebenzi e-6,500, kunye nohlaziyo lwezigidi ezingama-R3,5. Ngo-2023, umzi - fektri wawuqeqeshe abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu eli-11 000 000, kwaye ukhuthaza utshintsho olukhulu lwezoqoqosho kumntla we-Nevada. Oku kubonisa indlela umqulu wesikhuthazo olunolwa kakuhle ongakhokelela ngayo ekunyusweni kwenkqubela nenkqubela.

Iingenelo Ezinokufunyanwa Ziluntu

Xa iimpembelelo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zisetyenziswa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo kwaye zidityaniswe namanyathelo angqongqo okuziphendulela, zingenza iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kuluntu olukhoyo. Ezinazo zidla ngokucatshulwa ziquka:

Indalo yomsebenzi nophuhliso loncedo

Amashishini amatsha okanye asandisiweyo aqesha abasebenzi basekuhlaleni, ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi nokunyusa ingeniso yeentsapho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunokunyusa isiseko serhafu yasekuhlaleni ngengeniso nangerhafu, ukunqanda iindleko zentshukumisa. Ukongezelela, izivumelwano ezininzi ezikhuthazayo ziquka iimfuno zoqeqesho lwemisebenzi, ukunceda abemi basekuhlaleni baphucule ubuchule bokuqeshwa kwexesha elide.

Ukwahlula Uqoqosho

Ingingqi ezixhomekeke kakhulu kushishino olunye (umz., imigodi yamalahle, ezolimo okanye ezokhenketho) zingasebenzisa izikhuthazo ukutsala amashishini akwicandelo elithile, ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kwezoqoqosho kwamaqela. Inkampani yobugcisa efudukela kummandla wasemaphandleni okanye kwingingqi yezobugcisa efumana idolophu yangaphambili evelisa imveliso inganceda ekuzinziseni uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokuchitheka kwemipu

Urhwebo olukhulu lusoloko lunyusa unyuselo lwezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke .Njengendlela yokwandisa, ulwando lwebhanki, inkqubela-phambili yezembane, intlanga-ntle-ntle, . Ngokungakumbi, ukufika komqeshi omkhulu kungatsala abanikeli, abanikezeli benkonzo, namanye amashishini, kubangele iziphumo eziphinda-phindeke ngakumbi. ULawulo loPhuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwase-U.S. lunika ingxelo yokuba wonke umsebenzi wokwenza umgangatho woshishino ungaxhasa phakathi kwe-1.5 kunye nemisebenzi eyongezelelekileyo kuqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni ngemixokelelwano kunye neziphumo zokuthengwa.

Imilinganiselo yemiqathango yemibutho nerhafu exhotyisiweyo

Kwanangokuba kukho irhafu yempahla, ixabiso lomhlaba kunye nenkqubela-phambili eyenziwa lishishini elitsha zinganyusa amaxabiso athelekelelwayo kwixesha elide. Xa ixesha lokunika imali liphelile, uluntu lufumana ingeniso epheleleyo yerhafu evela kwixabiso eliphezulu lempahla. Okwangoku, ukwanda kwemfuno yezorhwebo neendawo ezihlala abantu zinganyusa amaxabiso empahla kulo lonke eli mmandla, zivelise ingeniso eyongezelelekileyo yerhafu kwizikolo neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwabantu Abakhuthaza Irhafu

Phezu kwayo nje le mpumelelo inokwenzeka, uphando olukhulayo nohlalutyo lwemigaqo lubangela inkxalabo enzulu ngokuphumelela nokulingana kwentshukumisa yerhafu yasekuhlaleni.

“ Icebo Eliya Ezantsi”

Xa ulawulo oluninzi lukhuphisana kwiprojekthi enye yeshishini, lunganyusa ixabiso lezihlomelo ukuze kuphumelele. Olu khuphiswano lungaphelisa isiseko serhafu siphela, lunyanzelise oorhulumente ukuba banqumle iinkonzo okanye baphakamise irhafu kubemi kunye namashishini amancinane angenakuthetha ngezo zinto zifanayo. Uhlolisiso olubalaseleyo lwe-Uppy Institute lwafumanisa ukuba urhulumente kunye nentshukumisa yezoshishino zasekuhlaleni zibiza imali eqikelelwa kuma-50 ukuya kumawaka ezigidi e-R379, kunye nobungqina obucacileyo bokuba ziyalunyusa uqoqosho lwesizwe lonke.

Isiphumo-mali esibuzisayo

Izivumelwano ezininzi ezikhuthazayo aziphumeleli ukuvelisa imisebenzi elindelekileyo okanye utyalo-mali. Ezinye zinokuba zenzekile, oko kuthetha ukuba urhulumente wanika ingeniso ngaphandle kwengeniso yomnatha. I-Economist ibiza le nkqubo “yokulahlekelwa ngamandla.” Uhlalutyo lwezikhuthazo zerhafu ye-Washington State yezorhwebo yafumana ukuba uninzi lwezibhengezo zokudala umsebenzi zazibhaliwe ngaphezulu okanye zisekelwe kwimisebenzi eyayisele icetyiwe ngokungeko ukukhuthaza. Uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lufuna “kodwa "kuvavanya”" ukuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi ayibanga yenzekanga kwigunya ngaphandle kwentshukumisa.

Ukungalingani

Izikhuthazo ezinkulu ngokungenakuthelekiswa ziyingenelo kwimibutho yezityebi kunye nabaxhasi bazo, ngeli xesha iindleko zithwalwa ngabaqeshwa berhafu basekuhlaleni, kuquka abahlali abaphantsi nabangenayo. Xa isithili sesikolo siphulukana nerhafu yempahla ngenxa yemali yemali ehlawulwayo, kusenokunzima ukuqokelela amaklasi. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba izikhuthazo zithanda ukuxhasa imisebenzi kwimimandla echumileyo, eyandisiweyo ukulingana kwemimandla.

Ukungabikho kokubonisa ngaphaya kombane nokuphendula

Uthethwano oluphambili ludla ngokwenziwa emva kweminyango evaliweyo, enegalelo elisikelwe umda. Amagama akhethekileyo afana nelungiselelo le-calback (elifuna inkampani ukuba ibuyekeze iintshukumisa xa ingaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo).(ingxelo eninzi kwaye maxa wambi ibuthathaka. Ingxelo kaLumke Jobs Fir ifumanise ukuba phantse ama-40% karhulumente kunye nokhuthazo lwasekuhlaleni lwalungenayo nayiphi na into efunekayo kumsebenzi wendalo, kwanaxa iimfuno zikho, ukunyanzeleka komthetho yayingquzulanisa.

Owona mqheliso ulungileyo wokwenza iinkqubo ezisebenzayo

Ukunyusa impembelelo entle yezihlomelo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni lo gama benciphisa umngcipheko, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bamkele iseti yemisebenzi esekelwe kobona bubungqina. Ezi ziquka:

I-Cwalbacks ezisekelwe kumsebenzi

Isivumelwano ngasinye esikhuthazayo kufuneka siquke amalungiselelo anamandla afuna ishishini ukuba libuyisele isikhuthazo xa lisilela ukudibana nendalo yomsebenzi evumelanayo, umvuzo, okanye iziganeko eziphambili zotyalo-mali. I-clack kufuneka igqume ixabiso elipheleleyo lentshukumisa, kunye nenzala kunye nesohlwayo. Uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo kunye nokuxelwa kwasesidlangalaleni lwe-data yomsebenzi kuyimfuneko ukuphendula.

Ijoliswe kwiprojekthi eziphezulu zobuCwangcisi

Iintsebenziswano kufuneka zigcinelwe imisebenzi engazukwenzeka ngenene ngaphandle kwazo nenika iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke ezicacileyo . njengemisebenzi ephezulu enomgangatho ophezulu eneengenelo, utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo, okanye inkqubela-phambili yemimandla exinezelekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Ukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo olunzima lwexabiso lemali phambi kokunika izikhuthazo kunganceda ekuphepheni ukulahla izinto ezilahlwayo.

Ukusikel ’ Imiqathango Kukhuphiswano

Intsebenziswano yengingqi phakathi kwamazwe angommelwane ingalunciphisa ugqatso ukuya ezantsi. Amanye amazwe amisele izikhokelo ezimfutshane ezikhuthazayo okanye ahlola ingqokelela entlu - ntlobo eninzi yokuthintela ukuqhutywa kweemfazwe. Iinkqubo zomgangatho wesizwe, njengokulinganisela ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente nerhafu yasekuhlaleni kwimibutho, zinokuhlisa intshukumisa yamazwe ukucuthana.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Zonke izivumelwano ezikhuthazayo kufuneka zichazwe ekuhleni kwi-intanethi, kuquka iziphumo ezithelekelelwayo, inani nexabiso lemisebenzi, kunye nemithetho echaphazelekayo. Ukuvalwa kwasekuhlaleni namathuba okungeniswa koluntu kungenza uphuculo lomthetho kunye neziphumo. Iintlangano ezifana neZiko leNkqutyana yokuLungisa uLuntu neMisebenzi eLumkileyo zinika imigaqo-nkqubo yokubonisa imbonakalo.

Uhlolo lwamaxa athile nokwehla kokukhanya kwelanga

Iinkqubo zentengiso kufuneka zithotyelwe kwinkcazo ezizimeleyo rhoqo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwazo. Iinkqubo ezisilelayo ukuvelisa imbuyekezo elungileyo kufuneka zilungiswe okanye zisuswe. Ukususwa kwemitya yokukhupha ilanga (ukuphela okuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha elimiselweyo). Abenzi beenkqubo bomkhosi ukuphinda baphinde bahlole indlela yodweliso nokuqinisekisa ukuba lusasebenza.

Ikhonkco langaphandle kuphando olungundoqo nogcino-lwazi

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Abasemngciphekweni nembopheleleko

Izikhuthazo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni azingomkhamo okanye asiyondlela yokuhlawula ityala. Xa zenziwe ngemigangatho engqongqo yomsebenzi, zijoliswe kwimisebenzi efuna inkxaso kawonke-wonke yokwenene, kwaye idityaniswe nokujongana nokucace gca, zingavuselela ukudalwa komsebenzi, zitshintshele uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni, zize zivelise iimbuyekezo ezithe zasemva kwexesha elide. Noko ke, xa zisetyenziswa ngokungakhethi okanye ngaphandle kokuphendula, zibeka engozini yokususa ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke kwimfundo, kwisiseko, kunye nolunye ungeniso oluqinisekisiweyo olusebenzayo lokukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Kubenzi benkqubo, isitshixo kukwamkela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elinganisa iingcinezelo zokhuphiswano zexeshana elifutshane ngokuchasene nentlalo entle yoluntu olude. Kumashishini, ukuvavanya ipakethe epheleleyo yezihlomelo `kuquka izinto ezingenarhafu ezifana nobukho bemisebenzi nomgangatho wobomi----ikhokelela ekuphuculweni nasekunyusweni kwemiqathango. Ekugqibeleni, ezona nkqubo zinempumelelo zikhuthaza ukhuthuzo zezi zilungelelanisa iminqweno yeshishini, urhulumente, kunye noluntu, zidala ixabiso elingenakufezeka nalinye icala lomntu.

Njengokuba ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho lusanda kushishino lwentengiso olumanyeneyo, indima yentshukumisa yerhafu yasekuhlaleni iza kukhula. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekutshintsheni ekutshintsheni ekuphumeleni kwiimfazwe ezifuna ubuchule, ekucwangcisweni kwenkqubela yezoqoqosho esekelwe kubungqina. Abantu abanokuthatha olo tshintsho baza kuba ngcono ekutsaleni nasekugcineni amashishini aqhuba impumelelo qhawe ngaphandle kokuncama impilo yawo entle.