Isivumelwano seGood Wearth Agreement, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBelfast Agreement, satyikitywa ngomhla we-10 kuApril 1998, simisela ukutshintsha okunzulu kwemeko yezobupolitika nentlalo yase-Ireland kunye ne-United Kingdom. Ngoxa isivumelwano sisoloko sibonwa njengendlela yokuphelisa imfazwe yogonyamelo engamashumi amathathu eminyaka eyaziwa ngokuba ziiNyaka, impembelelo yayo yanwenwela kude nangaphezulu kakhulu kurhulumente owenziweyo. Le ngxelo ichaza ukuma kwe-Irish kunye nobuzwe, iphinda iphinda ijonge oko kwakuthetha ukuthi yi-Irish kukuthiwa yi-Ireland eNorthern Ireland kunye neRiphabliki, kwaye idala isakhiwo esivumela ukuba imikhosi emininzi, ilungelene, i-ephakamele ihlale ikho phakathi norhulumente omnye. Eli nqaku lihlola imeko yembali yesivumelwano, isiseko somgalelo, kunye nenkculo ehlala ixesha elide ithe yane kwinkculo yesizwe, ithetha ngentetho yesizwe, intetho yenkcube yase-Ireland, kunye nentetho yesizwe.

Iinkathazo Nendlela Eya Eluxolweni

Ukuqonda impembelelo yesivumelwano ekwaziwa nakubuzwe, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda uhlobo lwemfazwe eyayiyicombulula. IiNtlekele (c. 1968-1988) zazingumzabalazo wamahlelo kunye nowezobupolitika owawuphakathi kwe-Irish umanyano lwesizwe (ekungamaKatolika) kunye namaBritane (angaphambili angobuProtestanti) kunye norhulumente waseBritane. Enkubeni yayo kubekwa impikiswano esisiseko kulawulo: abalandeli besizwe bafuna i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo, ngoxa abaquququzeleli benyanisa inxalenye eseleyo yoBukumkani obumanyeneyo. Oku kudityanisana okubini akuzange kuchaze kuphela umanyano lwezopolitiko kodwa kwanolwazi lobuqu. Uluntu, unqulo, igama, kwanomnye obekho esikolweni, kwanomnye obethwayo.

Ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1990, ukudityaniswa komsebenzi wezopolitiko, iimfuno zezoqoqosho, kunye nonxulumano lwezorhwebo lwaqalisa ukwenza iimeko zoxolo. Uqikelelo lwangowe-1993 lweSitrato soMdangatho, unyaka ka-1999, intetho epheleyo ephindaphindiweyo exhonywe yi-US Sitor George Mitchell yakhokelela kwimpumelelo yembali ngoAprili 1998. Isivumelwano sagunyaziswa ngokuthelekisa i-endendiums kuMntla Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, ngobuninzi obungama-71% eMntla-Irish Revice kunye no-49% yeRiphabliki yabavoti ye-Riphabliki ethandwayo. Lo mgunyaziso wedemo-demokhrasi wawubalulekileyo kwink entsha ekwabindiswa kuyo kwaye umqondiso wokurhoxanduku lomkhosi wezopolitiko.

Amalungiselelo Abalulekileyo Esivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

IGood Wearcent Agreement iyibhunga elintsonkothileyo elaseka imisonto emithathu yombutho: iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland kunye neSigqeba (Strand 1), iBhunga loBulungiseleli baseMntla-ntshona (2), kunye neBhunga loMntla-ntshona neBritane-Irish Interprelignement Conference (Strand 3). La maqumrhu ayenzelwe ukulinganisela ukhuphiswano olukhuphisanayo lweziko-zwelonke kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo. Isivumelwano samanyeneyo soburhulumente base-Mntla-ntshona-Ireland sino kumgangatho omanyeneyo. Eli lungiselelo laqinisekisa ukuba amaqela anganyanzelekani eIreland ngokuchasene nomnqweno wobuzwe.

Kubantu besizwe, iSivumelwano sanikela imvume ephawulekayo: ukuqwalaselwa kolwimi lwase-Ireland kunye nenkcubeko yaseGelelic, utshintsho lwenkonzo yamapolisa (Inkonzo yamapolisa aseNorthern Ireland yathatha indawo yeRoyal Ulster Consabulary), ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa omkhosi, kunye nokusekwa kwamaqumrhu aseMntla-Zantsi okwanika iDublin indima esemthethweni kwimicimbi yase-Ireland. Mhlawumbi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba, iSivumelo savuma ngokuphandle ukuba "kuhle kwabo bonke abantu baseNtlan Ireland bazazise kwaye bamkeleke njenge-Irish okanye amaBritane, okanye bobabini, njengoko benokukhetha. Olu lwimi lwaye lwabhebhethuka kude kwi-rom-um yomncinti-intellim, endaweni yokuzichaza, i-dindidiant.Credim.Credim

Ukuchana kwesizwe saseIreland

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saguqula indlela abantu ababujonga ngayo ubuzwe base-Ireland. Ngaphambi ko-1998, ubuzwe base-Ireland kumntla Ireland babusoloko buchazwa ngezikhalazo, ucalucalulo, nomzabalazo wamalungelo abantu. Uluntu lwesizwe lwalusoloko lungena enkathazweni kwizindlu, imisebenzi, kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko. Ulawulo lwesizwe lwePalamente endala yeCumtont (1921-1972) lwadala imvakalelo yokuba ngummi weklasi yesibini. Kulo mongo, i-Irish yayingenamdla kwimfuno yezobupolitika ye-Ireland.

Isivumelwano satshintsha le misebenzi ibalulekileyo. Ngokukhusela ukuqashelwa kobuzwe bobuzwe nangokulungiselela izakhiwo zokulawula amandla, savumela ubuzwe base-Ireland ukuba bunciphe kwaye bungathethi kakhulu. Namhlanje, abenzi besizwe abaninzi baziva bekhululekile ekubonakaliseni iiflegi zase-Ireland, ukubhiyozela imidlalo yeGeleliki, nokuthetha ulwimi lwase-Ireland ngaphandle kokubonwa njengocelomngeni olungqalileyo kwisizwe. Ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano "Irrish sithethe" njengenxalenye engundoqo yenkqumrhu yoNyakatho ye-Ireland, kwaye njengelungu elingundoqo lenkcubeko yenkcubeko ye-Ish" lincedile ekubonakaliseni okuqhelekileyo nokuzinzisa i-gemfono ephakathi kwesizwe, kodwa liye lahlala linjalo ukubonakala ngokuzinziwa kwe-2019 kuNowester Ireland kunye ne-Avert (irvert). Uventineevery (unyaka wesithathu) ukunceda udidi lwase-Ireland ukuba kwenziwe nguNovert)

Ukuvunywa kweLifa leNkcubeko

Isivumelwano saqaphela ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka "kolwimi lwase-Ireland, imidlalo yeGalili, nomculo wesithethe" njengenxalenye yobutyebi benkcubeko yaseNorthern Ireland. Oku kwakungeyonto yomfuziselo. Ukwenziwa kolwimi lwasemntla/eZantsi (]... kubawawawa na Gaeilge[[FLT1]]] ku-Irish kunye [ii-Boord o Ulster-Scoch ku-URD [unit] kubonelelwa i-Ulster-Scots) kubonelelwa inkxaso yesizwe kunye nenkxaso yolwimi lwase-Ireland. Izikolo ezikhuliswe ngokuphawulekayo; ngo-20222], kwakukho i-OOOOLD [kunganyelwayo kunyaka nonyaka nonyaka nonyaka wonke,[FFod], ezithiweyo, ezithi zibonelela ukuduma komculo, zonke iinkonzo, eziphuma kuzo zomculo, ii-Irish, ezithe, ezithe, eziphumayo, ezithe ziphumayo

Oku kuqinisekiswa kwakhona kwesithethe kuye kwaba nempembelelo enzulu kwintsingiselo yobuntu. Kuninzi lwabathathi-zwe abaselula, ngoku ukuwasebenzisa kancinci amarhamente esizwe, ingakumbi ngokuwafuna, imidlalo, kunye noluntu. IGelic Athletic Association (GAA), eyakhe yajongwa ngabamanyanisi njengombutho wobuzwe obupheleleyo, iye yasebenza ukuze ikwazi ukuwahlula, ivula amaqela ayo asuka kuzo zonke iimvelaphi yaye izalanisa iziganeko zomkhosi waseBritane. Isiphumo yi-Irishrish encinci ekwazi ukulwa nenentembelo engakumbi, lowo unokugocaciselwa ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshintsha kubume bomgaqo-siseko.

Ubuzwe Bezobupolitika: Ukusuka Kwimfazwe Exhobileyo Ukuya Kulawula Ulawulo - melo

I-Good Wear Agreement yalungisa kwakhona indlela yobuzwe base-Ireland ngokulungiselela indlela ecacileyo yezopolitiko ukuze iphembelele. Ngaphambi ko-1998, abalandeli besizwe abaninzi bavakalelwa ukuba umzabalazo wezixhobo yayikuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokufikelela iinjongo zabo. I-Ascommentment i-Pintegion i-Syne Féin yaziveza ukuba ukubopha kwezobupolitika kungavelisa iziphumo eziphathekayo. Sin Féin, iphiko lezobupolitika le-IRA, lenza utshintsho lwembali ukusuka kumbutho onxulumene nemikhosi yomkhosi ukuya kwiqela elikhulu lezobupolitika. Kwishumi leminyaka, uSin Féin waba liqela elikhulu lesizwe elinobupolitiki eNorthern Ireland kwaye langena kurhulumente onamandla kunye nabahlaseli bayo.

Olu tshintsho lunesiphumo esiqhubela phambili kwizimo zesizwe. Uhlolisiso lwama-202020 lwe-ARK (Access Research Lulwazi) lwafumanisa ukuba 80% yabathandi besizwe ngoku baxhasa umgaqo wokulawula amandla kwaye bakholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu asungulwe yisivumelwano alunge ngakumbi ekulawuleni ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika. Ukuguqulwa "amandla omntu omntu" ukuya "kubuzwe besizwe" kuye kwaba yenye yezona ziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoxolo. Ngoku ubuzwe bubonakaliswa ngonyulo, izihlalo zekomiti, kunye nee-portous, endaweni yezixhobo kunye neebhombu. Umnqweno wokulawula i-Ireland ehlala ihleli, kodwa usukelwa ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye noxolo, kuquka nokusetyenziswa komda ophantsi kwe-Actromente.

Ukungavumelani Nempikiswano Etshintshayo Ngomanyano

Umgaqo wokuvuma kwesivumelwano ngokuchaseneyo uqulathe kwaye uxhase ingxoxo yomanyano lwase-Ireland. Ngokukhuthaza ukuba i-Ireland emanyeneyo ifune uninzi kuphando lomda, isivumelwano sasusa uloyiko lokuba umanyano lungabekwa ngenkani. Oku kwavumela abenzi besizwe ukuba bathethele ekuvuseni ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokubonwa njengesisongelo kurhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, yanyanzela abalandeli besizwe ukuba babandakanyeke kwiinyani ezisebenzayo zoko i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo izakukujonga, kuquka imicimbi yempilo, irhafuthelo, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweenkonzo zoluntu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Ukususela kwiBreexit, incoko ikhule kakhulu. I-Northern Ireland ivotelwe luninzi (56%) ukuba luhlale kuManyano eYurophu, kodwa i-UK njengevoti yonke ekufuneka ihambe. Oku kuye kwadala amandla amatsha, njengoko imikhosi yesizwe emininzi iphikisa ukuba i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo kwi-EU lithemba elinomtsalane ngakumbi kunokuhlala kwi-posi-Brixit UK. Ingxoxo yomanyano lwase-Ireland ayisekho ngokweemvakalelo okanye ngokwembali; iyayayayandiswa i-e, i-Progmatic kunye nezoqoqosho. Isiseko se-proviation yeGoolden Avement's silungiselela ukwenziwa kovavanyo olulungeleneyo, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lokuhlola oku, ebekungenakucingela ukucinga ngexesha le ngxaki.

Iimbono Zenkqubo Yomanyano Nocelomngeni Lokuzichaza Ngamabini

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yesivumelwano kuhlanga, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukusabela komanyano kunye nokuvunywa ngokulandelayo kolwazi lwazo kuzo zonke iindawo. Abaququzeli abaninzi ekuqaleni baluchasa uluvo lwesivumelwano, belujonga njengemvume yobugrogrisi kunye nethambeka elibutyibilikayo kwi-Ireland. Iminyaka yokuqala yeNdibano yaphawulwa kukukrokraza komanyano kunye namanqam exesha elithile, afana neengxube eziqhubekayo ze-IRAcom ekhuthaza kunye notshintsho lwamaProjuthe. Noko ke, ngokuhamba kwexesha, umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wamaqumrhu abaxhasi bamkela isivumelwano njengesakhiwo esikhoyo sokugcina indawo yaseNorthern Ireland eUK.

Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuvunywa kweSivumelwano sobuninzi be-Irland kukhuthaze ukukhula kwe-"Northern Ireland" ekwahluleni kwesithethe sobuzwe. Ukususela ngo-1998, umlinganiselo wabantu baseMntla Ireland abazichaza ngokuba "Nyakatho-Ireland" unyuke ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokwe 2021% yabathathi-nxaxheba eNyakatho Ireland, 31.9% abathathi-nxaxheba bechazwa njenge-"British," 29.1% njengo-"Nyakatho ye-Irish, kunye ne-2.2% njenge "Irish". Udidi "Nyakatho-Ireland" aluzange lubekho njengendlela ephambili phambi kwenkqubo yoxolo; luyimveliso ethe ngqo yombono ye-Adventi yoluntu. Olu phawu lusoloko lunxulunya lwe---Prgmist, kunye ne-mont yesizwe, kunye ne-Rhulm, kunye ne-monstism, kunye noluhlanga lwawoluluvavanisa ubuhlanga lwamasiko.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elizayo Nemithetho Yesivumelwano

Ngaphandle kweempumelelo zesivumelwano, impembelelo yaso kuxolelwano nobuzwe ayinayo impikiswano. Amaziko alawula amandla aye amiswa izihlandlo eziliqela, kutshanje ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2020 ngenxa yempikiswano ngolwimi lwesi-Irish kunye nomtshato ofanayo. Ilifa leMibango lisoloko likhuphisana kakhulu, nemibuzo engaphendulwanga ngokunxulumene noxolelwaniso, okusesikweni, kunye nokuphathwa kwamaxhoba. Abanye bamazwe bavakalelwa ukuba iSivumelwano asizange sihambele phambili ngokwaneleyo ekuthetheni okungekho sikweni, njengokubulalana kweBhange leCawa ye-Ognody okanye ukubulawa kowangu- 1989 kwe-Pat Finuc. Abanye baphikisa ukuba isivumelwano sisoloko sinozinziswe kulungiso lwezopolitiko phambi kokuba amaxhoba.

IBrexit ibeke iSivumelwano phantsi koxinzelelo olungathethekiyo. Isivumelwano somthetho we-Rreland sasemntla, esenziwe uphephe umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland, sadala umda osezantsi phakathi kwe-Great Britain ne-Ireland, apho amaqela adibanisayo aphikisa indawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK. Ukungalungelelani kwezobupolitika okubangele ingxubevange yokungaqiniseki kwemithetho yezopolitiko kuvavanyiweyo malunga nokuzichaza nolawulo. Kulo mthetho, i-EU, ibonise ixabiso le-EU kunye nokusebenza kwentluntlukwano eMntla-Ireland; kuba abamanyani, baye babangela uloyiko lokutsalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya eIreland. Imithetho enzima yesivumelwano ivavanywa, kodwa imigaqo yayo evumela amandla, ukuxhasana, kunye nokuthembana kwemiqatha yemiqatha yoonke i-ekhotho-ie.

Isiphelo: Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu asiyiphelisanga ingxoxo nge-Irish statiation okanye ubuzwe; sayiguqula. Ngokunika imigaqo-mvume emininzi, ibonelela ngedemokhrasi kusukelo lwesizwe, kwaye iqhube umgaqo wemvume, isivumelwano sasusa ubuzwe base-Ireland ebundlobophwini nasengxubevangeni yezopolitiko. Savumela ukuba isi-Ireland eNorthern Ireland sivakaliswe ngokukhululekileyo, ngokwenkcubeko, kwaye ngaphandle koloyiko. Kwangaxesha lilo, ladala indawo entsha yokuyila i-DIO-"efana "Nyakatho--2014" --tofik, siphumele, siqhekeze i-macacicicity ekudala ingxabano echaza ungquzulwano lwamashumi eminyaka.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu kuqhubekeke, impembelelo yeSivumelwano iyabonakala kwizikolo ezikhulayo zolwimi lwase-Ireland, umbhiyozo osasazekileyo wesithethe seGaelic, kunye nokuqola, ukuba maxa wambi kuzele impikiswano yezobupolitika ngekamva lesi siqithi. Uhlanga lwase-Ireland namhlanje lunzima, lunentembelo engakumbi, kwaye lunedemokhrasi ngakumbi kunalo ngo1998. IGood Wearth Requence ayizange inikezele i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo, kodwa yenza ukusukela olo sukelo lunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Oko kuphumelethi okuqhubeka kubumba ukubonakala kwezigidi zabantu kulo lonke elaseIreland naseBritani.

ngokuphinda-phinda ufundo oluthi: Ukuhlaziywa okunenkcukacha kombhalo wesivumelwano, bona uguqulelo olukhoyo lwe-UK . [[FLT]] Ugcino [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]][FLT]] e-University inikeza ingqokelela ebanzi yamaxwebhu nenkcazelo. Kuphando lwangoku olungolwazi olungokwaziyo, jonga kubomi [ kuMntla Ireland kunye noHLO lwexesha [FLT]].