Iiprojekthi zoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle zijolise ekucombululeni imingeni enzima yokuphuhlisa impilo, imfundo, izibonelelo, kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho kumazwe aphantsi naphakathi afumana imali eninzi. Nangona kukho amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekusebenziseni imali ngonyaka, amanyathelo amaninzi ayasilela kwiziphumo zawo ezicetywe ngokwenjongo yawo. Esinye sezizathu ezisoloko zikhankanyiwe kukungahoyi kwenkcaso yenkcubeko yasekuhlaleni. Xa imibutho yoncedo iphatha inkcubeko njengento ecingelwe emva koko, ibeka engozini yokwakha iinkqubo ezingqubana neemfuno zoluntu, ukuchasana, okanye ukungoneli nje. Ngokuchasene noko, imisebenzi ekhuthaza ukuyiqonda ngokulula ukuyila nokubulala inkcukumiso yayo, ithambeka ekufikeleleni kweziphumo ezithe kratya, iziphumo ezinokuxhaswa, kunye nokunzulu kwenani lasekuhlaleni.

Eli nqaku lihlola indlela oothunywashe benkcubeko ababumba ngayo ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yoncedo yamanye amazwe, banika imizekelo ecacileyo yokuphambuka kwenkcubeko nempumelelo, kwaye bachaze iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwimibutho ukuze iphucule ubuchule benkcubeko kwisigaba ngasinye somjikelo. Injongo kukusuka kwiqondo lomgangatho ophezulu we-gradiaformations greats kumzekelo ochaphazelekayo obonisa imilinganiselo kunye nokuxhobisa ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, amasiko, kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo.

Indima Esisiseko Yezithethe Kuncedo Lwamazwe Asemzini

Isithethe asingomsebenzi ophambili wokuphuhlisa; ngamandla amakhulu aphembelela indlela abantu abazibona ngayo iingxaki, abamkela ngayo izinto ezingeyomfuneko, baze babandakanyeke kwiingcamango ezintsha. Iiprojekthi zoncedo zisebenza kwimeko-bume ekhoyo apho izithethe, imilinganiselo, imilinganiselo, kunye nezixhobo zilawula indlela yokuziphatha. Ukungazihoyi ezi zinto kufana nokuzama ukutyala imbewu kumhlaba othe tyaba — kusenokubakho, kodwa umhlaba awulungiswanga.

Ukuchaza Iinkalo Zenkcubeko

Iimeko zenkcubeko ziquka iinkolelo ezahlukeneyo, izithethe, iilwimi, ubundlobongela, iindima zobufanasini, izithethe zonqulo, kunye neembono zehlabathi eziphawula izithethe zoluntu. Zibumba yonke into ukususela kwimikhwa yemihla ngemihla ukuya kugqibo. Ngokomo-mongo woncedo lwamanye amazwe, oothunywashe benkcubeko baquka iimbono zasekuhlaleni, ubuchule, unxulumano phakathi kwabantu, ulwalamano oluphakathi kwabantu nelizwe. Ezi zinto azimi ndawonye; ziguquka ngokwembali, ukufuduka, kunye neempembelelo zangaphandle. Noko ke, zinozinzo ezaneleyo ezinokuzityeshela ezo zinto zinokuphazamisa kwaneprojelo yesandi.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkcubeko Ibaluleke

Ukuqonda inkcubeko akuthethi nje ukuba uthobeke okanye uphephe ukukhutyelwa okungafanelekanga. Qwalasela inkqubo yezempilo ekhuthaza ukuhlamba izandla ngesepha. Ukuba abantu abanalo unxulumano lwesithethe phakathi kococeko nempilo, okanye ukuba isepha isetyenziselwa ukuhlamba impahla, ukungenelela kuya kulwa nzima ukufumana igalelo. Ngokufanayo, iprojekthi yokulima engenisa iintlobo ezintsha zezityalo isenokungaphumeleli ukuba amafama alapho axabiseke kakhulu ekunandiseni okanye kwisithethe kunokuvelisa imveliso. Izithethe zikwachaphazela ukuthemba: abantu abaxhatshazwa ngabadlali bangaphandle basenokubona abasebenzi belusebenzisa kakubi uncedo, besenza ulwalamano olubalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba naluphi naluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi luqalise. Xa abasebenzi befumana ixesha lokuqonda izithethe, bafumana ithuba lokuthembeka ekuguquleni izithethe.

Iinkalo ezingundoqo eziqhubela phambili uncedo olusebenzayo

Nangona uluntu ngalunye luhlukile, umlinganiselo othile wenkcubeko uphinda uphindeke kwiimeko ezithile kwaye ufunyaniswe ngoogqirha abaphuhlisayo njengonempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho oothunywashe abathandathu ababalulekileyo, kunye nengcaciso yendlela abanokuchaphazela ngayo iprojekthi.

Iinkolelo Nezenzo Zonqulo

Unqulo ludla ngokulawula ukuziphatha, ucwangciso lwemihla ngemihla, nesimo sengqondo ngempilo, imfundo, kunye nezoqoqosho.Ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo zokucwangcisa intsapho ezikhuthaza ukuthintela ukukhawula zisenokujamelana nenkcaso kuluntu apho imfundiso yonqulo ithintela ukuzala. Ngokufanayo, amaphulo okugonya anokupheliswa ngamarherhe athi amachiza ayinxalenye yeqhinga laseNtshona, ingakumbi xa iinkokeli zonqulo zingadibani. Ngokuchaseneyo, iintlangano zonqulo ezisekelwe kukholo zingowona mazwe athembekileyo asemaphandleni, yaye ukuncedisana nawo kunokwenza inguqulelo ephawulekayo yeenkonzo zempilo.

Iintlobo Zolwimi Nezonxibelelwano

Imiqobo yolwimi yaya kutsho ngaphaya koguqulelo. Kwanaxa izinto ziguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo, izitrato zasekuhlaleni, izivakalisi, kunye nomgangatho wokufunda kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Kubantu abanezithethe eziqinileyo, amaphecana abhaliweyo asenokungasebenzi ngoxa iintlanganiso zoluntu ezibhalwe ngamaqela achaza inkcazelo entsonkothileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iindlela zonxibelelwano ziyahluka: ezinye izithethe zikhetha imiyalelo engqalileyo, imiyalelo ecacileyo, ezinye zixhasa incoko engqalileyo apho kushiyeke khona isandi esiphezulu. Ukungaqondani kuvela xa abasebenzi becinga ukuba imilinganiselo yabo yonxibelelwano ikho jikelele. IBhanki ifunda ngenkqubela engokwezilwimi zasekuhlaleni nezithethe ezifanelekileyo yafunyanwa ngokuphindwe kabini ekuphumeleni iinjongo zabo njengoko kuxhomekeke kwiilwimi zesizwe.

Iintlobano Neendima

Umgaqo-nkqubo olawula ukuba ngubani onokuba nenxaxheba kubomi basekuhlaleni, ukwenza izigqibo zendlu, okanye ukufikelela kwizixhobo zoncedo. Iiprojekthi zoncedo ezithi abathathi-nxaxheba bamabhinqa namadoda bafumane amathuba alinganayo ngokufuthi ngokungaziyo isiqingatha sabemi. Umzekelo, inkqubo yemicrobini ejoliswe kumabhinqa ingafuna ukuba bahambe imigama emide ukuya ebhankini, nto leyo engenakwenzeka kuluntu apho ukushukuma kwamabhinqa kuthintelwe. Ngokufanayo, uqeqesho lokulima oluqeqesha kuphela amafama ngamadoda lungasindi nto leyo ebangela ukuba uninzi lwabeko lwezolimo kwimimandla emininzi. Iinkqubo ezichukuko zicelela imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, zinika amabhinqa ama-i-intshilitailter kuphela, kwaye zikhuthaza iinkokeli zoluntu ukuxhasa inxaxheba kwamabhinqa. [[FLT: 0] Amabhinqa angeNU.[FF1]

Ulawulo Lwamagunya Entlalo Nabalawuli Basekuhlaleni

Ibutho ngalinye linemibutho yegunya — abadala bezidolophana, iintloko zonqulo, okanye iintloko zomnombo. Aba bantu banegunya lokuba basebenzise imigaqo esemthethweni okanye yokuthintela ukungenelela okungaphandle. Imisebenzi yoncedo edlulayo kwiinkokeli zesithethe ijongeka njengengenantlonelo okanye njengesoyikiso. Kwimimandla emininzi ye-88Saharan Afrika, ikliniki yezempilo eyakhiwe ngaphandle kokubuza intloko-ntloko yasekuhlaleni isenokuma ingenanto ngenxa yokuba uluntu aluyi kuhlala de ivunywe yiyo. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iinkokeli ziziswa ekucwangciseni iintlanganiso zesithethe zize zinikwe iindima ezisemthethweni, ziba ngabaphathi abakwindawo engaphakathi abasekelwe kwisigaba esingokongalinganiyo, ubudala, okanye isizwana sohlanga. Iprojelo eliphatha wonke amalungu entla entla eculweni lusenokusilela ngenxa yokuba lunganyanise.

Isimo Sengqondo Ngexesha Nokuceba

Imbono yesithethe yexesha iyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Kwizithethe zoluntu (eziqhelekileyo kwiNtshona Yurophu naseMntla Merika), ukugcina ixesha kunye nocwangciso lwemigca kuyaxatyiswa. Kwizithethe zepolychronic (ezininzi eLatin America, eAfrika, naseMbindi Mpuma), ixesha lijongwa njengolwelo oluninzi, kwaye ulwalamano luba luphambili kucwangciso. Imisebenzi yoncedo enyanzelisa ixesha elinzima kwiziganeko eziphambili isenokuphazamisa amaqabane asekuhlaleni kwaye ibangele iingxabano. Iprojekthi zamanzi kwingingingi yoluntu lwasemaphandleni zingaliselwa ngenxa yokuba uluntu lufuna ukuba nomthendelelo ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe — isiganeko umphathi weprojektha acinga ukuba kukuchithwa ixesha kodwa uluntu lujonge njengesibalulekileyo ekukheni intlalo, ukuphumelela ukuqhela ingxubeko, ukutshintsha nokuqambanisa ulwalamano, ukubonakala njengenxalenye yomsebenzi, inxalenye yendlela yokusebenza.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iimpazamo Zenkcubeko Nempumelelo

Ukungaphumeleli nempumelelo kunikela izifundo ezinokukhokela imigudu yexesha elizayo.

Iprojekthi engaphumelelanga: Ukungahoyi Iinkolelo zasekuhlaleni kwiphulo lokubulala

Kumntla weNigeria, iphulo lokugonya ipoliyo elaqaliswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama- 2000 laxhathisa kakhulu. Amarhe asekuhlaleni asasazeka ukuba eli yeza eliye langcoliswa ngabasebenzi abalwa nokungabi namali kunye nenxalenye yeqhinga laseNtshona lokunciphisa inani lamaSilamsi. Iintlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezaziqhuba eli phulo zazingabandakanyekanga neenkokeli zonqulo okanye abaphilisi besithethe, kwaye zasebenzisa izixhobo zokunxibelelana ezazingalungiswanga ngokwesithethe. Ngenxa yoko, inani lesifo sokugonyanisa lancipha, kunye nepoliyo eyaphinda yaphinda yaqukunjelwa emva kokuba itsha. Ukusilela oku kwakungengenxa yesifundo sesithethe ngokwaso kodwa kwathatha iminyaka emininzi ukungahoyilwa kwezithethe nonqulo. Kwathatha ukuthembana nokubandakanya abaphengululi bamaSilamzi kunye nokulungisa iprotoliki. Oku kubhalwe kakhulu yisifundo se-[FLD:[0][FK][1]

IPhondo ePhumeleyo: Abaphilisi abaTshabalalisayo kwiiNkqubo zeHIV/AIDS

KuMzantsi Afrika, ukuphendula kwangaphambili kukarhulumente kwiHIV/AIDS kwathintelwa kukungathembani kwamayeza aseNtshona kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Intlangano yezonyango yehlabathi ye-Hystem yanikela ucwangciso olwathi lwaqeqesha abaphilisi ngokwesithethe ukuba basasaze ii-condom, banikezele, babonise abaguli ukuba bavavanye. Abaphilisi babesele bethembele kwi-advirs kwimicimbi yempilo, kunye nengxubusho yabo eqhelekileyo nge-HIV. Le nkqubo yaphumelela ngenxa yokuba yayingazichasanganga iinkolelo zesithethe kodwa endaweni yoko yazidibanisa kwicebo lokwandisa impilo. Ukutshintsha kwezithethe kwakungundoqo: abaphilisi babesebenzisa izikhalo kunye neentlanganiso zoluntu ukuze basasaza ulwazi, kwaye babezixhasa ngexesha labo, yaye behlonela imeko yabo.

La matyala aphikisanayo abonisa inyaniso esisiseko: Iimeko zesithethe azimele zoyiswe kodwa zimele zinyanzeliswe ngokukhutheleyo.

Ubuchule bokwenziwa koncedo olulungiselelwe inkcubeko

Imibutho yoncedo ingasebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezisekelwe kubungqina 76 ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkcubeko iyaqhubeka ngalo mjikelo weprojekthi. Ezi ndlela zihamba ngaphaya koluhlu oluphantsi kwaye kufuneka unxulumano lokwenene nabantu basekuhlaleni.

Ukuququzelela iNkcubeko

Phambi kokuyila naluphi na ungenelelo, uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwenkcubeko kufuneka lwenziwe. Oku kugqitha kuhlolo olulula; kubandakanya ujongo lwendlela-mbonakaliso, amaqela ajolise kumalungu ahlukeneyo oluntu, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe nabalathisi abaphambili abafana nabadala, abafundisi-lwazi, neenkokeli zonqulo. Olu hlolo kufuneka luchonge imiqobo yenkcubeko luze lufumane nezinto — imisebenzi eyamkelekileyo ekhoyo, iinkqubo ezikhoyo, kunye namaziko athenjiweyo. World Bank isiseko sogcino-khuthalo lwentlalo-ntlalo-ntlelo[[[

Ukuceba nokusebenzisana

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuthetha ukuba amalungu oluntu akakhange adibane nje kuphela kodwa abenzi besigqibo abasebenzayo kulo msebenzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ingqiqo yenkcubeko iziswa kwisakhiwo sasekuqaleni. Ubugcisa buquka amakhadi okutsala abantu, ukwenziwa kweepali, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango. Xa ikomiti yamanzi ibandakanya amabhinqa, amadoda, abadala, kunye nolutsha, ucwangciso olubangelwa kuko kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukubonakalisa iinyani zenkcubeko zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, iimbopheleleko zokuqokelela, kunye nokulungisa. Ulwakhiwo lwawo lweziko: xa uluntu lucinga ukuba iprojekthi yiyalo yalo, lunokuyixhasa ngakumbi emva kokuba kugqityiwe iziphelo ezingaphandle.

Ukulungisa Izinto Nemiyalezo

Zonke izinto zonxibelelwano — iincwadana zonxibelelwano, iividiyo, iincwadi zokuqeqesha — kufuneka zilungiswe ngokweelwimi zasekuhlaleni, imigangatho yokufunda, kunye nezithethe zezobukho bendalo. Sebenzisa imifanekiso efanelekileyo: umzekelo, kwindawo apho ukubonisa intanjana kujongwa njengokungathandekiyo, umzekeliso wonyawo kufuneka uguqulwe. Ukuchaza, idrama, kunye nomculo kusoloko kusebenza ngakumbi kunokuqhuba iintetho zehlabathi. EGhana, iphulo elithi “Les Go Buga” lasebenzisa imingeni edumileyo ukukhuthaza ukukhuseleka kwe-COVID . Ukufikelela kolutsha oluzibhexeshina ngeminxele yempilo. Ukulungisa amazwi kukwathetha ukusebenzisa izidibani, imidlalo, kunye nomculo okudla ngokusetyenziswa kwentetho yehlabathi.

Uqeqesho nokufihla amajoni asekuhlaleni

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka imisele imigaqo-nkqubo yokuqesha abasebenzi basekuhlaleni abaqonda inkcubeko yommandla. Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bangavala imisantsa phakathi kweengcali zangaphandle kunye noluntu, kwaye abanamathuba okuchaza kakubi iimpawu zentlalo. Uqeqesho lolwazi lwenkcubeko kubo bonke abasebenzi abanqamlezileyo lubalulekile, kodwa kufuneka luqhubeke kunesekomrhumo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugubungele imixholo efana nonxibelelwano oluphakathi kommandla, amandla, kunye nomongo wembali (kuquka imbali yentlalo kunye nokungaphumeleli koncedo kwangaphambili). Uqeqesho loxolo lusoloko lugxininisa ukunyuselwa kwenkceleleko ngexesha loqeqesho lwempucuko ngexesha loqeqesho lwe-prebsevicece, olufaksela kwimiqatha yempumelelo yasekuhlaleni kwimisebenzi yengingqi.[5]

Ukwakha Ulwalamano Olude

Amagosa karhulumente anokuyiqonda ngokunzulu indlela yokuthetha ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo, indlela yokulawula ezopolitiko, xa kusenziwa iintlanganiso ezimbalwa. Kufuna ukuba imibutho yoncedo engenisa unxulumano olude nenkokeli zoluntu, i-NGOS, kunye namagosa karhulumente akhulayo aqonde nzulu indlela yokuhlala. Bafunda ukuba ngubani othetha ngayo ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo, indlela yokulawula ezopolitiko zasekuhlaleni, kwaye xa kusenziwa uhlehle. Le ndlela yokuzibandakanya ikwakha ukuthemba, okuyimali yokuphuhlisa iprojekthi. Iprojekthi ethatha iminyaka emithathu isenokuvelisa iziphumo ezingakumbi kunyaka wokugqibela ngenxa yokuba ii-12 zokuqala zasetyenziswa ukuthenjwa kwabantu — elo xesha lichithwe kakuhle.

Isiphumo: Inkcubeko yokuzimanyanisa kwiNkcubeko

Ukusebenza koncedo lwangaphandle akungombandela wobuchule bobugcisa, woqingqo-mali, okanye wokusebenza kakuhle. Umlinganiselo womntu — obunjwe yinkcubeko — usoloko ungumcimbi wesigqibo. Xa iimeko zenkcubeko zingahoywa, kwaneyona misebenzi ingcono ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela; xa yakhiwa, abantu baba ngamaqabane asebenzayo alungelelanisayo naxhasa ungenelelo kude emva kokuba inkxaso iphelile.

Indlela ephambili ifuna ukutshintshwa kwemibutho yeenkcubeko. Amasebe axhasa inkcitho kufuneka afune uhlalutyo lwenkcubeko njengenxalenye yezicelo, kwaye uhlaziyo lwezicwangciso kufuneka luquke izibonisi zobuchule benkcubeko. Imisebenzi efundisayo engoqeqesho kwinkqubela-phambili yexesha elizayo kufuneka idibanise unxibelelwano lwezenkcubeko kwizifundo zawo. Ehlabathini, abasebenzi boncedo kufuneka babonise ukuthobeka, baphulaphule ngakumbi kunokuba bethetha, kwaye baqonde ukuba uluntu lwasekuhlaleni luziingcali zokwenene kwinkcubeko yabo.

Injongo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe asikokumisela izisombululo kodwa kukwenza utshintsho oluhambelana nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nezilangazelelo. Isithethe asingomqobo omele ucinywe; ngumsebenzi wonke owenziweyo. Ngokuhlonela elo candelo, imibutho yoncedo inokukha imisebenzi engeyompumelelo kuphela kodwa esebenzayo, ehloniphekileyo, nehlala ihleli.