Imbali Yokuguquka Kwezinto Ezakha Zabakho Kwinkqubo Yonyaka KaJury

Ingcamango yokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-tyala ilandelela imvelaphi yayo ebuyela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, ivela ngexesha lokulawula kukaHenry II ngenkulungwane ye-12. Iijaji zangaphambili zazingezozozifiki zezibatha zenyaniso kodwa endaweni yoko amaqela abemi basekuhlaleni abafunga ukuchaza inyaniso esekelwe kulwazi lwabo lweziganeko. Kwiminyaka emininzi, inkqubo yavela kwinkundla yamatyala yale mihla ````Iquaant'''''' eva ubungqina kwaye anikele isigqibo esisekelwe koko kunikelwa enkundlele. I-Magna Carta (1215) isoloko ichazwa njengoxwebhu lwesiseko, iqinisekisa ilungelo lokugwetywa ngooontanga. Lo mgaqo kamva wawubekwe kwi-mthetho oqhelekileyo [[FLT: 0] [[FLD] [FLD] [1] [31] UmGenekiso-siseko se-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-u-mthetho-mthetho owisomgalelo, owithiweyokuqinisekisa ukuba ugwetyelwe ngokungenamtya wokugweba, uluku, ulukugwetyelwe ngokungena

Ukuntywila nzulu kwimbali, i[FLT Bar international inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwenkqubela-phambili yejaji ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ye-Anglo-Saxon ukuya kuhlobo lwayo lwangoku.

Imisebenzi Yekhori

Abagwebi basebenza njengeentloko ezichanabileyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho neloburhulumente. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukuvavanya ubungqina obunikezelwayo, ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina, nokusebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi ukuba ufikelele isigqibo. Ngokungafaniyo nabagwebi, abalawula kwiinkalo zomthetho, abagwebi bamele bagqibe oko kwenzekayo.

  • Uvavanyo lobungqina obufunekayo: Abavumisi kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko zonke imiqondiso, ubungqina, kunye nobungqina benkqubo. Bagqiba ukuba ukutshutshiswa (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye ityala (kwimeko zamakhaya) liwufumene umthwalo ofunekayo wobungqina [ ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni [ kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye kwimibangezo zobu bungqina
  • Ukulungiselela ukuthembeka kwamangqina: Umsebenzi ongundoqo kukwenza izigqibo ezithembekileyo. Abachopheli baqwalasela indlela abamangqina aziphatha ngayo, angaguquguqukiyo, kunye neembono ezinokuvela. Umgwebo weqela labachopheli-tyala othetha inyaniso usoloko umisela iziphumo.
  • Ukuzama ukufikelela kwisivumelwano: Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano, abagwebi bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi lobucala lokuzicingela. Baxubusha izibakala, ubungqina obuphinda-phindwayo, kunye neenkcazelo zengxoxo. Injongo kukufikelela isigqibo esipheleleyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ezininzi e-U.S., nangona amanye amaphondo evumela izigwebo ezingangeni 76upartment kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.
  • ikhupha isigqibo: Xa kufikelelwa isigqibo, ijaji ikhupha isigqibo sayo enkundleni evulekileyo. Esi sigqibo, ukuba singqinelanisiwe, samkelwe ngumgwebi. Kwisiganeko sejaji exhotyisiweyo, ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo kwaye ityala lingabuyiselwa.

Ukubaluleka Kwabaqhubi Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinzululwazi yengingqi. Iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zibonisa amaxabiso entlalo-ntle kunokuba zibonise amandla angenakunqandwa esizwe. Ukubaluleka kwabagwebi kudlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla:

  • Ulwahlulo loluntu: Abalawuli bathathwa kucandelwana lwabemi(iindidi ezahlukeneyo zelizwe)/iimvelaphi yezoqoqosho, iminyaka, namava obomi. Olu mahluko luzisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwitafile yengcinga kwaye lunceda ukunqanda imigwebo enqamlezayo okanye ebekelwe ityala.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye: ngokubeka uluntu phakathi komangalelwa norhulumente, iijaji zisebenza njengenkuselo ekumangaleleni ngokugqithisileyo. lilungelo lokuvavanya abachopheli-mthetho lukhuselo lomgaqo-siseko ekuchaseni ubundlobongela.
  • Ityala elikhoyo: isigqibo sejaji sigcina inkqubo yokugweba ibeke ityala kwimigangatho kawonke-wonke. Ijaji ingala ukuvalela ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokungekho sikweni, yindlela eyaziwa njenge [ ukupheliswa kwemali, nangona inqabile kwaye iphikisana.
  • Imfundo ye- ye-CUBIC:[ Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kwenza abemi bayiqonde ngokobuqu indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo. Ihlahlela inkundla kwaye ikhuthaza imvakalelo yokuba ngabalawuli betyala phezu kokusesikweni. Abaninzi ababesakuba ngabagwebi banikela ingxelo yokuhlonelwa ngokunzulu komthetho emva komsebenzi wabo.

Uphando olusuka kwi Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yeRhulumente lubalaselisa ukuba inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala ikwanyusa ukuthembana koluntu kwijaji, njengoko abemi bebona ukuba iityala ziqhutywa kakuhle nangokucace.

Inkqubela ye Voir Dire: Khetha Abalawuli Abangakhethi Buso

Voirdad jq , igama lesiFrentshi elithetha “ukuthetha inyaniso”" yinkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala. Injongo yayo kukuchonga nokususa abantu abanomkhethe okanye abangafanelekanga, ukuqinisekisa iqela elinokukhupha isigqibo esingakhethiyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokutyhileka kumanyathelo aliqela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudibanisa iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala: Abagwebi abanokukhethwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwimithombo efana neeroli zobhaliso lovoti, iirekhodi zephepha-mvume lomqhubi, okanye iisiseko solwazi lorhulumente. Bafumana izicelo zokuvela enkundleni ngomhla othile.
  • [[NTL:0] Umbuzo oququzelelayo: Ijaji namagqwetha abuza ngamnye ozakuba ngumgwebi. Idilesi yemibuzo phambi kolwazi lwetyala, ulwalamano namaqela, ucalucalulo lobuqu, kunye nokukulungela ukulandela umthetho. Omabini amacala angacel ’ umngeni umngeni wemali obangela [[FLT] [FLT]] (umz, ikhethe okanye ungquzulwano lwenzala).
  • Imingeni: Icala ngalinye livumelekile inani elisikelweyo lemingeni, enokusetyenziswa ukukhupha ijaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Noko ke, ezi ngxaki azinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ugqatso lohlanga okanye ubufana phantsi Batson v. Kentucky [1986]).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudla isalathisi sokugqibela: Xa inani elaneleyo labagwebi lisinde kucelomngeni, bafungwe ngaphakathi. Abaququzeleli abahlukeneyo bangakhethwa kwakhona ukuthatha indawo yabo nabaphina abagulayo okanye abavunywayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa.

Imeko enzima yelo tyala ibalulekile kuba inkundla egwebayo enekhethe inciphisa ubulungisa betyala.

Iimbopheleleko Zabatshutshisi

Xa benyuliwe, abachopheli bejaji babotshelelwa ngemisebenzi eqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwetyala. Ezi mbopheleleko ziqala xa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuqalisa kuze kuqhubeke de kufikelelwe kwisigqibo:

  • Ukuphulaphula ngenyameko: Abalawuli kufuneka banikele ingqalelo esondeleyo kubo bonke ubungqina, iimpikiswano, kunye nemiyalelo evela kumgwebi. Abavunyelwanga ukuba bathathe uphando lwabo oluzimeleyo okanye baphande ngetyala ngaphandle kwenkundla.
  • Ilandela imiyalelo yomgwebi kumthetho: Ijaji ichaza imithetho esebenzayo nendlela ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngayo. Abalawuli kufuneka bamkele loo miyalelo, nokuba bona ngokwabo abavumelani nomthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukugcina imfihlo: Abaxhasi abanakuyixubusha le ngxaki nabani na(kuquka intsapho, abahlobo, okanye i-media) de kunikezelwe isigqibo. Oku kuthintela impembelelo yangaphandle kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iingcinga zihlala ziyimfihlo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela ngentlonelo: kwigumbi labachopheli-tyala, irhoqo nganye inelungelo lokuvakalisa iimbono nokucel ’ umngeni ezinye. Iingxoxo kufuneka zibe zezoluntu kwaye zijoliswe kubungqina. Umchongi omnye wejaji anganyanzelisa ukucaciswa kwetyala lonke.
  • Ukuthatha amaphetshana (xa evumelekile): Iinkundla ezininzi zivumela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bathathe amaphetshana ukuze bancede ukukhumbula ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo. Amaphetshana asetyenziswa ngokobuqu kwaye akufunekanga asuswe kwigumbi labachopheli-tyala.

Ukungaphumeleli ukubambelela kwezi mbopheleleko kungaphumela kwityala okanye nkqu nokudelelwa kwenkundla. Iinkundla zinika ukhokelo kumajaji; U.S. inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala [iphepha elikwi- ichaza iimfuno ezisemthethweni.

Inkqubela Yodibaniso: Ukufikelela Isigwebo

Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwetyala netyala lomgwebi, abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala. Le nkqubo idla ngokuba likhusi yaye isenokuthatha iiyure ezilandelayo okanye kwaneentsuku. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukujongwa kobungqina njengeqela: Abalawuli basoloko bephinda bafunda umboniso wangasemva (ukuba umbhali wendaba wenkundla unika itranscription), kwaye badwelise izibakala abavumelana ngazo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ichaza ngokwahluka kweembono: irhoqo nganye izisa imbono eyodwa. Ukungavisisani kungokwemvelo kwaye kufuneka kukhutshwe ngokukhululekileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iijaji ezahlukeneyo zangabom zicokiseke ngakumbi kwaye zenza iimpazamo ezimbalwa.
  • Ukukhupha isigwebo esidibeneyo: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sidibane kumatyala amaninzi. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, amanye amagunya afuna i-odoli ephezulu kuphela. Ukuba abagwebi abanakuvuma, ijaji ingabayalela ukuqhubeka becima. Ukuba ilock iyaqhubekeka, i- i-'hung jajir' [ iyavakaliswa.
  • Ukusebenzisa umthwalo wobungqina: Ngexesha lokucazululwa, abagwebi basoloko belinganisela ubungqina ngokuchasene nomgangatho ofanelekileyo, ngaphaya kobusengqiqweni bobugxwayiba kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuqwalasela kobungqina kwiimeko zamakhaya. Oku kukhokela ukuqiqa kwabo.

Ukuzimisela yinkqubo esebenzayo. Umveleli, onyulwe ngabachopheli-tyala, unceda ingxubusho kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi ngalinye liyaviwa. Ingqibelelo yale nqanaba ikhuselwa ngemithetho engqongqo echasene nokuphazamisa kwangaphandle.

Iintlobo zezigwebo Nezigqibo Zazo

Isigqibo sisigqibo esisemthethweni senkundla yabachopheli - tyala.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala okanye hayi ityala (amatyala anzima): Isigqibo esingu-"isigqibo sithetha ukuba ityala alizange lingqine ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Asikokubhengeza ukuba msulwa kodwa ukufumana ubungqina obunganele. Isigqibo “ityala” sikhokelela ekugwetyweni ngumgwebi.
  • [[NTLA] Ilula okanye Ayikho semthethweni (amatyala e-cinel): Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, abachopheli betyala lommangalelwa ngokusemthethweni kusini na uxanduva lomntu ochaphazelekayo. Ukuba ufanelekile, ijaji enye isoloko igqiba kwingozi, nangona amanye amagunya ahlula la macandelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abachopheli-tyala abambalwa: Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanako ukufikelela kuninzi olufunekayo, ijaji ivakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ityala linokuphinda ligwetywe kunye nabachobi abatsha, okanye amaqela angazimisa. Iijaji zejaji zejaji zinqabile ngokuthelekisayo kodwa zinokwenzeka kwimiba ephezulu okanye kumatyala ahlukanisayo.
  • Izigqibo ezikhethekileyo: kwezinye iindawo, izigwebi ziphendula imibuzo ethile ecacileyo (isigqibo esikhethekileyo) kunokuba isohlwayo esiqhelekileyo/engenatyala. Ijaji ngoko isebenzisa umthetho kwezo mpendulo ukuze iphumeze umgwebo.

Isigqibo sithwala ubunzima obukhulu. Singachaphazela inkululeko, ukuma kwemali, kunye nodumo, kungoko ibekwe indili yobungqina [.

Ucelomngeni Abajamelene Nalo Abaqhubi

Inkonzo kaJury inomvuzo kodwa idla ngokufuna izinto ezininzi.

  • Ukuqonda ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lomthetho nobugcisa: Iimvavanyo zingabandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo, iingxelo zemali, okanye ubungqina bezezamayeza. Abaququzeleli kufuneka badibane neengcamango zenzululwazi ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okusesikweni. Iinkundla ngokuqhubekayo zinika imiyalelo ecacileyo yolwimi lwe-76 kwaye zivumele abagwebi ukuba babuze imibuzo ebhaliweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo: Ityala elibandakanya ugonyamelo, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, okanye iingozi ezimanyumnyezi linokuba buhlungu kakhulu. Abavumi bangafumana ukudinwa kakhulu [ okanye impatho ebuhlungu. Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela iinkonzo zokucebisa emva kwemvavanyo ezinzima.
  • [[NTLA] Ukugcina ukungakhethi phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke: Iimeko eziphezulu zitsala usasazo lolwazi-ndaba. Abasebenzi bayayalelwa ukuba baphephe zonke iindaba ngomcimbi nokuzibetha ngoyaba iingcinezelo zangaphandle. Noko ke, ukuvela kwezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi lwentlalo kwenza oku kube nzima ngakumbi. Ukungquzulana kunokubangela ukugxothwa.
  • Ukuqukunjelwa: Kwimeko ezibalulekileyo, abagwebi banganyuswa ````indlu ebekwe kwihotele kwaye bahlukaniswe kuluntu lonke) de kufikelelwe isigqibo. Ngelixesha kunqabileyo, ukushukuma kunokubangela uxinzelelo lobuqu olubalulekileyo.

Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicombulula iinkqubo zokuxhasa abagwebi, ziqonda ukuba intlalo - ntle yazo ibalulekile kwinkqubo yokusesikweni esebenzayo.

Impembelelo Yenkonzo KaJury Kubenzi Bezinto

Ukusebenza kwiqumrhu labachopheli-tyala kungaguqula. Abagwebi abaninzi banikela ingxelo yokuba banokuyixabisa ngakumbi imbopheleleko yoluntu nokuqonda ngakumbi indlela inkqubo yomthetho esebenza ngayo. Uphando lwePost̆service olwenziwa yi- IQumrhu lesizwe loMahluleli-mthetho [ lubonisa ukuba abagwebi basoloko beshiya ngentlonelo eyongezelelekileyo ngejaji kwaye bajongana ngakumbi nokusesikweni. Amava anciphisa ukuthethwa yinkundla yenkundla aze aqinise umgaqo wokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni umthetho.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iinkqubo Zomngxuma Osehlabathini

Ngoxa abachopheli - tyala bebalasele kumazwe aqhelekileyo asemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwabo kuyahluka ehlabathini lonke:

  • United States: I Juries zisetyenziswa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala anzulu. Iijaji zoManyano zifuna izigqibo eziyelelanisiweyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho; amaphondo asenokuvumela izigwebo ezingagunyaziswanga kumatyala asekuhlaleni.
  • UBukumkani obumanyeneyo: i-Ngilani kunye neWales igcina amatyala abachopheli-tyala etyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (Inkundla yeNkundla yamanzi). I Juils aziqhelekanga kakhulu kwiimeko zamakhaya, ezidla ngokuviwa ngabagwebi kuphela. ISkotlani isebenzisa i-15 76person ekhethekileyo yabachopheli-mvo kunye nenkqubo yesigqibo esininzi.
  • Amazwe omthetho weCIIl: Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu (umz., France, Germany) asebenzisa iinkundla ezixubeneyo apho abagwebi abangoogcisa nabavavanya ngabom kunye. IJapan yasungula i-isaiban. [umlawuli] (umzekelo, idityaniswa nokuthatha inxaxheba kolawulo lomthetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Umsebenzi wokukhupha: Amanye amazwe, anjengeIndiya noMzantsi Afrika, aye afuduka kwiimeko ezininzi ngenxa yenkxalabo ngekhethe okanye ukuphumelela. Noko ke, abachopheli-mthetho bahlala beluphawu olunamandla lobulungisa bedemokhrasi.

Ukuthelekisa iinkqubo kutyhila ukuba nangona le ndlela isenokuhluka, ingcamango esisiseko yokubandakanya abemi ekugqityweni kwesigqibo esingokwasemthethweni iphantse ibe ngumnqweno onqwenelekayo ehlabathini lonke.

Isiphelo

Abachongi bangaphezulu kakhulu kunezibakala ezingekho mthethweni; banegalelo elisebenzayo kwinkqubo elungelelanisa umthetho kunye nemilinganiselo yoluntu. Ukusukela ekulweni kwembali nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-tyala ukuya kucelomngeni lwangoku lwezintlu-ngxaki, abagwebi bahlala benesazela senkundla. Indima yabo ekuhloleni ubungqina, ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, nokunika izigwebo ibalulekile kwibutho labantu abasesikweni. Ukuqonda le ndima kukhuthaza bonke abami ukuba bathathe inkonzo yetyala nzulu, kodwa njengelungelo nomsebenzi.