Ukwazisa: Ulawulo Lwezobupolitika Namalungelo Ancinane EJapan

Imbono yezobupolitika yaseJapan iye yalawulwa kangangamashumi eminyaka yiLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), amandla angaguqukiyo aye aguqula iinkqubo zesizwe ukususela ngowe-1955. Ngoxa i-LDP iye yangamela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezoqoqosho nozinzo, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo lwayo lusoloko lucotha ukusingatha amalungelo amaqela amancinane. Abemi abancinane eJapani(8) kuquka impembelelo ephambili yezizwe ezinje ngeAinu, iBurakun, neZainichie, kunye nabantu base-Chorea, abantu abaneziphene, kunye noluntu oluneLBGTQ+Qh) ngokungoko ngokwembali bejongeneee. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika achaphazela ngayo la maqela eentlalo asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni nawaseJapan ajongene

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqela achaseneyo afana ne-Democratic Party yeDemocratic (CDP), iQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan (JCP), kunye namaqela amancinane aqhubekekayo aye atyhalela ngokutyibilikayo imithetho eyomeleleyo echasene nohlanga-mthetho kunye nokufakwa kwentsebenziswano koluntu. Impembelelo yawo ikhule kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inyanzelisa iingxoxo zesizwe kumalungelo amancinane ngaphambili awayengachasana. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukuma kwamaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika aseJapan, impembelelo eqinile kumaqela athile ahlukeneyo, umelo lwezobupolitika, kunye nemiqobo eqhubekayo yokulungisa.

Imbali Yamalungelo Amancinane EJapan

ISigqeba selizwe laseJapan semfazwe II, esamiswa ngo1947, sishiya amalungelo abantu asisiseko kunye nokulingana phantsi komthetho ( Article 14). Noko ke, uxwebhu aluluthinteli ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ubufana. Oku kushiye umququba osemthethweni wokuba amaqela ezobupolitika acotha ukuzalisa. Ngokumbali, urhulumente waseJapan walandela inkqubo yokungavumelani noluntu lwe-Ainu kwaye ubeka imiqathango enzima kuluntu lwaseZainichi, abaninzi kubo abanyanzeleke eJapan emva kwemfazwe. [FLT.2] Burmin [[Fla], inzala yezothenwa, iinstrutho zolwaphulo-mthetho, iyaqhubeka nokujoyina imicimbi engoburhulumenteni kunyaka we-1970670 kunye nok.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukujolisa kwe-LDP kwinkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kunye nemvisiswano yentlalo kwakudla ngokuthetha ukuphazamisana kweqela elincinane. Ukudibana kweqela neqela lecawa elithe kratya kwaqinisa umzekelo wesithethe woluntu. IAinu yaze yafumana uvumo olusemthethweni lwabantu bomthonyama, yaye ngo-2019 kuphela iDiet eyathi yawudlulisa uProventiontion Act[, eyathi ivume amalungelo ayo nenkcubeko kodwa iyeka ukunikeza ilungelo lokuzinika ilungelo okanye amalungelo elizwe. Ngokufanayo, ukumangalelana okufuna ukugqalwa komtshato okufanayo kuye kwalandela ukususela kwi-2019, kungekho mthetho we-LFLGT+-dimin. Iqela lezobupolitika liqhuba inkqubela ngoluvo lwezo lwezopolitiki.

Imikhosi Ebalaseleyo Yezobupolitika Nezicaka Zayo Zamalungelo Amancinane

Inkqubo yeqela laseJapan ibalasele linye ibutho elilawulayo neqela elincinane elichasayo.

ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP)

I-LDP ibisoloko ilawula phantse ukususela ngo19555, isenza oorhulumente abamanyeneyo kunye neqela laseKomeito. Inkqubo yayo igxininisa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye namaxabiso entsapho esithethe. Kumalungelo amancinane, i-LDP ngokwembali ibimadolw'ekuthandabuza ukusungula umthetho owendalo ochasene nolawulo-discrini. Umzekelo, iqela lachasa umthetho wama-2021 ojolise “kukuqonda” kweLGBT+ imiba yamanzi, kunye nohlobo lwangaphambili lwezingcingo ze-LDP, emva kokuba abalawuli bomthetho bemimiselo eqhelekileyo be-LDP baphikisa amaxabiso amaxabiso eentlobano zesini. Iqela langaphakathi, kuquka [[FLD:]“ uSocie ukukhusela ukukhusela isiko sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe se-Japan"[FLD]

Kumaqela amancinane esizwe, iLDP ixhasa iAinu Provention Act kodwa yazichasa iimfuno zobuhlanga bokuzilungisa bomthonyama. Eli qela likwagcina ulwalamano olusondeleyo kunye kubuBuraku Inkululeko yoManyano? Okunene, i-LDP idla ngokuphepha inkxwaleko engqalileyo ne-Burakun, ikhetha ukuxhomekeka kwizisombululo ezifanelekileyo zasekuhlaleni. Ngokwemithetho yamalungelo amabhinqa, i-LDP phantsi koMphathi-Ortyhility Shinzo Abe indulule “iam' yokukhuthaza ukuthatyathwa kwenxaxheba, kodwa imithetho yayo ayizange ilwe yimibango enzulu yocalucalucalucalucalu-calulo okanye umqobo wobufana. Iqela elithanda ukuncinwa kwemiweyo ekwini ekwini.

IQela leDemocratic (CDP)

ICDP, eyasekwa ngo-2017 njengendawo edityanisiweyo yamaqela amaninzi asekhohlo, liqela elikhulu lenkcaso. Ixhasa amanyathelo asebenzayo okukhusela amalungelo amancinane, kuquka umthetho obanzi ochasene nohlanga, ubufana, imbonakalo yesini, kunye nokukhubazeka. ICDP icebise “Umthetho osisiseko kumalungelo abantu" oza kuqinisa imigaqo yokunyanzelisa ubuchule. Ngexesha lephulo lonyulo lama-2021, i-costation, iqela lithembisa ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato omnye-we-ex-nethekithe kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamabhinqa kunye nabambalwa kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, imbutho lawo kunye namanye amaqela amancinane maxa enziwayo. ICDP ibizwa kwakhona ukuba i-parate kwaye iqwalase i-Aichin, nangona i-ichidy isenzanga amalungelo akhethekileyo eezwe okanye athenjiwe.

Komeito

Komeito, iqabane kumanyano lwe-LDP, lisuka kwintlangano yama-Soka Gakkai esisiseko sobuBhuda. Iqonga layo ligxininisa intlalo-ntle yoluntu, uxolo, nesidima soluntu. Komeito usoloko esebenza njengegunya elidibanisa intsebenziswano, enyanzelisa utshintsho oluphindaphindiweyo kwimiba encinci. Umzekelo, impembelelo yayo kumalungelo amancinane ilinganiselwe yimeko yayo ye-2021 LGBTQ. Noko ke, iKomeito ibilumkile kumtshato ofanayo, ichaza iingqwalasela zonqulo. Kwiqela elincinane, iqela lixhasa ugcino-lwazi lwempucuko kodwa alixhasi ukuhlaziselwa kwesakhiwo.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP)

I-JCP yeyona nkonzo iqhubekekayo kumalungelo amancinane. Ifuna ukwalelwa okucacileyo komGaqo-siseko nxamnye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga nobufanasini, ukubhaliswa kwasemthethweni okukhawulezileyo komtshato ongokwabantu abangoondileleneyo, kunye nokupheliswa kwesigwebo sokufa (ukungadityaniswa ngqo neqela elincinane kodwa elinxulumene nezobulungisa bentlalo-ntle. I-JCP ikwaxhasa amalungelo aBazikoriya, kuquka ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye iye yacebisa ukuba kuhlawulwe kwakhona unyulo lwelizwe laseJapan elikhoyo ngaphambili. Phezu kwako nje ukubekwa kwalo ngokweziko zezopolitiko zesizwe, ibambe izihlalo ezimalunga neshumi kuphela kwindlu esezantsi. Iingcamango zayo zinqabile ukuba zibe ngumthetho, kodwa zigcina imibango engabonakaliyo kwiingxoxo ze-palamente.

Nipton Ishin no Kai (Iqela leJapan Lokulungisa Ingxaki)

Eli qela lisekelwe kwiOsaka ligxininisa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-crenational kunye nokungangeni kwamalungelo esizwe. Alizange libe nezikhundla ezinamandla kumalungelo amancinane, ngokufuthi lishiya imibandela enjalo kubenzi bomthetho ngabanye. Ngo-2022, amanye amalungu e-Ishin aphikisana nomthetho ochasene nolwaphulo-mthetho kwisixeko saseOsaka, ebonisa impembelelo yeqela. I-shin kumalungelo amancinane iyahlala ingaphantsi.

Impembelelo kumaqela akhethekileyo oonobumba

IiNtlanga: IsiAinu, isiBurakumin nesiZainichi saseKorea

Ingxelo esemthethweni yaseJapan yokuba lilizwe elifanayo iye yafihla iintsalela zobuzwe ezibalulekileyo. Ainu , yemthonyama kwimimandla yaseHokkaido kunye nasemntla, yavunywa ngo- 2008 ngesigqibo sikaDiet esingakhange sinikezele amalungelo ancinci. I-201919A Proventionion Act yaseka ingxowa yemisebenzi yenkcubeko kodwa yala ngokucacileyo amalungelo esizwe kwilizwe okanye kwilizwe okanye ulawulo lwayo. Oorhulumente be-LDP bachase i-UN baluchase ukunika i-Ainu ulawulo kwimimandla yabo engokwesithethe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqela aphikisanayo njengeCDP ne-JCP axhasa amalungelo esizwe kunye ne-E-EXPFUS.

[[FLT: 0] Uluntu lwe-Burakumin, oluqikelelwa ku-1/3 lezigidi zabantu, luyaqhubeka lujongene nocalulo emsebenzini nasemtshatweni. I-LDP ixhase uMthetho weNkululeko [ u-Buraku] [ [1]] (1969]) kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa le mithetho igxininisa ekuphuculweni kweemeko zokuphila kunokuba ichasene nocalucalulo. Inkcaso iye yanyanzela ukunyanzelela ukunyanzelisa okunamandla nogunyaziso olusenyanisweni, kodwa ezi zizicelo ziye zacima. Amaqela ezobupolitika athe phi nangoko ekwakubhinqini kwimi, njengoko ihlala ingekho nto ilungile.

[[FLT: 0] uZainichis wase Korea, inzala yesithathu neyesine yesizukulwana sabafuduki abafudukayo, ijongene nocalucalulo olusemthethweni: banqatyiswe ekuvotelweni kumazwe ochongiweyo kwaye banokulinganiselwa ekufumaneni iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. I-LDP iye yalwalela ukunikezela amalungelo okuvota, ngelixa iCDP ne-JCP ixhasa. Noko ke, iKomeito izakubonisa inkxaso.

Amabhinqa Nomgangatho Wesizwe Esifanayo

Amabhinqa aseJapan ajongene nemiqobo engapheliyo: ukuthotywa kwenkokeli, ukuhlawulwa kwelungu lesini, ukuhlawulwa kwemida emalunga nama-24%, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokukhathazwa ngokwesini. “Amanyathelo amabhinqa” ayanda ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamabhinqa kodwa awayicombulula imibandela enzima enjengemisebenzi yasekhaya engahlawulwayo okanye ukungabi namali efikelelekayo. ICDP neJCP ixhasa ukunyanzeleka kobufana kwimibutho esebenzela inkampani kunye nezihlalo ezinyuliweyo. Ngonyaka wama-20202020, iJapan yafumana i-20th kwi-156 kuMbali we-Genderda yehlabathi. Amaqela ezobupolitika awakhange ayenze ingeniso ephezulu yobufana; i-LDP igcine isibakala esiqinileyo sokubaluleka kwezithethe.

Ngo-2023, umthetho ofuna iinkampani ezinabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-300 ukuchaza ikhefu letyala lazo lobufanasini lamiswa phantsi kombutho we-LDP-Komeito, inyathelo eliphambili. Noko ke, iintlobo ezininzi zocalulo zihlala zisemthethweni. Amaqela enkcaso ayaqhubeka enyanzelisa amanyathelo anamandla, kodwa ukuxhathisa kweLDP kuthobe inkqubela.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

IJapan ihlala ililizwe lesiG7 elingaluvumi ngokusemthethweni umtshato okanye amaqhina angokwamakhaya afanayo. Ngo-2021, i-LDP-Komeito idlulise umthetho othi “i-LGBTQ" ye-LGB+ abantu qha, i-a engakwaziyo ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ezininzi zesithili ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ukunqongophala komtshato omnye wobufana bubuzwe, kodwa i-LDP ayishukunyiselwanga ukutshintsha umthetho. ICDP ne-JCP ive ivelise amatyala okulingana nomthetho kunye nokungavumelani kwe-divdiv kusebenza, kodwa azikhange zidluliswe ngenxa ye-LDP.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luye lwaguquka ngokukhawuleza: uhlolisiso ngoku lubonisa inkxaso engaphezu kwama-70% yomtshato ongokwasemgangathweni. Kodwa amaqela ezobupolitika, ingakumbi i-LDP, asalela emva. Abenzi bemithetho ye-LDP abatyebileyo boyika ukuphazamisa abaxhasi bonqulo nabobuGali. Impembelelo iphathekayo: LGBTQ+ abantu banikela ingxelo ephezulu yeqondo lokuzibulala nokuzikhetha ngokwezentlalo. Ukuma kwamaqela ezobupolitika kuphembelela ngqo imekobume engokwasemthethweni nengokwentlalo.

Ukumela Izobupolitika Nomgaqo - siseko

Amancinane angaphantsi kakhulu kwiDiet yaseJapan. Amabhinqa aphethe malunga ne-14% yezihlalo ezisezantsi zendlu ngezantsi kumazwe e-OECD. Kukho ipesenti ye-LGBTQ + abenzi bomthetho, kwaye akukho hlanga lumbalwa olukwindlu esezantsi. [[FLT:] [[FLD]] Buraman[[FLD:] [1] enommeli othile] ovela kwiLDP-ebutment uManyano lwe-Freebax , kodwa kunqabile ukuthetha ngendawo yabo engasemva. [[FLT:] [FLD]] [FFUT]] [FFF:]

Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo zibonisa oku kungabikho komelo. Umsebenzi wokuKhuthazwa kweNkcubeko ye-Ainu awukho amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukwenziwa komsebenzi. Umthetho othe ngqo okhuthaza amanani alinganayo abangenileyo kodwa ongenaso isohlwayo sokungabikho komsebenzi. Akukho mthetho obanzi ochasene nolu lwaphulo-mthetho okhoyo wokukhusela ukuchasana nentetho okanye ucalucalucalulo, okanye umsebenzi. [FTTB:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [206]] [206]

Amaqela ezobupolitika anetyala lale ngxaki. Ukulawula kwe-LDP kuthetha ukuba amatyala angenabuhlobo anqabile ukufikelela kwivoti. Inkcaso, ngeli xesha ingekho ngamanani okunyanzela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho. Umphumo yindlela yolwandiso esoloko idityaniswa nokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo emalunga noLawulo lobuhlanga iye yakhuthaza iJapan ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ifumane umthetho obanzi.

Uphuhliso Nocelomngeni Lwakutshanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amalungelo amancinane aye afumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke, eqhutywa luxinezelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe, iingcambu zobugrafi, kunye nokutshintsha kwesizukulwana. I-2020 Tokyo Olympic yabangela uphando kwindlela yokuphatha kwe-Ainu neLGBTQ+. Iinkundla eSaproro, Tokyo, kunye neFukuoka ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ukuvalwa komtshato olinganayo we-epheneyo kuchasene nomgaqo-siseko (**) urhulumente uye wabhenela. Ngo-2023, i-LDP yazirhoxa izicelo zokuchasa i- ukuphatha ingxushuwano yengqungquthela yomtshato, ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke.

I- uluntu lwabona uloyiso oluncinci ngo-2022 xa urhulumente wayenika inkxaso-mali yolwimi, kodwa ukunqongophala kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kuhlala kungumba onzima. Okwangoku, yithiyeni intetho nxamnye uZainichis [ uyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwi-intanethi, kwaye amaqela ezobupolitika enza okuncinane ukuyilawula. ICDP ne-JCP azisa isindululo sokuvala intetho eninzi, kodwa ayizange idlule.

Iingxaki ziquka isimo sengqondo sobufana-mntu esinzulu, ulawulo lwe-LDP, kunye noqheko lwamaqela aphikisayo. ICDP izame ukunikezela ibala elimanyeneyo, kwaye amaqela amancinane asebenzisana ngokungalunganga. Ukunqongopheleyo kwenkqubo yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo olunezimelo ezincinci ezinamandla zithintela utshintsho. Ngaphezu koko, i-LDP idla ngokudibanisa amaqela amancinane abantu, enciphisa iimfuno zawo. Umzekelo, uManyano lwe-Murbuxamp [FL:1] umanyano we-FLT] olunobugraku Freeive lugxekwe ukwamkela i-LDPigage ngokutshintshiselana kwezopolitiko.

Imbono Ethelekisayo Nemoslek Yexesha Elizayo

Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye idemokhrasi ezihambele phambili, iJapan ihlala ingenamalungelo aphantsi. IUnited States, iKhanada, kunye nezizwe zaseYurophu zinemithetho ebanzi elwa nocalucalulo, umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni, kunye nesenzo sobugocigoci sobugosa esinamandla. Ukunqongophala kombutho wamalungelo abantu kunye nebutho lasekuhlaleni elibuthathaka loluntu ngoothunywa bezobupolitika kunguthunywanobangela. Amaqela ezobupolitika eJapan awasabeli kumgangatho ophezulu kuba la maqela anamandla alinganiselweyo okhetho.

Noko ke, utshintsho lwamanani nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi lucinezela amaqela ukuba alungelelanise. Amalungelo abantu Watch 2024] ingxelo eJapan yaphawula inkqubela phambili kulwazi lwe-Ainu kodwa yagxeka ukungabikho komthetho we-discration karhulumente. Intlangano ye-International Labour Organization icele ukukhusela okunamandla ngakumbi nxamnye nocalucalulo. Ukumangalelana okuqhubekayo komtshato ofanayo kusenokunyanzelela isandla se-LDP, ingakumbi ukuba uluvo lukawonke wonke luyaqhubeka lutshintsha.

Ikamva lamalungelo amancinane eJapan lixhomekeke kwimikhosi yeqela lezobupolitika. Ukuba i-LDP ihlala inegunya, inkqubela iya kuba yeyaphukileyo neyandisiweyo. Iqela lamaqela achasayo elifumana utshintsho olukhawulezileyo. Okanye, ukwahlulwa phakathi kwe-LDP phakathi kwamaphiko alo angaguqukiyo nawangoku kungavelisa utshintsho. Indima kaKomeito njengeqabane elingumbutho uyakubaluleka: ingatyhalela phambili imigaqo eqhubekekayo ukuba iyafuna.

Amaqela abemi, anjenge uhlaziyo lwayo yonke iJapan kunye kunye ne[FT]Ainnu Association ye Hokkaido, iyaqhubeka imkela intsebenziswano ukuze itshintshe. Imigudu yayo, idibene nohlolo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ingenza buthathaka ukuxhathisa kwe-LDP. Noko ke, de umelo oluncinci kuDit lwenyuke-/iokanye utshintsho lokhetho----PTPTHP luzakuhlala lungathintelwa.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan adlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni amalungelo amancinane. Ukulawula ixesha elide kwe-LDP kusoloko kugcina isimo simile, kudala uzinzo olukhoyo ngenxa yokufakwa. Amaqela eTshinisi, ingakumbi iCDP ne-JCP, aye aqhubela phambili ngokuqhubekayo ukuze akhuseleke kakhulu, kodwa ukunqongophala kwawo amandla omthetho kusike ifuthe lawo. Inkqubela iye yenziwa kwezinye izikhundla ze-(Ainu, LGBTQ+ imithetho yokuqonda, kodwa la manyathelo aphantsi athenjiswe kude nolwazi olubanzi.

Ikamva lamalungelo amancinane eJapan aliqinisekanga. Liza kuxhomekeka kukuthanda kwezobupolitika kwamaqela amakhulu, ukuqokelelwa koluntu oluncinane, kunye neengcinezelo zangaphandle. Okwangoku, umsantsa phakathi kozibophi zezizwe ngezizwe nemeko yekhaya laseJapan uhlala ubanzi. Ukufikelela ulingana akuyi kufuna utshintsho lwemithetho kuphela kodwa kwanokutshintsha kwezithethe zezobupolitika.

Iingcali zeUN zibongoza iJapan ukuba yamkele umthetho obanzi ochasene nolwahlulo chita BBC: amaqela amancinane aseJapan nomzabalazo wamalungelo[