IGood Wearth Agreement, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeBelfast Agreement, yagqiba ngo-10 kuApril 1998 emva kweminyaka yengxoxo. Injongo yayo ephambili yayikukuphelisa imfazwe enogonyamelo eyaziwayo njengeMiba enzima, eyayisele ibulale abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 ukususela ekupheleni koo-1960. Ngoxa iSivumelwano sibhiyozelwa ngokubanzi ngokuseka uxolo norhulumente onamandla, impembelelo yaso kwezobupolitika zonyulo zaseNorthern Ireland eziye zathi zahlala zinzulu kwaye zihleli. Sathi satsha imida yeqela, saguqula indlela yokuvota, sasungula iindlela ezintsha zokuvota, saza isakhiwo sezobupolitika esihlala singumthombo wozinzo nokhuphithiso. Ukuqonda oku kufuna ukuba lujonge ngaphaya kwentloko yokuqhuba uxolo ngendlela oomatilo, indlela amaqela ekhuphisanayo, nendlela amaqela athelela ngayo, nendlela abemi bemi bezobupolitika abangene ngayo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko.

Imvelaphi Yesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Indlela eya kwiGood Wearvey Agreement yayinde kwaye ithanda ukuphikisana. Phakathi koo1999-10, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yogonyamelo lwamahlelo, zombini imikhosi yamariphabliki neyamaRiphabliki ithe yazimisela ukupheliswa, ivula ifestile yengxoxo yezopolitiko. Isivumelwano saxoxwa phakathi koorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland, kunye nezisibhozo kumaqela alishumi engundoqo ezobupolitika eNorthern Ireland, kuquka i-SDLP, i-UP, iSinn Féin, kunye ne-Alliance Party. Isiseko esingundoqo siquka ukusekwa kweNdibano ye-Northern Ireland enegunya elipheleleyo loGunyameli, iKomiti yoLawulo lweSigqeqeba (i-Abinethi) kunye nezakhiwo eziphezulu ze-okquluntluntluntyelo lodidi lwangaphambili, kunye nonyuso lulungela phambili lokhetho lwangaphambili, kunye nolwando lwangaphambili.

Ukutshintsha Kwezobupolitika

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1998, i-Adrish yezobupolitika yachazwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngabasebenzi bomanyano kunye nabathathi-zwe. Inkqubo yonyulo yangaphambili--mgaqo (FPTP) yayiveze iinkomfa ezinamandla eziphambili eWestminster, ngelixa unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-STV kodwa oluncinane lweziqithi-phondo ezazisoloko zishiye amaqela amancinci abekwe phantsi. Le mithetho yeGosazulu yatshintsha ngamandla ngokufaka amandla aphakathi njengomgaqo ongundoqo wokulawula. INdibano entsha, enyulwe yi-STV, inokwakha kuphela isiGuqulo esilawulayo ukuba amaqela amakhulu amaqela esizwe avumelana ngokudibeneyo. Le mithetho yesakhiwo inyanzelelwaneyo kwaye isebenzisana ngokulungeleneyo kunye nolawulo lwawo lonke usuku.

Ukuqalisa kwe-STV kuzo zonke iiNdibano nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni (nobukhulu besithili obuhlanu ukuya kwezihlalo ezisixhenxe) beneziphumo ezininzi ezikhawulezileyo. Yenze kwaba lula ngamaqela amancinci nazimeleyo ukuphumelela, njengokuba abavoti benokubeka abathathi-nxaxheba ekunqamlezeni imigca yeqela. Kwakhona yakhuthaza amaqela ukuba aqhube abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwisithili ngasinye, ekhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi kunye nonyuselo lweqosha lweqonga lokuvota. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaqela awayengafunwa ngamacawa amaqela, njengeRoctivess, njengeRoctives neGreen Party, nangona ukukhula kwawo kuthe kwathi ngqo.

Ukuvela Kwemibhiyozo Emitsha Yezobupolitika

Eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yokuguqula i-Democratic Union Parti ISin Media, yayikukutshintsha amaqela aphakathi alawula inkqubo yoxolo.

Oku kudityaniswa kwezixhobo kwaqhubeka ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Unyuko lwala maqela mabini lwaba ngowona mbutho mkhulu womanyano kwaye, emva ko 2017, iqela elikhulu kwiNdibano. USinn Féin ngokuthe ngcembe wandisa isabelo sakhe sokuvota, ingakumbi emva komlotho wokudubula kwebhombu ka-1998 kunye nokurhoxa okulandelayo kwezixhobo zeIUP i-IRA. Ukunyuka kwala maqela mabini kwathetha ukuba amandla-odwa abe ngumtshato oyimfuneko phakathi kwamaqela athe afumana iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano ngokwaso. Kodwa, ngokuphawulekayo, bakwazi ukulawula kunye phantse ukuba alawule kunye ngexesha elininzi, ngenkokeli ye-Dupu Paisley kunye neSin Féin’s Martin McGuins kwaziwayo ukwenza “uthreauthreauthreast" ukusuka kunyaka wama-2007000 ukuya kunyaka ka-2008. Oku kubumbana oku kubonakalisa indlela yokuziqhuba urhulumente xa kuthelelwana kwaneezwana kwamaqela amakhulu.

Inkqubo ye-Electoral kunye noNkxaso lwaManzi

Inkqubo yeVote enye edluliselwe kwenye, egunyaziswe yisivumelwano, isiseko sezobupolitika ezintsha ezikhethiweyo. Abaveleli bakwisikhundla esiphezulu ngokwendlela yokukhetha kwisithili esinamalungu amaninzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafikelela kumlinganiselo osekelwe kwivoti epheleleyo esebenzayo eyahlulwe linani lezihlalo kunye nenye. Iivoti ezivela kubanyulwa zithunyelwa kwizinto ezikhethwayo ezisezantsi, kwaye abarhoxileyo barhoxiswa ngokufanayo. Le nkqubo ineziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuMntla Ireland:

  • Iprojekthi: Ipesenti yezihlalo iphumelela ngokusondeleyo ihambelana nepesenti yayo yevoti yokuqala ethandwayo, yenza iNdibano ibe ngummeli obanzi wonyulo. Amaqela amancinane afana neGreen Partice, People Ngaphambi kweIngeniso, kunye neSikomkhulu samaSivumelwano sizuze zonke izihlalo.
  • I-commonyms-community: Ngenxa yokuba abavoti bangabeka abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela awahlukeneyo, amaqela enkqubo anokutsala iinketho zesibini nezesithathu kukhetho loluntu olwahlukileyo. IDipati yeAlliance, ngokukodwa, ingenelo koku, ngokufuthi ikukukhetha kwesibini okanye okwesithathu kwabaninzi abamanyanisi kunye nabesizwe.
  • Amaphulo ajoliswe kwicawa: amatheko aqhuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwimvume nganye, ebanyanzela ukuba bahlule abathathi-nxaxheba kwirekhodi yabo yobuqu nakwimiba yasekuhlaleni kunokuba baphawule nje kuphela. Oku kukhuthaza ukubotshwa kwengca ngokwezobupolitika kwaye kunciphisa ulawulo lomatshini weqela eliphakathi.
  • Ukufumaneka ngophanyazo lwamandla: Inkqubo idityaniswe nenkqubo ye-d’Hondt yokudibanisa amapali zolungiselelo. Iqela elikhulu kwigama ngalinye loluntu (i-uncist, uSocialist, kunye “nye”) lifumana ukhetho lokuqala, emva koko olulandelayo olukhulu, njalo njalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-Profestial ingumbutho wamaqela amakhulu, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba iqela elikhulu kwiqela ngalinye loluntu linokuvala ngokunempumelelo okanye lilibazise izigqibo, likhokelela kwi-'activene.

Imodeli yamandla axhasayo ayikhange ibe neengxaki. Amaziko akhuphiweyo awile kathathu: ukususela ngo-2002-2002007 (ngokuthenjiweyo umsebenzi we-IRA), ukususela ngoJanuwari 2017 ukuya kuJanuwari 2020 (kunokuba lihlazo elitshayo elikhuthaza ubushushu kunye nokungavumelani kwamalungelo olwimi lwase-Ireland), kwaye kutshanje kakhulu ukususela ngoFebruwari 20222 ukuya kuFebruwari 2024 (kwilungiselelo lorhwebo lwe-Brexit, i-Northern Ireland Protocol),. I-ntemplengs ibonisa ukuba ngelixa inkqubo yovotisote ingavelisa urhulumente ozinzileyo xa amaqela esebenzisana, ayinakunyanzela intsebenziswano. Ngexesha eli Sebelo, uNobhala weSizwe waseNorthern Ireland wathatha umthetho othe ngqo ukusuka eWesterdayName, kodwa inkqubo yeqela loonovotiants, ilungele ukubuyiselwa kwakhona, ukubuyiselwa kwezobupolitika.

Iziphumo Ezinde Zexesha Elide Kwezobupolitika

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu siye saba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwaye intsonkothileyo kwilizwe lonyulo laseMntla Ireland. Kwesinye isandla, iye yanikela oko ikuthembisile: ukuncitshiswa kogonyamelo lwezobupolitika, ukuthatyathwa-nxaxheba okubanzi kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi, kunye nesakhiwo esivumela zonke imimandla ukuba zibe nelizwi. Unyulo ngoku lukhuphiswano kwiinkqubo kwaye lulawule, hayi nje kuphela. Utshintsho olunjengolo lwezempilo, imfundo, isakhiwo, kunye nenkalo yezoqoqosho olubalaseleyo kwiqela, olubonakala ngokucacileyo kwiqela, ecaleni kwemibuzo ye-somganganiso. Unyulo lwama 20222, umzekelo, lwabona uSin Féin, waba liqela elikhulu lezelo lokuqala, ukuphumelela izihlalo ezingama-25 kuphela kwiphondo ze-DUPP. Olu khuphicolo lwembali aluzange lushicinywe ngokulinganayo kwe-Cin, kodwa luqwala iindleko zemali zezemali, kwaye lubonise ukukhuphiselwa kwezenteko yezo zezenteko yezo zezo zezo eziqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, ulwahlulo olunzulu lusasele. Ukuqhubeka koMthendeleko njengomanyano olunyanzelekileyo kuthetha ukuba bonke oorhulumente baquka amaqela azinikele kuManyano namaqela azinikele kwi-Ireland emanyeneyo. Olu xinezeleko lunefuthe lwakhelwe kwinkqubo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luye lwanikezela ulawulo. U171717-2020 lwawa phezu koMthetho wolwimi lwase-Ireland, kwaye 2022-24 okudilikayo kweSivumelwano somthetho, kwabonisa ukuba xa iqela ngalinye lirhoxa, lonke iqumrhu livale. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yonyulo ivumela imikhosi eninzi yale nkqubo ivumela ukuba i-intengiselwano engaqhelekanga i--Sivumeno sinye (UV), esichasa isivumelwano, sifumana esinye kwisihlalo se-202222, kunye namasimimidanga abangafuni mandla kwimo yalo. Kwinani elizimeleyo elizimeleyo, inani elizimeleyo, inani elizimeleyo lifumene i-Riphabliki ezizimeleyo.

Unyuso lwezicwangciso luye lwaphela kwaye lwahamba. Ukujika-jika kunyulo kusezantsi kwiminyaka nje emva kwesivumelwano, i-avareji emalunga no-55.65%, xa kuthelekiswa no-70% ngo-1998. Abavoti abancinane, abangenankumbulo yeengxaki, basoloko bejonga zobupolitika ngelensi ye-practive, kodwa kwakhona bancanyathiselwe kancinci kunyuko lwesithethe. Ipesenti yabavoti echaza njengendawo ekhoyo okanye ebanzi yesizwe, ebonakala ngokuthe ngcembe kwisabelo sevoti ye-Alliance Party, esuka kwi 7% ku-2016 ukuya ku-13,522. Oku kucebisa ukuba i-S. Ukuba ithe tha, ishenxala ukusuka ekuvotekileyo. Anas kunye nokhetho olunyulu lolungiso lwezo guqulo luye lwesizwe ukuya kwinqaku [FLGenel [F] [F]

Ubalo lwamanani lwama-2021 lwabonisa ukuba okokuqala, inani lamaKatolika (abonakalise njengesizwe) ladlula amaProtestanti (obona bachaza ngokuba bangamanyanisa) eNyakatho Ireland. Oku kuxhobisa intelekelelo yokuba uphando oluthe kratya lwe-Irish kumanyano lwamanani e-Irish lungagcinwa phakathi kweshumi leminyaka elizayo, njengoko kulungiselelwa yiNtlanganiso entle yeSivumelwano. Noko ke, ukubala inani labantu abalinganiswayo aliyonto egqibeleleyo ekuziphatha kokuvota, kwaye amaKatolika amaninzi awavoti mazwe, ngoxa amanye amaProtestanti exhasa i-Alliance. Impembelelo yale inguqulelo yokuguquka kwemiba yabantu kwimicimbi yezopolitiko enyuswayo isenokuba ithoba kwaye ihlale ihleli kwizinto zezoqoqosho. Kodwa, amaqela asele esazibeka: iSin, ngelinye i-Dén, ngelinye i-TU, yaye aphikisa i-U yeMicrivetion, elungelelay, exhasa i-entul, eNtshona yoqoqo, exhasa i

Enye impembelelo ebalulekileyo yeSivumelwano yaba luphuhliso lolawulo lwabavoti kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo ekubhaliseni nasekunyulweni kwamaqela acuthekileyo ngokwesithethe. Inyathelo lokubhalisa abantu abaselula nabo bavela kwizizwe ezincinane (kuquka inani elikhulayo labemi abangengobamhlophe abavela kwamanye amazwe) liye laxhaswa yiElectoral Commission. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-STV kukwakhokelele kwiinkqubo ezingqongqo zokukhetha abatsha, njengoko amaqela azi ukuba abaqhubi abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwisithili babalulekile. Kunyulo lweNdibano yama-20222, abamalunga nama-50 abathathu abangeneli bakhuphisana ngezihlalo ezingaphaya kwe-18, benika umgangatho obanzi weenke ukhetho.

Abaqwalaseli bangaphandle baphawula ukuba inkqubo ye-Irish yasemntla ```FLT'] ngumzekelo onqabileyo wempumelelo yasemva kokwahlulwa kwamandla ombane. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba imikhosi yezizwe engqukuva eneenjongo ezichaseneyo kurhulumente, idala ukungagungqi okungapheliyo. Ukwaphulwa kwamandla-amandla e-Dermonencestion (IDEA) kuchazwe njengenye “engalungeleleneyo kwaye angenayo kakuhle kwingingqi yengingqi yomanyano. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba amaqela amaqela angquzulanayo aneenjongo ezichaseneyo kurhulumente, abangela ukurhoxinzelelana okungapheliyo. Ukwaphulwa kwempembelelo yamandla nguDerliance-Derliance-ant"ayiyo “enye i-enye i-esonaka kakuhle kwiqela le-compone, njengoko ezinye izitshixo ezifuna ukuxhasa kwe-ombutho ye-o-om.

Phezu kwalo nje olu celomngeni, ulungiso lwesivumelwano luye lwangqineka luqinile. Emva kokususwa kweminyaka emibini okwaphela ngoFebruwari 2024, iNdibano yaphinda yahlangana ne-Dupu neSinn Fiéin kwakhona yabelana ngezithuba eziphezulu. Inkokeli entsha ye-DuPP, uGavin Robinson, izimisele ukwenza amandla okulawula umsebenzi, ngelixesha iSinn Féin’n O’Neill ihlala inguMphathi-O Eyokuqala, ummeli wokuqala wesizwe ukubamba iposi. Oku kubonakalisa ukuba inkqubo yabavoti, abazalwayo, abazalwa kwi-Govile Revert Revenual Revent, ngoku ifakwe kwinkcustom yezo yezobupolitika yase-Ireland. Inika iplane ye-democrial, ihlola ngokuchasene nogonyamelo, kunye nocando olungafezekiyo.

Ukukhangela phambili, ezopolitiko zase-Ireland ezimantla ziza kuqhubeka ziguquka phantsi kwesithunzi se-Brein, utshintsho lwamanani, kunye nokunokwenzeka kohlolo lomda. Imithetho yokuziphatha kunye neSifreyidi ye-Windsor seyamvana sele ilungise ukhuphiswano lweqela, inika iDUP iqonga elicacileyo lokuchasana nemithetho yokurhweba kunye nokuphembelela uSin Féin ibali lokungakhutshwanga komanyano. Impembelelo ecacileyo yolu qhagamshelwano lwemibango iya kubonakala kunyulo olulandelayo lweNdibano, ngenxa yama-2027, kodwa isakhiwo esingaphantsi sibekwe endaweni ye-Govingth Reventstion-STV, amandla e-drount, dhont, dhonty-combut, i-com-combusting.

Ukufumana uluvo olungakumbi ngelifa leGood Wear Agreement kunye nempembelelo yayo eqhubekayo kwezobupolitika zasemntla we-Irish, jonga uhlalutyo oluvela ku- BBC noMntla Ireland kunye nophando oluneenkcukacha olupapashwa lwe-Intelligence yehlabathi lonke [[[FLT:]] kuphando lwe-mida] kwiYunivesithi kaQueenfast. Ukuqonda impembelelo ye-Active kubaluleke kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda amandla akhoyo ezobupolitika kulo mmandla.