Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa KwePalamente Engumnqakathi waseIndiya

IPalamente yaseIndiya yindlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidaral, okuthetha ukuba inezindlu ezimbini: iRajeya Sabha (Indlu YaseUnited States) kunye neLok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu). Esi sakhiwo sakhethwa ngabom ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokumelelwa komzi oqhelekileyo nemfuneko yokumelelwa kwengingqi kunye nokungaqiniseki, ukucazululwa kwemi, ukucazululwa kwemisisa. Ukuqonda amandla phakathi kwezi zindlu zombini kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela umthetho, ukulawula imali, nokuphatha imicimbi yequmrhu kwidemokhrasi yaseIndiya. Ngoxa iLok Sabha isoloko ibonwa njengemfuno enamandla yendlu ngenxa yolawulo oluthe ngqo kunye nolawulo kurhulumente, iRayya Saba idlala indima ephambili njengendawo emele igumbi elinamagumbi amabini nendlu kunye nemithetho elawula phakathi kwemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kunye nokumiswa kwayo.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olubanzi lwamandla omgaqo-siseko, amandla asebenzayo, kunye neziphumo zehlabathi zolwalamano phakathi kwe Rajeya Sabba ne Lok Sabha. Ligubungela isakhiwo sawo, amagunya awo azimeleyo, iimbopheleleko ezahlulweyo, kunye nezinto zelifa lezobupolitika ezidla ngokuthatha indawo yombhalo wesiseko somgaqo-siseko ombini. Ekupheleni, abafundi baza kuba nolwazi olucacileyo ngendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo nakhuphiswana ngayo kwiPalamente yaseIndiya.

Ukwakhiwa Kwazo Izindlu Ezimbini

ILok Sabha: Indlu Yabantu

ILok Sabha, okanye indlu esezantsi, inyulwa ngqo ngabemi baseIndiya ngomGaqo-siseko wama-109 womntu omdala. Inamandla amakhulu amalunga nama-552, amele amaphondo, angama-20 amele amaphondo, kwaye ama-2 atyunjwe nguMongameli ukusuka kuluntu lwama-Anglo-Indiya (uqheliselo oluye lwamiswa nguMgaqo-siseko we-109, 2019, olwandisa uknandiswa kolu manyano de kwangowama-2030). Okwangoku, indlu inamalungu anyuliweyo angama-53. Igama leLok Sabha liyiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambilana, ngaphandle kokuba litshintshwe nguMongameli. UMphathiswa kunye nabaPhathiswa beBhunga bamele iLokha, besenza i-propatimenti ye-overal.

URaje Sabra: IBhunga LaseUnited States

IRajiya Sabba, okanye indlu ephezulu, liqumrhu elisisigxina elinganyangekiyo. Ilungu elinye-3-isithathu lamalungu alo lithatha umhlala-phantsi nyaka ngamnye. Amandla amakhulu eRajevya Sabhaha ngamalungu angama- 250, apho ama-238 angabameli bamazwe kunye nemimandla emibini, kwaye i12 ityunjwe nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchwephesha babo kumasimi afana noncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Amalungu anyulwe ngamalungu aRojentiwe-Roya Sabha athelwe ngokungangqala: anyulwa ngamalungu atyunjwa nguRhulumente olungelelaniso olusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuvota enye. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba uRajya Shabbaha abonise umgangatho wobuzwe waseIndiya, kunye namazwe alinganayo.

Umahluko Ongundoqo

  • Ukhetho: [[FLT:] Amalungu e-Lok Sabha anyulwa ngqo; amalungu eRajiya Sabhaha anyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeendibano zikarhulumente.
  • I- Isiphelo esisisigxina [ Lok Sabha inegama elisisigxina elithatha iminyaka emihlanu (ebhekiselele ekuqhawukeni kwasekuqaleni); Rajiya Sabha usisigxina norhoxiso lomhlala phantsi.
  • Unikezelo: Lok Sabha imela abantu baseIndiya bephela; Raje Sabha umela amazwe kunye nemimandla yomanyano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-[[FLT] Lok Sabha inamalungu angaphezulu (ngoku angama- 543); Rajiya Sabha inamalungu angama-245.

Ezi ntlobo zolwahluko azizinzi; zibumba amandla anamandla. Isigunyaziso sonyulo esithe ngqo sinika iLok Sabhaha igunya elingaphezulu ledemokhrasi, ngeli lixa unyulo olungangqalanga nolungazenzisiyo lweRajiya Sabha inika uzinzo kunye nolubanzi, ngokufuthi iyenza ibe buthathaka kakhulu kwiimo zezobupolitika ezishukumayo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko: Ummandla okhethekayo nowabelweyo

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya uchaza amagunya endlu nganye kumanqaku aliqela. Ngoxa iLok Sabha inegunya kwezinye iindawo, iRajiya Sabba inamandla apheleleyo kwezinye. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ulungelelwano lwamandla.

Iibhili yemali: Ummandla Opheleleyo WeLok Sabha

Mhlawumbi igunya elibalulekileyo leLok Sabhah linegunya layo eliphezulu kumatyala emali. Inqaku le-110 lichaza imali njengemali ehlawula iirhafu, inkcitho zikarhulumente, ukuboleka, okanye iNgxowa-mali eHlanganisiweyo yaseIndiya. Imali ingaziswa kuphela kwiLok Sabha. Ikha igqithiselwe kwiLok Sabha. Ukuba uYaya Sabha ungakwazi ukubuyisela umlomo wemali ngeentsuku ezili-14, imele ibuyiselwe ngesiqu sezindlu ezibini ngentsuku. Kodwa, i-Lok Saha ayinyanzelekanga ibonelelwa ukuba iphumelele naluphi na uncomo; ingadlula ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo. Ukuba u-Jajiya Sabha umele angakwazi ukubuyisa umlomo wemali kwimo yesizwe esineyo.

Noko ke, ukuhlelwa kwemali njengemali yetyala kunqunyulwa nguMthethi weLok Sabha, onesigqibo esisisiphelo. Oku kuye kwaba ngumthombo wempikiswano, njengoko oorhulumente beye bawachaza amatyala aqhelekileyo njengemali ekhutshwayo e-Rajiya Sabhaha ukuhlolwa. Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngu-Aadhaar Act, 2016, owagqithiswa njengemali, ngokuwususa iRajiya Sabha kwingxoxo enokubaluleka. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, kumthetho we-Kalice [[FLT: 0].S.Kwawamy (Red.) Union yeIndiya, yaxhasa umthetho kodwa ngasekhohlo, umqondiso onjalo wokusetyenziswa kwemali ekubonelweni komthetho.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo: Ukusebenzisa Inzuzo Yelok Sabba Egunyani

Kwiindleko eziqhelekileyo, inkqubo ilungelelaniswe kakhulu. Imali ingavela kumalungu ayo akwindlu (ngaphandle kwemali). Kufuneka idluliswe ngalawo makhaya omabini afanayo. Ukuba kukho ukungavumelani. Ukuba kukho ingxabano, uMongameli angabiza intsebenziswano yokuhlala kuzo zombini izindlu. Kwilungu, iLok Sabhaha, enamalungu amakhulu, inenani elipheleleyo. IRajiya Sabha'' inamandla okulibazisa ityala kodwa ingaphelelanga. Ilungu elihleliyo lingahlanganiswa kuphela ukuba ityala likhatyiwe yindlu enye, lidluliswe ngentengitha engafanelekanga kwenye, okanye iinyanga ezintandathu ezigqithe kwimali edluliselwe kwenye indlu. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iSabba efumaneka kwindlela yokuhlala kunye, ibonelelwana.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukuma kwamaqhina kunqabile .Njengezihlandlo ezithathu kuphela kwimbali yepalamente yaseIndiya (kwiMithetho yeDowry Prohibition, 1961; iBank Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978; kunye nothintelo lobuGrogrisi, 2002). Oku kuthintela utyekelo oluqhelekileyo lwezindlu zombini ukufumana ukuvumelana ngokuthetha nangendlela yokulungisa izinto, kodwa ummiselo weBhanki ungqinela ukuba ube ngumqhebanisi wendlu esezantsi.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko: Igalelo elilinganayo

Xa kufikelelwa ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko, amandla asasazwa ngokulinganayo. Izindululo ezithile zifuna uninzi olukhethekileyo (iisithathu ezikhoyo kunye novoti, kunye noninzi lwamalungu apheleleyo) kwindlu nganye, elandelwa kukudityaniswa ubuncinane ngesiqingatha sezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Umthetho we-1010% woLawulo oluhle noMgaqo-siseko (Izibonelelo zezomthetho) ufuneka ukuba i-Rajiya Sabhaha inya ibaluleke kakhulu. Oku kunika uRaja Syahaha indima enamandla yokutshintsha isakhiwo sorhulumente, ukumela, okanye amalungelo angundoqo. Umzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko woLawulo wezomthetho-siseko we-105 (Izibonelelo nezomsebenzi) ufunekelwe ukuhla kwesiqingatha sawo omabini. I-Syshabhab yayingumsebenzi obalulekileyo, yaye ingqwane nyanisendlwini yendlu ephezulu.

Izinto Ezinemali Ngaphezu Kweebhiliyoni Zemali

Ngoxa amatyala emali enika iLok Sabhah ulawulo lwengeniso nenkcitho, iRajiya Sabha ihlala inempembelelo ngeekomiti zemali kunye nendima yayo ekuhloleni uhlahlo-mali. IKomiti yamatyala kawonke-wonke kunye noqikelelo lweKomiti yokuThetha-mali iquka amalungu asuka kuzo zombini izindlu, nangona uLok Sabhaha amalungu e-Lok Sabba ebambe uninzi. Amalungu ekomiti yezemali e-Sabra azisa imbono yentlalo-nkulu, edla ngokubalasela ukudiswa kwemali ngokwentengo yemali. Ngaphezu koko, iRajiya Sabhaha iyakwazi ukuxubusha ngoqingqo imali yonyaka kunye nemicimbi eqhelekileyo yemali, kodwa ayinakuvota kwiimfuno zemali (ezi zinelungelo elipheleleyo leLok Sabhaha). Njengoko oku kukhuthaza iLoktaymetray

Ulawulo lweSigqeba nokuphendula

Ukwakheka korhulumente namathemba

UMphathiswa oPhathiswayo kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa bajongene neLok Sabhaha. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka axhamle ukuthembeka kwabaninzi kwiLok Sabha. IRajiya Sabha ayinandima ekwakheni urhulumente okanye ekudluliseni intshukumo yokungadibani. Noko ke, iRajiya Sabha ingaxubusha ngemisebenzi karhulumente kwaye idlulise izigqibo ezithwele ubunzima bezobupolitika, kodwa azibopheleleli urhulumente. Le nto yindawo ephantsi kweLik Sabha.

Iyure yombuzo kunye nolawulo lwePalamente

Zombini izindlu zinexesha lokubuza urhulumente ukuba aphendule. Abalungiseleli kufuneka baphendule imibuzo yamalungu. Noko ke, iyure yombuzo kaRaje Sabha ayisoloko iphikisana neLok Sabhaha ngenxa yokuba urhulumente akamele aphendule ngqo kuyo. Sekunjalo, iRajiya Sabhata iyakwazi ukumema abalungiseleli kwaye ifune iingcaciso. Indlu ephezulu inamandla okuxoxa ngemibandela engxamisekileyo yoluntu ngemijikelezo ye-athorn kunye nengxoxo yesiqingatha seyure. Ngokuqhelisa, ulawulo luka-Rajiya Sabha lungamele ukukhutshwa kwe-lipha nangaphezulu.

Ukuhlawulwa nokushenxiswa kwamagunya omGaqo-siseko

IRajiya Sabba inendima ekhethekileyo ekususweni kwabanini besikhundla esiphezulu. Umzekelo, ukususwa kwejaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye iNkundla ePhezulu kufuna idilesi yendlu nganye yePalamente, esekelwe kwingqiniswe njengempazamo-bhaviour okanye isiqu secapa. IRajiya Sabbaha mayidlulise ngokwahlukileyo isigqibo sentlawulo yabalawuli abathile abaphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ukususwa kwe-Vice-Prence-Prent, okwayi-offio Sicarioman ka-Rajiya Sabbaha, usungulwe sisigqibo kwi Jajiya Sabba shayedwa. Ezi misebenzi zinika indlu ephezulu ngokukhethekileyo uvavanyo lwe-judicary kunye nomphathi we-gculo kumgangatho ophezulu.

Amandla Akhethekileyo ERaje Sabha

Phezu kwako nje ukulawula kweLok Sabha, iRajiya Sabba inamandla athile akhethekileyo agxininisa ubuntu bayo belizwe:

  • Ukwenziwa okanye ukupheliswa kwamabhunga esizwe owiso-mthetho: Inqaku 169 linika iRajiya Sabba ekuphela kwamandla okuyila okanye okuphelisa iBhunga loMgaqo-siseko kwimeko-bume ngokudlulisa isigqibo ngobuninzi obukhethekileyo. ILok Sabha ayinandima kulo mbandela.
  • Ukwenza imithetho kwiPalamente kwimibandela karhulumente: Phantsi kweGqhinga 249, iRajiya Sabha ingagqithisa isigqibo (esixhaswe ubuncinane ngama-3 amabini amalungu ayo akhoyo kunye nokuvota) ivakalisa ukuba kuyimfuneko kuMdla wesizwe wePalamente ukumisela umthetho obekelwe imigaqo-siseko. Esi sigqibo simisela iPalamente ukwenza imithetho kulo mbandela omalunga nonyaka omnye, oya kunwenwa.
  • amandla okwenza imithetho yokusekwa kweenkonzo ze-India: Inqaku 312 linika iRajiya Sabha amandla ukuze adale zonke iinkonzo ze-Indiaa (njenge-IAS, IPS) ngokudlulisa isigqibo ngoninzi olukhethekileyo. I-Lok Sabha ibandakanyekile kumthetho olandelayo, kodwa inyathelo lokuqala lilele kwi Rapya Sabata.

La malungiselelo abonakalisa indima kaRaje Sabra njengonogada wesakhiwo sikarhulumente. Bavumela indlu ephezulu ukuba iqalise inyathelo elichaphazela ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kwe-Union namazwe, ngaloo ndlela behlola nayiphi na into enokwenzeka ukuba ingenele kwiLok Sabha.

Izixhobo zamandla kwisenzo: Iimpikiswano neMikhwa yehlabathi lokwenene

Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa amandla okwenene alolongwa yimikhosi yezobupolitika. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, kuye kwavela iimfazwe eziliqela phakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini, zibonisa indlela ulungelelwano lwamandla olusebenza ngayo.

Iqela Elilawulayo Neentloko Zalo

Eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo yokuphembelela amandla kukuba ngaba iqela elinye okanye umbutho ulawula zombini izindlu. Xa iqela elilawulayo linoninzi lwezininzi kwiLok Sabba kodwa lingenayo kwi Rajiya Sabba (njengoko yayingumzekelo kunyaka ka-2020 phantsi korhulumente weModi), iRajeya Sabha iba yinkcaso eqinisekileyo. I-Rajiya Sabha iba nomthetho wesiphelo, inyanzelela urhulumente ukuba athethe okanye asebenzise ezinye iindlela (umz, iindleko zemali, imithetho). Isenzo sophawu lokumisela i-Sivumelo somthetho somthetho wesizwe (NJAC) sadlula kuzo zombini izindlu kodwa kamva sabethwa yiNkuNkundla ephakamileyo; uRajahab wanya inkcelo yangaphambili yanyanzelelwa. Imali yasetyenziswa kwimithetho esetyenziswa kwimiqatha ye-Syrayka, njengesitshixo semithetho ye-Rygrak, eyaye, eyayenziwayo inguquququze inguquze ezo zimposiso zendlu zendlu zendlu zendlu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa urhulumente enandipha uninzi kuzo zombini izindlu, iRaje Sabha utyekele ekusebenzeni njengesitampu serabha. Ngexesha lonyaka ka-2014-202019, nangona engekho uninzi kwiRajiya Sabba, urhulumente wakwazi ukugqithisa amatyala amaninzi angundoqo emva kokuba ekwakheni isivumelwano. UMthetho weSibonelelo sobuRhulumente (Ulawulo noPhuhliso) 2016, wagqithiswa emva kwengxoxo enkulu, noRajya Sabraha ecebisa ukupheliswa kwentelekiso yokuba iLok Sabha yamkelekile. Oku kubonisa ukuba amandla awangeni nje kuphela kwigunya elisemthethweni kodwa nakubuchule bobupolitika kunye nemfuneko yokukhuthaza intsebenziswano.

Iintkolo Zakutshanje: Indima YeRaje Sabha

Enye yezona mbambano zidala ingxabano kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ukuphepha inkcaso kaRabiya Sabba. UmGaqo-siseko uvumela uMongameli ukuba afumane imithetho ye-promultia xa iPalamente ingekho kwintlanganiso. Kodwa umthetho kufuneka uvunywe zizo zombini izindlu kwisithuba seeveki ezintandathu zokuphinda ziphinde ziqhutywe. Xa urhulumente ejongene nekomiti yepalamente echaseneyo neRajiya Sabha, isoloko ijongana nemithetho, ephinda iphinde ihlawulwe. Oku kuye kwagxekwa njengokurhoxiswa kwenkqubo yemithetho. Ngo-202020, i-Rajiya Sahaba wadlulisela isigqibo sokumiswa kwekomiti yepalamente ukuba ihlole ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, ibalase inkcukumiso yendlu ngendima yayo ephantsi.

Enye indawo ekhawulezileyo kukusekwa kweekomiti zepalamente. Ngoxa iikomiti zidla ngokubonakalisa amandla amaqela kwindlu nganye, maxa wambi urhulumente uphinda amisele iikomiti ezilawulayo ngendlela eyinika uninzi kwanakwi-Rajiya Sabba. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekumangalelweni kweekomiti ezifumbayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukungavumelani. Umbhali wepalamente uRajya Sabba nemithetho yakhe ivumela uSihlalo ukuba anike ixesha ngokunempumelelo, kodwa izibalo zezobupolitika zisoloko ziphumelela.

Impembelelo kumgangatho woMthetho

Amandla anamandla akwachaphazela ubunjani bomthetho. Xa iLok Sabba ikwazi ukudlula iRajeya Sabhah ngesixhobo sokuhlala okanye indlela yokuhambisa imali, kukho ubungozi bokwenza ngokukhawuleza okanye ukungakwazi ukuqhuba imithetho ehamba kakuhle egqithayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iRajiya Sabbaha isebenzisa indima yayo ecacileyo ngokufuna impikiswano epheleleyo kunye nokulungisa, umthetho usoloko uphucula. Umthetho weCampanies Act, 2013, ungumzekelo wokunqumla indlu ebanzi ekhokelela kumthetho wequluko olubanzi lwequluko olubanzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukudlula koMthetho wokuHlunyuselwa kweSihlalo, 2019, wabona i-Rajiya Sabba impikiswano eshukuma eqhotyo, kunye nenkcaciso yorhulumente osebenzisa urhulumente osezantsi kunye nenkqubo yomthetho-mthetho we-mthetho.

Uxanduva lweDemokhrasi yamaIndiya

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini lunentsingiselo edemokhrasi efikelela kude ngendlela esebenza ngayo eIndiya. Ukusondela kweLok Sabba kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ephendula kubanyuli. Kuba unyulo kufuneka lubanjwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu, iLok Sabhaha isabela kakhulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. URajiya Sabba, ngokungangqalanga kwaye engathotyelwanga, unika isigcini sethutyana ngokuchasene nezimbo ezikhawulezayo zezobupolitika. Esi sakhiwo siluncedo ekuthinteleni ulawulo lweziko lwamalungelo abantu abambalwa okanye izilangazelelo zelizwe.

Noko ke, le nkqubo ayiphazanyiswanga. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo olusisigxina lweRajiya Sabha nentyelelo yayo kumthetho wesizwe iyenza ibe lilungiselelo elingeyodemokhrasi elimela abaphathi-mikhosi kunamazwe okwenene. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo lweLok Sabha, ingakumbi ngomgaqo wemali, luvumela oorhulumente ukuba bangakwazi ukuphengulula ngokubalulekileyo. Ulungelelwano lwamazwe lukwavavanywa xa iqela elilawulayo eCentre lichasa urhulumente owahlukeneyo, lwenza iRajiya Sabha ibe yindawo yongquzulwano yezopolitiko kunokuba iqwalathe.

Idemokhrasi esempilweni ifuna zombini izindlu zisebenze kwimida yazo yomgaqo-siseko lo gama zihlonelana. IRaje Sabha inako ukuba ligumbi elinenkululeko elihlola ukuqhatha kwegunya eliphezulu, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo kuxhomekeke kumaqela alilawulayo. Abemi nabafundi bolawulo kufuneka baqonde ukuba amandla awadibani; batshintshana neziphumo zonyulo kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika zaloo mini.

Abathathi-nxaxheba

  • ILok Sabha inegunya ngenxa yegunya layo elingqalileyo, ukulawula imali kuphela, kunye namandla okulawula iRajiya Sabha ngokudibana kwemali ehlawulwayo.
  • IRaje Sabra isebenzisa igunya elikhethekileyo kwimicimbi yorhulumente, kuquka ukusungula amabhunga owiso - mthetho karhulumente nemithetho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ethetha ngemibandela karhulumente.
  • Utshintsho loMgaqo - siseko lufuna ukuba indlu nganye ibe noninzi olukhethekileyo, lunika iRaje Sabha intetho efanayo ekuguquleni isiseko.
  • Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, umlinganiselo wamandla uxhomekeke ekubeni ngaba iqela elilawulayo lilawula zombini izindlu; iPalamente eyahluleleneyo ikhokelela kwingxoxo enkulu, ngoxa enye inyukela ngamandla adibeneyo ngokungqalileyo kwiLok Sabha.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemali eqingqiweyo, imithetho nemigaqo - siseko kunokwenza iRaje Sabha ibe buthathaka indima eyayiza kwenziwa yiRajiya Sabha njengegumbi lokulungisa imali.
  • Ukuqonda ezi zenzo zinamandla kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda ngedemokhrasi yamaIndiya, njengoko ibonisa ukungavisisani phakathi kolawulo oluqhelekileyo nolawulo oluphambili.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Nonxulumano Lwangaphandle

Ukuze ufumane ngokunzulu amalungiselelo omgaqo - siseko alawula ezi zindlu zimbini, jonga ezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Lok Sabha Esemthethweni yewebhsayithi – inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zokwenziwa, imisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zendlu esezantsi.
  • Raja Sabha Osemthethweni Webhsayithi – inikezela ngobuncwane kumagunya endlu ephezulu, iikomiti, kunye neengxoxo.
  • IConstitution of India (iiNkcukacha 107-114) – Indawo yokugcina okubanzi okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi amanqaku athetha ngeenkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunye neendleko zemali.
  • PRS Legislative Research – liqumrhu lophando oluzimeleyo elipapasha uhlolo lwezifundo zepalamente, kuquka iimpikiswano zemali kunye namatyala akhoyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] AmaHindu: Ukujongwa kwesahlulo sangaphambili sePalamente – Inqaku leendaba elinikeza umongo kwizihlandlo ezimbalwa xa kubanjwa amaqhina ahleliyo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kweRajiya Sabba neLok Sabha lungolunye lweempawu ezicacileyo zomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Zombini ezi zindlu zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ephelelisayo kunokukhuphisana, kodwa izinto zezobupolitika zisoloko zidala ungquzulwano. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi-lwazi lwe-Indiya, ukuyiqonda ngokucacileyo le misebenzi ibaluleke kungekuphela nje ekuqondeni imfundo yemfundo kodwa nakulwazi lokuba ngummi. Njengoko idemokhrasi yaseIndiya iguquka, umlinganiselo ophakathi kwamagumbi ayo amabini epalamente uza kuqhubeka ungumqobo ekulungiseni imithetho nemigaqo yesizwe. Ngokufunda injongo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomsebenzi osebenzayo, sinokuwaxabisa kakuhle onke amandla kunye nobumizi bolwazi benkqubo ye-palamente yamaIndiya.