Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sokhuseleko Lwamalungelo

Inkqubo esemthethweni isebenza njengesixhobo sokhuseleko lwebutho labantu abanobulungisa, ilungiselela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Emongweni wayo, inkqubo ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zogwebo ezichaziweyo eziqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo akuyoyabo nje oogqirha kuphela abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni . "Ibalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abanqwenela ukuwalawula amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo ngokunempumelelo. Oku kuqwalaselwa koshwankathelo olwandiswayo olungundoqo lwendlela yokukhusela amalungelo ekomiti, ukusuka kwimibambo yokuqala ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela, kwaye kuvavanya iziko kunye nemigaqo eyenza ukuba kufikelele okusesikweni.

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lufakwe kwimimiselo, imimiselo, nomthetho wetyala, kodwa luba nentsingiselo kuphela xa lunyanzeliswa ngeenkqubo ezithembekileyo. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe ngokungakhethi buso, ukuba ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa, nokuba wonke umntu unelizwi enkundleni. Ukuba ufunda umthetho, ufundisa amaphondo, okanye uzama nje ukuqonda ukuma kwakho okusemthethweni, ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zogwebo ezikuphembelela ukukuxhasa wena nabanye. Amacandelo alandelayo aqhawula icandelo ngalinye lohambo olusemthethweni, iinkundla ezahlukeneyo, namalungelo asisiseko agcina inkqubo ikho.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zokugweba

Iinkqubo zezeejaji ziinkqubo ezisesikweni, ezinyanzelisayo ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla ukucombulula iimpikiswano, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, nokuphatha okusesikweni. Ziqinisekisa ukuba onke amatyala aphathwa ngokuzingisileyo, ngokusesikweni, nangokuvisisana nemithetho emiselweyo. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo, inkqubo esemthethweni ibiya kwehla ihla ime, ishiye amalungelo esengozini kwizigqibo ezingekho mthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-mthetho wokoqobo kulandela ukulandelelwano oluqinisekisiweyo, icandelo ngalinye elenzelwe ukukhusela izilangazelelo zamaqela ngexa lixhasa umthetho.

Ityala Elisemthethweni Liza Kuvela

Le nkqubo iqala ukuvunywa kwetyala okanye izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala labemi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalazo esichaza izityholo ezingokwasemthethweni ngokuchasene nommangalelwa. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iifayile zikarhulumente zibekwa ngetyala okanye ngolwazi. Olu xwebhu lugunyazisa igunya lenkundla kwaye lungagunyazi ngokusemthethweni iqela elichasa izityholo. I-pastpart kufuneka ivumelane nemithetho engqongqo engqongqo emalunga nefomatilo, okuqululiweyo, okuqulethweyo, kunye nemiqathango yexesha, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqaliswe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngokulandelayo kuza iinkqubo zovavanyo zangaphambili, inyathelo elibalulekileyo elisoloko limisela indlela yetyala. Ngexesha langaphambi kwezo ntlanganiso, amatheko atshintshisana ngobungqina kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukufunyanwa, enokuthi iquke ukudityaniswa, ukuncinwa, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu. Intshukumo zibekwa ukucombulula imiba phambi kokuvavanywa. "ukucinywa" kungathi kukukuthatha inyathelo lokuphelisa, ukuthatha iintshukumo zokucinezela umgwebo woshwankathelo, okanye ukucinezela umva ubungqina kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingqungquthela zangaphambili zivumela abagwebi ukuba balawule ucwangciso, bakhuthaze ukuhlalisana, kwaye bacacise imibandela. Le nxalenye ingasebenza ixesha elide kodwa isebenza kwiimpikiswano ezixineneyo kwaye iphephe ummangaliso ekuvavaneni.

Inkqubo yovavanyo yeyona inqanaba libonakalayo, apho kunikwa khona ubungqina, amangqina ayavavanywa, kwaye kuthethwa ngeempikiswano phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho. Iimvavanyo zilandela imithetho engqongqo yobungqina kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ityala lawo ngokuvavanya ubungqina (ucandel) okanye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunikela inkxaso, amangqina e-avula i-amine, kwaye ahlale athule. Emva kokuba omabini ashiyekileyo, intethe-o-ofitha ngemgamzamgamgam, i-mntsombululo iguqulelwe.

Emva kwesigqibo, i-'appost' yemiqathango' ivumela amaqela ukuba avavanye isiphumo ngaphakathi kwinkundla enye. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka intshukumo yokushukuma kwetyala elitsha, intshukumo yokuhamba umgwebo phezu kwesigqibo, okanye intshukumo yokuguqula okanye yokuphelisa umgwebo. Le ntshukumo ityholwe iimpazamo ezisemthethweni okanye ukuziphatha okubi ngexesha lokuvavanywa. Ukuba ayivunywanga, iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuqhubekeka kuvavanyo [ inkqubo, evavanya isigqibo senkundla esezantsi somthetho.

Indima Yeenkundla Zokukhusela Amalungelo

Iinkundla zingumsebenzi wamaziko okutolika imithetho, ukucombulula iimpikiswano, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Igunya lawo lisuka kwimithetho nemithetho, kwaye izigqibo zazo zidala imizekelo ebumba iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zexesha elizayo. Isakhiwo senkundla yezomthetho ($iii-arhentess) nezobuchule (iingxelo zokuva amatyala ngokufanelekileyo, ukulungelelanisa impumelelo nokucokisekileyo.

Iintlobo Zeenkundla Nezityholo Zazo

Inkqubo yokugweba yahlulwe yazintlobo-ntlobo zeenkundla, nganye ineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo. iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphethe amatyala apho abantu betyholwa ukwaphula imithetho yesohlwayo. Ezi ntetho zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kwaye zinike izigwebo ezifana netyala, ukuvavanywa, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Umbuso usebenza njengomtshutshisi, umela umdla kawonke-wonke. iinkundla zetyala ze-CIIIIl[ ukusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, amashishini, okanye imibutho e-omatilo-o-mthetho, ii-mali, impahla, umonakalo wobuqu, kunye nemicimbi yentsapho. Injongo inikela iingxelo ezinjalo zoko lwabiwo-mali okanye ii-mali, ukungasohlwayo.

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zithetha ngeenkundla ezithile zomthetho. iinkundla zeentsapho ziqhubana noqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. iinkundla zezolawulo [[[FLT:]] eziva imingeni kwizigqibo zolawulo lukarhulumente, njengokukhanyelwa kweengenelo okanye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Imithetho emininzi ikwakhe yazibopha ityala [[FLT:]] iinkundla ezincinane ukwenzela iimpikiswano ezincinci, ezingoomatiyo[FLT]] ezithiweyo, kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT] neenkundla zemicimbi ekhethekileyo. [FLT]

Icala Eliphambili Leenkundla

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zomthetho zisebenza ngesakhiwo esinemikrolo: iinkundla zamatyala (ekwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili okanye eziphakamileyo), iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo. Iinkundla zetyala zinguwo wokuqala apho kumiselwa izibakala kwaye kusetyenziswa umthetho. Iinkundla zezicelo zihlola izigqibo zenkundla zamatyala ezingokwasemthethweni, ngaphandle kokuphinda zivelise ubungqina obukhoyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited Kingdom) ifumana kuphela inani elilinganiselweyo lamatyala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi.

Iinkqubo Eziphambili Zomthetho Ezilondoloza Amalungelo

Iinkqubo eziliqela ezisisiseko zomthetho zidityaniswe kwimigaqo yokugweba ukukhusela abantu ekuphathweni nokuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni kukarhulumente. Le migaqo ayiyoenjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; inyanzeliswa ngemithetho nangezenzo ezithile ezimele zilandelwe yinkundla nganye.

Imodeli Yomthetho

[[NTLT:0] Inkqubo elindelekileyo sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuba urhulumente akanakubuhlutha ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezisesikweni. Iquka iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo encinci. Inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo ifuna isaziso kunye nethuba lokuba urhulumente aviwe ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo ngokuchasene nomntu othile. Umzekelo, phambi kokuphelisa iinzuzo zentlalo, urhulumente kufuneka azise umamkeli nokumnika ukuva. Inkqubo efunekayo ikhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo njengemfihlo, umtshato, kunye nokukhulisa abantwana ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukugxampyuliswa kukarhulumente okugunyazisayo.

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo inemvelaphi enzulu yembali, elandelelwa emva “kumthetho welizwe”. Kumsebenzi wangoku, iinkundla zivavanya ukuba iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo ziqwalasela izilangazelelo zobuqu ezisemngciphekweni, ubungozi bokuswelwa ngempazamo, nomdla karhulumente. Olu vavanyo lokulinganisela, kwityala Mathes v. Eldidge, luqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso ngexesha lokhuseleko olungundoqo.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

inelungelo lokunika isiluleko iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abajamelene neziphumo ezinzulu zomthetho banokufumana iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwisigqibo sengqino ebalaseleyo Gideon v. Ukuvunywa kwe-. Uku-wainwright[ [1963]] [63]) wayebambelele kwelokuba amagqwetha kufuneka anikezele abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukubahlawula. Oku kubandakanya imigangatho enzima, kuquka ukuncinwa kwangaphambi komthetho, i-arraggnes, kunye nokubhena. Iimeko zamakhaya, asekunene aziphelelangagqibekanga, kodwa ulawulo olusemthethweni lunika uncedo olubandakanya amalungelo angundoqo, njengabantwana okanye ulawulo oluphakathi.

Uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko lubalulekile kuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni intsonkothileyo, kwaye amaqela angakhokelwanga asoloko ehlelwa ngaphaya. Abaxhasi abachaphazelekayo bacebisa abaxhasi, ukudibana kweendawo zokuhlala, uthutho lwefayile, kunye nobungqina obukhoyo. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokumela, ubungozi bokukholelwa okuphosakeleyo okanye ukulahlekelwa ngokungekho sikweni bunyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ilungelo lokucebisa umgangatho wokudlala kwaye lixhasa umgaqo wokuba okusesikweni akumele kuxhomekeke kubutyebi.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

unelungelo lokufumana ityala elilungileyo lisiseko senkqubo yomthetho wedemokhrasi. Iquka amalungu aliqela: ijaji engenamkhethe okanye abachopheli-mthetho, ithuba lokuchophela uwonke wonke, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina nokubiza amangqina, nelungelo lokudibana namangqina angalunganga. UMthetho-Mthethweni weSithandathu uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo la malungelo kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ityala likwaquka ukunqanda ukuba msulwa, ukwalela iingozi eziphindwe kabini, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza. Iinkundla kufuneka ziphephe ikhethe lokwenene okanye imbonakalo yekhethe, kwaye abagwebi bazibeke esichengeni xa kuvela ungquzulwano. umgaqo wokuchanabeka [[FLT: 1] uvumela abamangalelwa ukuba babe ngamangqina anqamlezayo, anceda ukubhenca iimpazamo okanye ukunganyaniseki. Ezi khuseleko zidla ngokubalulekileyo kwiimeko eziphezulu apho uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lunokuphembelela iziphumo.

Iinkqubo Zesibheno: Ukulungisa Iimpazamo Nokulungiselela Okusesikweni

Yinkqubo [[NTLT:0] engundoqo iyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla ezisezantsi. Ivumela inkundla ephakamileyo ukuba ihlole ukuba iimpazamo ezingomthetho zenzekile ezinokuthi zachaphazela isiphumo. Izibheno azinakuphinda zichaphazeleke; azijolisekanga kwimibuzo yomthetho kunokuba inyani. Lo mahluko ugcina ugqibelo lweziphumo zenyani ngexa uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho utolikwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye usetyenziswa.

Ukuqalisa Isibheno

Ukubhena, iqela elilahlekileyo kufuneka lifake ipesenti yesicelo [[FLT: 0] ngokunjalo lifaka isiqinisekiso sesicelo ngexesha elichaziweyo iintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokungeniswa komgwebo. Ukusilela ukuhlangabezana nalo mqathango wonyaka kunelungelo lokubhenela. Inkundla (iqela elinomtsalane) ngoko inikezela impikiswano emfutshane ebhaliweyo yokuba kutheni inkundla esezantsi yenze impazamo, ixhaswe yingxelo kwingxelo yokuvavanya kunye namagunya asemthethweni. I-appelle (amaqela aphikisanayo) iphendula ngokukhusela umgwebo omfutshane. Kwezinye iinkundla, iingxoxo zomlomo zicwangciselwe ukuvumela abagwebi ukuba babuze imibuzo.

Imigangatho yempinda

Iinkundla zephulo zisebenzisa ulwahlulo olwahlukileyo [[FLT: 0] oluqhelekileyo lokuqukunjelwa kwenkundla evavanyiweyo kuxhomekeke kwimbambano. Imibuzo yomthetho, efana nokutolikwa komthetho, ibuye incitshiswe [ hayi no no no no no no [ (ukungaqali)], ukungabekeli kudebelo kwinkundla evavanyiweyo. Ukufumana inyani kubuye kubukelelwe “kwempazamo ecacileyo” kwiimvavanyo zebhele okanye“ ekufezekeni kobungqina” kwiityala zabagwebi ezibonisayo" [[[FLT] [[FLT] [okuthiweyo] [ukuthiwa kwakhona] [ukungaphaka] [ukungathsimjinga kwento yantla. Iinkqubo ezicacileyo, ezizinziwayo, ezibunziswayo ukwenzela ukuba zifune ulungele ulungiso lobulungisa.]

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Izithuba eziqhelekileyo zesibheno ziquka: (1) iimpazamo ezisemthethweni ekusebenziseni umthetho, (2) iimpazamo ze-proceddo ezathi zicalucalucalulo umgwebi, (3) akwanelanga ukuxhasa isigqibo, (4) imiyalelo engafanelekanga, kunye (5) noncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho). Umbhexeshi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba impazamo ayichaphazekanga. Iinkundla zingaqinisekisa, zibuye zibuye zibuye ziphendule, ziphinde zilungise umgwebo. Kwimeko ezinqabileyo, uncedo lwenkundla ephezulu lunika imvume [[FLT:] i-ivoctarior [[FT:]] [FLT]

Ukubaluleka Kwezibheno

Inkqubo yokubhena ayiphenduli nje kuphela okungekho sikweni kwabantu kodwa ikwakhuthaza ukulingana nokucaca komthetho. Izigqibo ezipapashwayo ziba ngumzekelo wesikhokelo kwiinkundla ezincinci kulawulo olunye, ukukhokela amatyala kwixesha elizayo. Le nkqubo yomthetho kunye notoliko lomgaqo-siseko iyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ivumela inkqubo esemthethweni ukuba ilungelelanise ukutshintsha amaxabiso e-social. Umzekelo, imiba yesaziso efana Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo irhoxisiwe phambi kweqnawe kwaye yandisa amalungelo abantu.

Ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo: Inkcaso echaseneyo nenye iMicimbi

Ngaphezu kweligatis yesithethe, inkqubo esemthethweni inika ezinye iindlela ezinokukhusela amalungelo ngokunempumelelo. ugqibo lwempikiswano oludityanisiweyo (ADR) iindlela `ezifana ne-mediation kunye ne-arbitwation(ukuvumela amaqela okucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokuya kuvavanywa. I-Medition ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elinobundileleyo eliqhuba incoko; uququzelela isigqibo sesidibanisi nge-actrator. ADR isoloko ikhawuleza kwaye ixabisa kancinci kunenkundla, kwaye iyakwazi ukulondoloza ulwalamano. Noko ke, kufuneka ihlonele inkqubo efunekayo kunye namalungelo amaqela avumayo.

Icala lejaji lomthetho lolunye ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo. AmaJuries akhiwe ngabemi azisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kwinkundla yenkundla kwaye enze njengovavanyo kwigunya likarhulumente. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhuselwa kwizaphuli-mthetho zombini (IsiHlaliso seSigqibo) kunye namatyala asekuhlaleni (Uguqulo-guqulo lweshumi). AmaJuries agqiba izibakala, asebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi, kwaye akhupha isigwebo. Inkululeko yabo kurhulumente iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bagwetyiwe ngoontanga babo, hayi ngamagosa anokugwetyelwa.

Umlinganiselo Wezinto Ozibekele Imilinganiselo: Ibalulekile Ixesha

Izithintelo zexesha eliphezulu emva kwesiganeko apho ityala linokuqaliswa khona. Le mithetho ikhusela abamangalelwa kwiingxelo ezidala apho ubungqina busenokuba buye baphelelwa okanye iinkumbulo zamangqina. Imida yexesha iyahluka ngokongamela nangohlobo lwetyala (umz., ukungqubana kwesivumelwano, ukuqhatha). Ukungalufumani ixesha elithenjiweyo limele libambele ityala, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwenza ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho yokulungelelanisa iimfuno zobulungisa nemfuneko yokugqibela okusesikweni nokuthembeka.

Isiphelo: Amandla Okwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho asiyondlela yokuzilolonga nje yemfundo, kodwa sisixhobo esiluncedo sokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwinkqubo efanelekileyo nakulungelo lokucebisa ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo nokubhena, ilungu ngalinye lenkqubo engokwasemthethweni liqinisa umthetho lize lithintele inyathelo elingekho ngqiqweni. Abafundi nabafundisi abamkela ezi ngcamango banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo kwaye banokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ngokukhutheleyo kubomi boluntu. Iinkqubo zomthetho zenzelwe ukuba zibe sesikweni, kodwa bafuna abemi abanolwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayasebenza kakuhle. Ukuba ngaba uyawufaka umthetho, uyawukhusela ummangaliso, okanye ugcina nje umbandela, ezi nkqubo zinokukunika amandla okuxhasa amalungelo akho kunye namalungelo abanye abantu.

Ukukhangela ngokubhekele phaya, jonga ugcino-lwazi olusuka ku i-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkundla ye-U.S., iMelika Bar Association, okanye iincwadi ezisemthethweni kwinkqubo yamakhaya kunye nomthetho-siseko. Uhambo oludlula kwinkqubo yezomthetho lungabonakala lunzima, kodwa usukelo lwalo lokugqibela lulula: ukunikezela ngobulungisa nangobulungisa apho onke amazwi anokuviwa khona kwaye onke akhuseleke.