Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Isiseko Sokhetho Sibalulekile

Indlela apho amavota aguqulelwa kwizihlalo okanye kwiiofisi ayiyondlela yobuchule nje efana ngayo amaphulo, indlela abavoti abaziphatha ngayo, nendlela abamele ngayo ngokwenene idemokhrasi. Olu hlolo lwandiswano lwahluka ngokubanzi kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngalunye oluneentengiso phakathi kolula, ulungiso, nokungazinzi, nokungaquki. Ukuqonda oku kuthengi-- ngaphandle kunika abemi amandla okuvavanya utshintsho nokubandakanyeka ngokunzulu ngakumbi nenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Olu hlalutyo lwandiswa luvavanya ezona zimkhethelo `Phost-past- Post- Post, Proportigatel Illution, Rhaving, Vood, kunye neMixobo yesibini yeRounding Systems (okuvelayo), ukulungiselela ukukhangela iimo ezinokubonakalisa kwazo kunye nokunga.

Udidi lweposi

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kwinkqubo yePast-Phost-posi, umvoti ofumana olona voti kwisithili esinye uphumelela isihlalo. UVoter uphosa ibhola enye yeloti kulowo afuna ukubhalisa, kwaye akukho mbhoxo okanye i-redis eyenzekayo. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, Canada, Indiya, kunye ne-United States (onke unyulo lwengqungquthela).

Inzuzo yeFPTP

  • Ukuzibhija-bhabha kunye nesantya: ivolution iyiqonda lula ingcamango yokuba “nabani na ofumana olona khetho luninzi.” Iibhola zilula, kwaye iziphumo zingabalwa ngokukhawuleza ngonyulo ebusuku.
  • Urhulumente wobuMajoni: FP ithambeka inyusa isabelo sesihlalo seqela elikhulu, inciphisa amathuba eminqophiso kwaye yenza ukuba kusebenze umsebenzi womthetho ozinzileyo, ogqibelayo.
  • Icacisa umelo lomelo: isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye, oziphendulela ngqo, onokuthi ukhuthaze unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi kwabavoti negosa labo elinyuliweyo.
  • Ukhupho lwe Fringe Iparisi yeExtremist: Umqobo ophezulu wokufumana izihlalo unqanda amaqela amancinane, angqongqo ekufumaneni impembelelo yemithetho.

Ingxaki yeFPTP

  • Uthutho oludityanisiweyo kunye nodaniso: Ivote ziphonswe abaphulukani okanye abaphumeleleyo ngomda omkhulu awuchaphazeli siphumo. Oku kungakhokelela kwiqela eliphumelele uninzi lwezihlalo ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwe 50% yevoti ethandwayo.
  • Imisebenzi ezenzekelayo: Ivolution isoloko iziva inyanzelekile ukuba ivote ivote umvo ongathandwanga kakhulu kunokuba itshintshe indlela yokubonisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ingaphantsi kokwandiswa kwezincinci kunye nePariti ezincinci: Ulwandiso lwe-Goography yamaqela amancinane anganceda, kodwa amaqela asasazekileyo esizwe (umz., Greens, Liberals) afumana izihlalo ezincinci kuneemfuno zovotelo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki okungalawulekiyo: imida yeSithili ingasetyenziswa ukuxhasa iqela elinye, icuthe okusesikweni.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Ngo-2019 UK General Uclomment, iConservative Party iphumelele 43.6% yevoti kodwa 56.2% yezihlalo, ngeli lixa iLiberal Democrates yafumana i-11,6% yevoti kodwa i-1.7% yezihlalo. Oku kubalaselisa utyekelo lweFPTP malunga nokurhoxa kwe-proportigality. Ngokuphikisana noko, inkqubo yeFPTPPPP ivelise oorhulumente abaninzi kwizihlandlo eziliqela xa iqela eliphumeleleyo lifumana phantsi kwe-40% yevoti yovoti ethandwayo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Iinkqubo zomelo lwepropotigal zijolise ekunikezeleni izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nevoti epheleleyo eyamkelwa liqela ngalinye. Olona tshintsho luqhelekileyo yinkqubo yoluhlu lweqela, apho abavoti bevotelwa iqela (hayi abathathi-nxaxheba ngabanye) kunye namaqela afumana izihlalo ezisekelwe kwisabelo sabo. Ezinye iifomu ziquka iVote (STV) eyodwa edluliselweyo kwimimandla emininzi. I-PR isetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi ye-democracyism, kuquka i-Jamani, i-Sweden, neNetherlands.

Inzuzo yePR

  • [[FLT: 0] Umelo lwendawo: Yonke imicimbi yokuvota", kwaneyokumaqela amancinane ingafak' igalelo kwizihlalo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuchanekileyo ibonisa iinguqu zokhetho lomvoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izixhobo zecandelo elininzi: i Votars zinoluhlu oluninzi lweenkhetho, kwaye iimbono ezincinane zingafumana ilizwi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo etyebileyo yezobupolitika.
  • Umphezulu ophezulu ophambili Voter Turnout: kuba amavoti ambalwa “aphosiwe,” abemi basenokuvakalelwa kukuba inxaxheba yabo inempembelelo enkulu, enokwenzeka ukunyusa ukuganana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umelo olungcono lwezinto ezincinci: Ukuba amaqela amancinane azenzela eyawo imibutho okanye aqukiwe kuluhlu lwamaqela ahlukeneyo, angafumana umelo lwemithetho lula kakhulu kunaphantsi kwe-FPTP.

Iingozi zePR

  • Oorhulumente boluvo nokungabikho komsebenzi: kunqabile ukuba iqela elinye liphumelele uninzi, linyanzelela iminqophiso enokuba buthathaka okanye icothe ukwenza izigqibo (umz., utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lukarhulumente wase-Itali).
  • Ukulandelana kwe Voters: iinkqubo zoluhlu lomnqophiso zisoloko zisebenzisa uluhlu oluvaliweyo apho abavoti bengenakukhetha abantu ngabanye abaza kukhetha, banciphise ukuphendula. Iinkqubo zoluhlu oluvulekileyo zinzima kakhulu ukubala nokuqonda.
  • Icala elithe ngqo le-Extremist Parities kwi Gadaup Seats: Imiqobo esezantsi (umz., 1% eNetherlands) ingavumela amaqela angenayo angene epalamente, anokuthi aphazamise ulawulo.
  • Izithuba zomelo lwendawo: Kuluhlu olunyulu lobulungu PR, akukho zisithili zinye, zenza buthathaka uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabavoti nommeli othile.

Indlela Exutyiweyo: Indlela Elungeleleneyo

Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa i-FPTP ne-PR ukunciphisa amacala asezantsi enqanawa nganye. Umzekelo, iJamani isebenzisa inkqubo exutyiweyo-MEMber Proportonal (MMP) apho abavoti bafaka khona iivoti ezimbini ezivotelwayo/ezinye zomvotisi wobulali (FPTP) kunye nenye yeqela loluhlu (PR). Uvotelo lwePR lumisela umlinganiselo wesihlalo sonke, ukunyusa izihlalo ukufikelela ulwando lolwando lolwandolozo logcino lwengi. Le modeli inikeza ulwalamo olulungeleleneyo kodwa ifuna ubuchule bokuphepha impikiswano njenge “indawo yokuhlala."

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kwaye amavoti abo aziwa ngokuba yi-runoff khawunkce-coff, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti uphumeza uninzi lwevoti yokuqala ekhoyo, umvotelwa onezinto ezimbalwa ezikhethekayo zirhoxisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezilandelayo kwezo blotats. Le nkqubo iyaphinda de omnye umvoti abe ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabavoti abasemthethweni. RCV isetyenziswa eAustralia (Indlu yabameli), eIreland (indlu yovoti yezokuqala), kunye nezixeko ezininzi zeU.

Inzuzo yeRCV

  • Iziphumo ezincinci ezijikelezayo: Abathathi-nxaxheba bangabaleka ngaphandle kokwahlula ivoti, kuba abaxhasi babandululi abarhoxisiweyo babalwa ukhetho lwabo lwesibini.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ithumela ucoselelo olunyanisekileyo: Imali ingabeka intengiso yayo yokwenene kuqala ngaphandle kokuxhalatyiswa “kukuvota”, iphelisa imfuneko yokuvota ngobuchule.
  • Izibheno zomGcino: Amarhamnqi kufuneka atsale kungekuphela nje inkxaso yokuqala kodwa kwaneyesibini neyesithathu, afakelele iphulo elingentle kakhulu kunye nolwakhiwo lomanyano.
  • [[UMTL:0] IMajority Manday: Ekugqibeleni ophumeleleyo ufumana inkxaso eninzi kwabo bathabatha inxaxheba, ebanika imvume eyomeleleyo yokukhetha.

Iingozi zeRCV

  • Iqokobhex Ballot kunye ne Bala: kufuneka ziqonde indawo ephezulu, kwaye ulinganiselo lufuna imijikelezo emininzi yokubala okanye i-software yekhompyutha, enokuthi ilibazise iziphumo kwaye iphakamise umva iingozi kwimijaho ekufuphi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isantya semposiso esiphezulu: iibhola ezinamagama agqithiweyo aphezulu, amanani aphindwe kabini, okanye iimpawu ezingacacanga kufuneka zifinyezwe, ezinokwenzeka zisuse abavoti abathile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukujija Okusenokwenzeka: Kwezinye iimeko, abavoti bangakhetha “bull” umchasi onamandla ngokuzibeka phantsi ukuze azenze yingozi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezigqwethekileyo kwiimeko ezinqabileyo.
  • Ayiyiyo iProjekthi epheleleyo: RCV isetyenziswa kwisithili esinye, ngoko ayiqinisekisi ukuba umelo lolungelelwaniso lwendalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho edityanisiweyo.

Isifundo Setyala: I - 2022 Ekhethekileyo E - Alaska

NgoAgasti 2022, i-Alaska yasebenzisa i-RCV okokuqala kunyulo olukhethekileyo lwendlu yabameli base-U. Democrat Mary Peltola woyisa owayeyiRhuluneli uSaran Palin kunye noRiphablikian Nick Begich. Peltola waphumelela ngeziphumo ezingaphantsi kwama-40% evoti okuqala kodwa wafumana uninzi emva kokurhoxiswa kwendlu yesibini ye-Begich Consoit, ezininzi zazo ezaya ePeltola phezu kwePalin. Isiphumo sabonisa indlela i-RCV enokwandisa ngayo abavoti-centrisot kwaye ive iziphumo ezibonisa kakuhle izinto ezikhethwa nguRhoviet.

Inkqubo enee-Rund ezimbini (Rhuqa)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kwindlela engqukuva ezimbini, unyulo lokuqala lubanjwe rhoqo ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi. Ukuba akukho mvo uphumelele uninzi olupheleleyo (iipesenti +1) kumjikelo wokuqala, umjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu (okanye maxa wambi abangaphezulu). Oku kuqhelekile kunyulo lomongameli eFransi, eBrazil, nakumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, kwakunye nonyulo lwemithetho kumazwe afana neIran ne-Uzbekistan.

Inzuzo yenkqubo yeRound ezimbini

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphumelela kwe-'FORIT WNER: Impumelelo ekugqibeleni mayiphumeze uninzi kujikelezo lokugqibela, ibanika isigunyaziso esicacileyo esiqhelekileyo.
  • [[Umboniso:0] Ukubengezela kweVote: Phakathi kwemijikelo, abavoti banexesha lokuphinda bahlolisise kwakhona abatsha, baqokelele ulwazi oluninzi, kwaye banokuthi balungelelanise nezivumelwano ezintsha.
  • Imisebenzi edityanisiweyo esetyenziswayo ekuncedeni ukunyukela: Isoloko ithetha ngokuvumelana phakathi kwemijikelo, inyanzela ukucaciswa kwengqiqo kunye nokucebiselana okungakhokelela kulawulo olubanzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isibini seRound Turmout: Impumelelo yokuthatha zonke izinto ezikhoyo zomsinga wokubaleka ingaqhuba phezulu kuba yonke imicimbi yokuvota.

Ingozi yenkqubo eneentambo ezimbini

  • Inkcazo kunye nobuchule: ibamba iindleko ezimbini zolawulo, imigudu yobhaliso, kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko. Ingaphinde ilibazise iziphumo kangangeeveki.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukudinwa okungaphezulu: Ukurhoxa komjikelo wesibini, ingakumbi ukuba abavoti bavakalelwa kukuba abavoti barhoxisiwe okanye ukuba ukhetho oluseleyo aluthobeli.
  • Ukuvota okuzenzekelayo kwisangqa esinye: Abavoti bangavota ngokungeyiyo kwisangqa sokuqala ukulungisa ukungqubana kwentambo/umzekelo, ukuvota umchasi obuthathaka ukuphelisa isisongelo esomeleleyo.
  • [[Ukxulutyo:0] Ukhupho lweziqendu ezincinci: amaqela amancinane anqabileyo ukwenza ukuqhushumbisa, athintele amandla awo okuphembelela inkqubo nokuba anenkxaso eninzi engqukuva.

Inqaku Elithelekisayo: Unyulo Lobuongameli baseFransi

Inkqubo yeFransi ejikelezayo ukwenzela unyulo lwayo lomongameli isoloko ivelisa uvutho-mpululo kumhla wesibini (umz., iMacron vs. Le Pen ngo-2017, 64.8% ukuya kwi35,2%; ngo-2022, 58.5% ukuya ku-41.5%%%. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ifuna “ukungacimi okubi okungalawulekiyo”, okunokuziva kukhutshwe idemokhrasi, lo gama abaxhasi beyigcina inikeza ngokucacileyo, iziphumo ezingundoqo.

Iintlobo zokhetho ezidibanisayo kunye nezinye

Ukuthunyelwa koMsebenzi

Ukuvota okugunyazisiweyo kuvumela abavoti ukuba bavote (balumkele) njengoko bethanda. Umvoti onenkokeli eninzi yokuphumelela. Usetyenziswa kwezinye izicwangciso zonyulo zikamasipala kunye nezicwangciso zentlangano, ukuvunywa kovotilo kulula kwaye kunciphisa ingxaki yomphangi. Noko ke, akuthathi myalelo wokukhetha kwaye kunokukhokelela “kuvota okukhethiweyo” (kuphela ukwamkela umntu omnye) njengendlela elungele ukuthatha imvume, inciphisa iingenelo zayo.

Ushicilelo lwenqaku (Umjikelo)

Umyinge womvoters ngamnye kwisikali (umz. 0-5 okanye 0-10). Umvotelwa one-avareji ephezulu okanye epheleleyo yenqaku. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ivumele abavoti bachaze ubunzulu bokhetho, lo gama abachasi beluphikisayo beluvuza ubalo olugqithisileyo kwaye lungadityaniswa nokuvota okuvunyelelwa. Isetyenziswe kwezinye iindidi ezingeyo mithetho yonyulo kodwa kunqabileyo kumgangatho wesizwe.

Iindlela Zoburhwebi

Iindlela zentengiso zithelekisa wonke umvotelwa ngobulumko ukufanisa umvotelwa oza kubetha zonke ezinye kukhuphiswano lwentloko-ntloko. Zizizo ezona zintle kwaye zilungelelaniswe nomthetho omninzi, kodwa zingenza imijikelo (engachananga ne Condorcet ephumeleleyo) kwaye zifuna ukwenziwa komtyalo oluntsonkothileyo nokubala. Akukho lunyulo lwesizwe olukhulu lusebenzisa indlela ecocekileyo yeCondorcet, nangona iindlela ezifana neSchulze zisetyenziswa kunyulo oluthile lweqela lezobupolitika.

Uhlalutyo lweNkcubeko: Ii-atmask-Off

Ukukhetha inkqubo yokukhetha kuquka ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo:

  • I-PR ivelisa icandelo elinye kodwa ngexabiso lokulunga.
  • Ukuzikisa. I-Expressifice vs. I- FP kulula ukubala kodwa ithintela ukuchaza kovoti; i-RCV kunye nemvume yokuvota inika izinto ezikhethwayo ezitshintshiweyo kodwa zifuna okungakumbi kubavoti noomatiloshe.
  • Umelo lwendawo engqongileyo vs. Ikosimente yesiZwe: Izithili ezingamalungu azimeleyo (FPTP, RCV) zinika ivoti ubuso basekuhlaleni, ngelixa uluhlu lweqela PR lungadambisa olu nxulumano kodwa lumele ngcono iinguqu zezobupolitika zesizwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isantya seenkcukacha. Isantya: Iinkqubo ezijikelezayo ezimbini kunye ne RCV zilibazisa iziphumo zokugqibela, ezinokuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke ukuba ukuba ukubala kuthatha ixesha elide okanye kukhuphiswane.

Ayikho indlela egqibeleleyo. Ukhetho olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke kwizithethe zelizwe lezobupolitika, ubukhulu belizwe, iinguqu nembali engokwembali. Iingxoxo zokuguqula imbali kufuneka ziqwalasele ubungqina obusekelwe kwimithetho, imiqathango engokwasemthethweni, nokuqonda kwabantu.

Isiphelo: Indlela Yokhetho Olunolwazi

Ukusebenza kwendlela yonyulo akunakugwetywa kuphela ngeempawu zayo zentelekelelo. Iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene zixhomekeke ekuzalisekisweni, kwimfundo, nakwizinto ezibanzi ezifana nemali yephulo, inkululeko yolawulo lolawulo, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo. Abasebenzi abayiqondayo inkqubela kunye neengozi zenkqubo nganye baxhotyiselwe bhetele ukuxhasa utshintsho oluhambelana namaxabiso abo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, uphando olusuka ku uququzelelo loTshintsho lweNguqu , i, i-ACE I-Elctoral Knethwekhi yolwazi [, kunye [ umbutho weFairvote , onika uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwenkqubo ezikhethiweyo ehlabathini lonke. Ekugqibeleni, idemokhrasi iyaphumelela xa abemi bengena kumsebenzi kuphela nabavumi kodwa kwanemithetho ebumba indlela ivoti yethu ethetha ngayo kurhulumente.