Ulawulo lwesakhiwo esisemthethweni sonyulo kunye namalungelo okuvota zenza iliwa elingumthetho lokupheliswa kwenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi eUnited States. Imisela imithetho abemi abakhetha ngayo abameli babo, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokunyulwa ihlala ilungile kwaye ifikeleleka, kwaye ikhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota nxamnye nolawulo-lwahlulo kunye nokucinezelwa. Esi sixhobo asizinzanga; siyaguquka ngotshintsho lweziko-siseko, umthetho wezolawulo lwesizwe nowesizwe, imimiselo yolawulo, kunye neenkcazelo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda amacala aso abalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, abaphathi bemithetho-miyalelo, kunye nabemi abathenginisa abafuna ukuqhuba idemokhrasi eMelika. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lwezihlulo lwezinsiko lomthetho-mthetho, ukusuka kwingxoxo yemithetho yesiseko, kwingxoxo yemithetho-votiventi, kwimi-yonga-yonke yemithetho yemithetho yegunya lexesha.

Izibonelelo zomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika zombini igunya lomthetho wonyulo kunye nokhuseleko olucacileyo lwamalungelo okuvota. Unyulo luka-Clausle kwiQumrhu I, Icandelo 4 linika igunya lokumisela “Ixesha, Iindawo kunye noMququzeleli Wokubophelela i-Evator kunye nabameli,” kodwa ligcinelwe iKhomishini igunya “lokwenza okanye ukuguqula imithetho enjalo.” Lo rhulumente-asqhinga-kazwe ubengumxholo ophindaphindwayo kumthetho wonyulo. Ngaphezu koko, iziko ezininzi eziphenduliweyo zikhusela ilungelo lokuvota.

IziHlayiso Ezigunyazisa Amalungelo Abantu

Izixhobo ezine ezingundoqo zokulungisa imoto ziye zanda zaza zakhusela ifranchise:

  • Fifententh Amendment (1870): Ukukhanyela okanye ukuvala ilungelo lokuvota “ngenxa yohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili." Phezu kwale siqinisekiso, iimvavanyo ezimiselwe, iirhafu zobubhali, neminye imiqobo emalunga nenkulungwane de iVoting Rights Act of 1965 inikezelwe umthetho obalulekileyo. I-antempment ihlala iyisixhobo esinengqwabangqwabalala kwimiciso yokuvota enzima.
  • ISihlaziyo se-Ninetenth (1920): inika amabhinqa intsebenziswano, isithi “ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota alisayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe yiUnited States okanye nguRhulumente ngenxa yesondo.” Oku kwaphelisa umzabalazo othatha amashumi eminyaka ngumbutho wamabhinqa kwaye kwaguqula i-okhetio.
  • Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine (1964): Irhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente. Ngelixesha amanye amazwe sele eyisinzile irhafu enjalo, oku kulungiswa kwasusa umqobo wemali owenziwe waphantsi ngokugqithisileyo kunye nabavoti abambalwa. Kamva yanyuselwa kulawulo oluphuma kwimithetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo.
  • UHlaliso lweNkqutyana-nyaka-nyaka-thandathu (1971): Ithoba ixesha lokuvota libe li-18.

Igunya Likarhulumente phantsi kokhetho lukaClaus

Ngapha koko, la malungelo okuvota acacileyo, iCandelo I, iCandelo lesi-4 linika ityala eliyintloko lokuqhuba unyulo, phantsi kokulawulwa yiqumrhu. Aba bathunywa baye bakhokelela kumsebenzi owenziweyo wemithetho elawula ukubhaliswa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukwenziwa komyili, kunye nenkqubo yokubala. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba amaphondo “anamandla okhetho” okulawula unyulo, lo gama nje engangqubanisi ukhuseleko lwamagunya okanye ebeka imithwalo engafanelekanga ekuneneni ukuvota.

Unyulo lweMithetho ePhakamileyo

IBhunga limisele umthetho obalulekileyo wokunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko nokumisela imilinganiselo encinane yesizwe yolawulo lonyulo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

IVRA igqalwa ngokubanzi njengowona mthetho wamalungelo abantu osebenzayo owakhe wamiswa. Iinkqubo zayo zantlandlolo ziquka iCandelo 5, ekwakufuneka ukuba kubekho ulawulo olunembali yezenzo zokuvota ngokusemthethweni ukuze kufumane “ukubekwa phambili” kwiSebe leJaji phambi kokutshintsha nawuphi na umthetho wokhetho. Icandelo 2, ukuvalwa komthetho wokuvota okuphumelelw'ucalulo, kusekho. Isigqibo somhlaba wonke solawulo sikwalelwe nokuvavanywa kolwazi nokubhalwa kwemfundo yaziiiiindlela zomthetho nokuvavanywa kwamazwe athile. Kwakhokelela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kobhaliso nokurhoxiswa kwe-vota phakathi kwama-American. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkugqitho ye-2013 se-[FLT:] siyaqhubeka. Inkundla ye-Rhover [FLT] i-FOct: 1] yakhupha iimgalelo ezisetyenziswayo kumiselo lomthetho wokumisela ukumisela ulawulo, kodwa i-Romatimeding, kodwa i-R.

UMthetho we-1993 (NVRA)

Isoloko ibizwa ngokuba nguMthendeleko we- Motor Voter, i-NVRA ifuna amatyala okunika amathuba okuvota xa abemi befaka okanye behlaziya ilayisensi yokuqhuba okanye ezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente, nokunikezela ngeefomu zokubhalisa iposi. Ikwayalela ukuba isithi ugcine iiroli ezichanileyo zovoti kwaye ingashenxisi abavoti ngokusuka nje ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukuvota. Umthetho uye wanyusa kakhulu inani lokubhalisa, kodwa ukuthobela imingeniselo efana neyawokusilela ukubhalisa kwiiofisi zoncedo lukawonke-wonke-wonke.

Uncedo Merika Lokhuthuzo lonyaka wama - 2002 (Hava)

Emva konyulo lomongameli wama- 2000 oluphikiswayo, u HAVA waseka iKhomishini yoNxulumaniso lwe-EAC (EAC) kwaye wanika inkxaso-mali yezwelonke ukwenzela iinkqubo zokunyusela unyuselo. Yadala imigangatho encinci ukwenzela abavoti abamiselweyo, ukuchola kwabo babebhaliswe ngexesha lokuqala ababhalisa ngeposi, kunye neesiseko sobhaliso sobhaliso lorhulumente ngokubanzi. Ngoxa i-HAVA izixhobo eziphuculiweyo kunye nokufikelela, ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ye-EAC bekungalingani, kwaye igunya le-EAC lilinganiselwe.

Eminye imimiselo engundoqo

I-Act eFanedict ne-Auves Citizens Abfaise Voing Voing Act (UOCAVA) iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bomkhosi nabemi baphesheya bamazwe bangabhalisa baze barhoxe ekuvoteleni. UMthetho womkhosi no-Overses Voters Malementment (MOVE) ka-2009 womeleza ezi zikhuseli. Ngaphezu koko, Inkxaso-Disteroster kunye noMthetho we-Emergementive Confect

Imithetho nemithetho kaRhulumente

Imithetho karhulumente yenza umahluko omkhulu obonakalayo kwindlela eqhutywa ngayo unyulo. Ngoxa kufuneka athobele imilinganiselo karhulumente, amazwe anakho ukuqiqa okuphangaleleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimigaqo emininzi echaphazela ukuthabatha inxaxheba nolawulo lonyulo.

Imithetho Yophawu

Imithetho ye-oter ye-ID iphakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yombuso ephikisanayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa isithintela ukuqhatha; abachasi bazama ukucinezela ukurhoxa phakathi kwabambalwa, abalupheleyo, kunye nabavoti abaphantsi abanokukhetha iindlela ezincinane zokuzifumana. Ngo-2025, 36 ifuna okanye bacela uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID kuphatho, nemilinganiselo yemifanekiso engqongqo ekwimimandla elishumi. Uvavanyo olusuka kwi [[FLT: 0] [iZiko lobugrafini elisezantsi] lweJaji [[[FLT: 1] lucebisa ukuba imithetho ye-ID incipheke kakhulu phakathi kwabagcotshi abafanelekayo ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa. Iinkundla zixhase lemithetho phantsi “kumgangatho onzima”, ngaphandle kokuba umgangatho onzima [FLT] [FF2]

Ubhaliso lwamaZiko

Ixesha lokubhalisa lahlukile kubhaliso loSuku loNnyulo (olukhoyo kuma-22 eemeko kunye no-D.C.) ukunqumla iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi konyulo. Uphando lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba ukubhalisa ngosuku olunye kwandisa ukubhalisa. iVoter Religional (AVR), ngoku yamkelwa ngamaphondo angama-24 kunye ne-D.C., ibhalisela abemi xa beqhubana nenqwelo-mafutha okanye namanye amaqumrhu azimeleyo ngaphandle kokuba bekhethile. I-AVR ibonise ukuba inyuse imilinganiselo yokubhalisa nokuphucula ucotho. Ngokuphikisana noko, imiqathango engqongqo kunye nokuzihlambulula ii-vota eziqinileyo ivavanyiweyo iye yavavanywa phantsi kwe-NVRA neVRA.

I-Mail- ngaphakathi kunye nokuNikwa kweNgxelo

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 esikhawulezayo sokusetyenziswa konyulo olungekhoyo lweposi kunye nee-operathi ze-operathi jikelele. Okwangoku, ama-28 avumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba acele ibhoti engekhoyo ngaphandle kokunika isizathu; amaphondo asibhozo (kuquka iWashington, i-Oregon, i-Colorado, i-Utah, kunye neHawaii) aqhuba unyulo ngokuyintloko ngeposi. Ama-ogxamente alawula ukuphosa iibhokisi, imigaqo yoluvote, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanga ukwenzela utyikityo oludityaniweyo. Iimfazwe ezisemthethweni ezingaphezulu kovavanyo zidityaniswe ngo-20202020 kwaye ziqhubekela kwiimibalo olunje njengommiselo wokula iposi kunye nobalo lweposi ebhalwe ngumboniso we-Ecompution.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Kwiminyaka elishumi, ichaza ukutsala kwakhona i-commilia kunye nephondo lowiso-mthetho ngokusekelwe kugcino-lwazi lokubala. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna izithili ukuba zibe nabemi abalinganayo (umuntu omnye, ivoti enye) kwaye, phantsi kweCandelo 2 le-VRA, ayikwazi ukuthambisa amandla okuvota amancinci. Noko ke, i-gerrymanndering , ukutsala imigca yokunceda iqela elinye, `ihlala isasazekile. Ruchov. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo (2029), iNkumbuso omkhulu wenkundla yelizwe ulawula ukuba iinkundla zephondo zingakwazi ukubeka imiyalelo ye-activerbex germermaning, ishiya umthetho kwiinkundla nemithetho. Amanye amazwe adala ii-operactiant, ngexa ezinye ii-ographignomes phantsi kwe-ographic, njengoko i-Olinool.

Ummiselo Oyintloko Wezogwebo

Iinkundla ziphumeze indima ephambili ekutolikeni imithetho yonyulo nokuchaza imida yomthetho ovumelekileyo. Amatyala aliqela aphawula iziganeko ezithile aye abumba ummandla wangoku.

Amatyala Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Angaphambili

Guinn v. United States (1915), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa phantsi “ingxelo ka-Oklahoma" eyakhulula abavoti abanookhokho babo abanokuvota phambi konyaka ka-1867/4] ngokuchanekileyo bevota abaBlack Revotion abanookhokho babo babe benziwe amakhoboka. [[FLT:]]Smith v. Alwright[ [1944]) yaphelisa abamhlophe abaphambili eTexas, kunye . Virginia Board ye-EFOURFT [[FLD:5]]

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo (5684) samisa ingxelo ebhaliweyo kunyulo lomongameli waseFlorida, ngokunempumelelo inika umvuzo kuGeorge W. Bush. INkundla yathi ukunqongophala kwemilinganiselo efanayo kwaphula imigaqo yoKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Isigqibo sasipheleliselwe kwityala elikhethekileyo kodwa sakhuthazwa ukuba kudlule i-HARVA. Sihlala sididelwa phambili kwaye sibalaselisa amandla ejaji ukugqiba ngeziphumo zonyulo olusondeleyo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Kwisigqibo sika-5764, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachitha iCandelo 4(b) loMthetho wamaLungelo eVoting Rights `indlela yokuchaza imithetho efunekayo ukuze kucacelwe kwangaphambili phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yonyulo. INkundla yathi ifomu yaphelelwa lixesha yaza yaphula imigaqo yolawulo olulinganayo. Ngaphandle kwendlela entsha, iCandelo 5 alinyanzelekanga, kwaye amaphondo aye agqunywe ngaphambili yimithetho yokuvota engqongqo enokuba ithintelwe. Umthetho wabangela igatya lemithetho ye-ovoti entsha, ukuqokelela imithetho ekhoyo, ukuvala, nokubhalisa imiqathango kumazwe afana noTexas, umNtla Carolina, kunye no-Alabama.

IKomiti yesiZwe yeDemocratic (2021)

Esi sigqibo saxhasa imithetho ye-Arizona ethintela ukuba ubani angabuyisela ivoti yokuvota engekhoyo nokugatya amavoloti aphoswe kwingingqi engalunganga. INkundla yaseka isakhiwo esitsha sokuhlola iCandelo 2 leVRA, ifuna ukuba ii-pointff zibonise ukuba uqheliso lokuvota lubangela umthwalo “owesininzi” ekufikeleleni. Abahlalutyi abasemthethweni baphikisa lo mthetho benza kube nzima ukucel ’ umngeni imiqathango yokuvota njengesitho se-decrinitary, nokuba banempembelelo engenakulinganiswa.

Ulawulo oluphembelelayo lwakutshanje

. [Isizathu esiqhelekileyo (2029), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ikhowuda inika intlupheko yezopolitiko engalungisekiyo," ithetha ukuba iinkundla zephondo azinakuziva ezo ngxelo. Noko ke, UMorr [2023], iNkundla yala ingcamango yemithetho karhulumente ezimeleyo, eyayizakunika izikhululo zikarhulumente amandla angathintelwanga kunyulo lwemimiselo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba iinkundla zelizwe zigcine igunya lokuhlola unyulo phantsi kolawulo lwazo, ukhangelo olubalulekileyo kwi-"propatitiesting.

Indima Yezongxamiseko

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana-mali yoLuvolo (EAC) isebenza njengendawo yokucoca inkcazelo yolawulo lonyulo, inikela imigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota yokuzithandela, kwaye isebenzisa inkxaso yemali ye- HAVA. ISebe le-Cuvil Rights ye-Cuvil Justial Rights Liyavuma linyanzela iVRA, i-NVRA, ne-HARA, kwaye ngokufuthi elilicasticals le-comment Commission (FEC), lijongela inkxaso ye-Vra, i-ISRA, i-ISRA, inikela ukhuseleko lonyuselo olulinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa namagunya orhulumente, kodwa umsebenzi wabo ugxininisa ekulondolozeni ukuthembeka koonyulo.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Ucinezelo lolawulo lwe Voter v. Unyuso lwemfezeko

Imithetho karhulumente emiselwe efuna ii-ID zovota ezingqongqo, ethintela ukuvota, nokuthintela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kusoloko kugwetyelwa ngokuzibanga kokuqhatha okusasazekileyo . "kwenye into ufundo oluninzi kunye neekhomishini zifumanise zinqabile kakhulu. Abachasi baphikisa la manyathelo ngokungenakulinganiswa achaphazela amancinci, amatsha, kunye nama-andiphelo aphantsi. iBrennan Center ilandelela amakhulu eemali ezibhanki ezithintela iinkonzo ezithintelweyo ezisunguliweyo kwiseshini nganye. Kwangaxeshanye, abaxhasi bengqibelelo bathe bayafuneka baqinisekise ukuthemba ukhuphiswano olukufuphi.

Ukungavisisani Okungaqhelekanga

Iphondo ngalinye ngaphandle kweMaine neVermont limisela amalungelo okuvota abantu abanobuphene ngexesha elithile lokuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, okanye ukuvavanywa. Malunga nama-4,6 ezigidi zezigidi zaseMelika zikhutshiwe ngenxa yetyala, nabantu abadala abantsundu abadidekile phantse izihlandlo ezine kumlinganiselo wabantu abadala abamhlophe. Amanye amazwe, njengoFlorida noIowa, aye abuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngezenzo zomgunyaziso okanye imiyalelo yabalawuli, kodwa ajongene nemiqathango yomthetho-mthetho-siseko olandelayo.

Impembelelo Yemali Kukhetho

Inkcazo yomthetho wemali edityaniswe namalungelo okuvota: ukusetyenziswa okungenasiphelo kwe-PACs kunye namaqela emali amnyama: kuchaphazela iziphi iingxaki zemali ezifumana ingqalelo kwaye ngubani obalekela isikhundla. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Contizens United v. FATING [2010] (2010]) kunye [[FLT]MCcheon v.FEC[FLT[F:3]] (2014 imiqathango ekhucuthe imiqathango ezimeleyo kwinkcitho kunye nemali ekhutshwayo yomnikelo, ngokulandelana. [ifola])] I-CITP [FFLT:] ayiphumelelanga, kodwa eminye imithetho echasayo kunye nemithetho ehlawula i-mali kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Unyulo olusemthethweni olulawula unyulo kunye namalungelo okuvota lunzulu kwaye lunamandla, okuquka ukutshintshwa kwemithetho yezomgaqo-siseko, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho engqukuva, kunye nothotho lwezigwebo zenkundla ezibalulekileyo ezichaza kwakhona imigaqo yesiseko. Njengoko ukufikelela kokhetho olungu 2024 no-2026, iingxoxo ngofikelelo lwevoti, ii-ID, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho ye-odition, kunye nonyulo kuyaqhubeka kukhula. Kubafundisi-mfundo, kunye nooogqirha, ukuqonda esi siseko asiyomfundo nje kuphela, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela imigaqo yedemokhrasi. i-vileekhoba ephambili ekukhuselweni kwemithetho ye-demokhrasi.[5], i-ethelela kwimiqatha yokhetho, kunye nemigangatho yesizwe, ihlala ikhuselekile ekukhukulisweni kwale nelungelo.[3][3]