Ukuqonda Iindidi Zokhetho

Unyulo lwenza isiseko solawulo-moya lwabameli, lunika abemi amandla okukhetha abo balawulayo. Abafundi benzululwazi yezobupolitika kunye nabahlohli kufuneka baqonde iindima ezahlukileyo ze-gente, ezingundoqo, kunye nezikhethekileyo zonyulo ukuhlalutya indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ngenjongo eyahlukileyo kumjikelo wonyulo, ukuphembelela ukhetho olukhethiweyo, ukuvota, nokuqhubeka korhulumente. Olu khokelo lunika ukujongwa ngokunzulu kwezi ntlobo zonyulo, iinkqubo, iinguqulelo, kunye nokubaluleka komgangatho phakathi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Unyulo ngokubanzi

Unyulo ngokubanzi zezona ziganeko ezimkelwe ngokubanzi. Ezi ziyenzeka rhoqo ngexesha lokuphumla ukugcwalisa ububanzi boluhlu lweeofisi zikawonke-wonke. EUnited States, unyulo jikelele luba ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba kwiminyaka elinganayo (umhla omiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe ukususela ngo-1845). Olu nyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kumela unyulo kulawulo oluphezulu, lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kumgangatho wesizwe, wesizwe, wesizwe, wesizwe, kunye nowengingqi yasekuhlaleni.

Injongo kunye Nobubanzi

Injongo eyintloko kukuguqulela ukuthanda kwabantu kurhulumente osebenzayo. Abalawuli bakhetha phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abatyunjwe ngamaqela ezobupolitika (okanye abantu abazimeleyo abafumana ukufikelela kwemali) ukugcwalisa iiofisi ezifana nomongameli, amalungu eBhunga, iirhuluneli, iimithetho-siseko, oorhulumente bephondo, oosodolophu. Unyulo-jijelo jikelele lukwasetyenziselwa imiqathango ye-colleta, ii-astendum, kunye nonyulo lwemithetho kumazwe amaninzi.

Iintlobo zokhetho jikelele

  • Unyulo lwesizwe jikelele: E-U.S., aba banyuli bakaMongameli (yonke iminyaka emine) kunye nawo onke amalungu angama- 435 eNdlu yabameli kunye nesithathu esinye seBhunga (iminyaka emibini). Unyulo lomongameli luquka inkqubo ye-Electoral College. Amanye amazwe agcina unyulo jikelele lwamazwe ukwenzela abalungiseleli bawo abakhulu neepalamente, ngokufuthi ngobude bamagama obahlukeneyo.
  • Isitem-thematika se-Evolution: Aba badibanisa unyulo lwezwe kumaphondo amaninzi, aba bakhetha iirhuluneli, ijaji-evini, amagqwetha jikelele, imikhosi yoorhulumente, kunye nemithetho-siseko sorhulumente. Amanye amaphondo agcina unyulo lwawo lwe-gabernarcator kwiminyaka ngaphandle (umz., Kentucky, New Jersey) okanye iminyaka ekwimiqaqosho, edala umahluko.
  • Inkomfa Jikelele yengingqi: UMasipala kunye nonyulo lwengingqi zizalisa izihlalo kumabhunga esixeko, iibhodi zesikolo, iikhomishini yengingqi, i-herffix, kunye nabagwebi basekuhlaleni. Ezi zidla ngokubakho kwimihla eyahlukeneyo kwaye zinokuba nonyulo olusezantsi. Izixeko ezininzi zisebenzisa unyulo olungelulo-opartisn apho iilebhile zeqela ezingadweliswanga kwibhola.

Inkqubo ze-Electoral kukhetho jikelele

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi konyulo ngokubanzi yindlela esetyenziswayo ukuguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo. I-United States isebenzisa kakhulu kuqala-imposiso (kwimpula) ukuvota, apho umvotelwa onamavoti amaninzi ephumelela, nangaphandle koninzi. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa udidi lovoti, ingakumbi kumzantsi wemida engeyoyalulo, iqesha [ unyulo oluphumayo ukuba akukho mvoteko lukhusela uninzi kunyulo jikelele. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa umelo lolwahlulo, ukhuhlo, okanye iinkqubo ezibini ezichaphazela kakhulu iinkqubo zokuvota-ota-ota. UFFFFF:[5]

Utyekelo lokuguquka kwevoter

Unyulo jikelele lutsala ngokuthe rhoqo umvoti ophezulu othatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iintlobo zonyulo. Iimeko eziphembelela ukujika ziquka ukhuphiswano lwemilo yentlalo, ukuphunyelwa kwemihlathi ephakathi kwe-55% kunye ne-65% yabemi abanokuvota, ngelixa unyulo lwexeshana localulo malunga ne-40% ukuya kuma-50%. Unyulo lweminyaka yonke lusoloko lujika ngaphantsi kwama-25%. Iimeko eziphembelela ukukhuphiswano oluquka ukukhuphiswano kwemizwa, ukulula kokufikelela kovota, imozulu, kunye nemigudu yokuvota abathembileyo. Iziko zophatho lophando zinika uhlalo olunjululwe luneigwebo

Imeko

Ingcamango yonyulo jikelele isukela kwiRiphabliki yokuqala, ngonyulo lokuqala lukamongameli wase-U.S. ngo-1789 (nangona kuphela abanikazi bempahla bamadoda abamhlophe abanokuvota). Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ifranchise yanwenwa ngokupheliswa komGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu okuquka amabhinqa, ama-Afrika, kunye noodabi beminyaka eyi-18. Ubeko lweziko Lomthetho wamalungelo abantu abamhlophe wasusa imiqobo emininzi. Namhlanje, unyulo oluqhelekileyo lusaqhubeka luyilo lweziphathi-mali yedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubo.

UKhetho lweFonti

Unyulo lokuqala lukhuphiswano oluphambili olubanjweyo ukukhetha umkhuphiswano weqela lezobupolitika osemthethweni kunyulo olulandelayo. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo oluvela kumaqela ahlukeneyo, amabala anciphileyo aphakathi kweqela. Inkqubo engundoqo yale mihla ithathe indawo ye "party caucus" kunye "inkqubano" iindlela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengenxalenye yombutho oqhubela phambili ukwandisa inxaxheba kukhetho lomvoti.

Iintlobo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Imithetho elawula ukuba ngubani onokuvota ngomahluko obalulekileyo ngokwemeko, ivelisa iindidi ezine ezingundoqo:

  • I-PRILA Evaliweyo: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe kunye neqela elithile abanokuba nenxaxheba kwelo qela liphambili. Umzekelo, iiDemocrates ezibhalisiweyo kuphela ezinokuvota kwi Democratic yokuqala ukukhetha ubukho beqela labo. Amazwe eshumi elinesixhenxe, kuquka iNew York neFlorida, asebenzisa iiprigrim ezivaliweyo. Le nkqubo iqinisa iqela leqela kodwa ikhupha ii-democration.
  • Ovula ii-PRIMAR: Nabani na obhalisiweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unxulumene naliphi na iqela, angavota nakuwuphi na umbutho ongundoqo. Iivoters zigqiba ukuba yeyiphi intloko emayingene ngoMhla woLungisa. Iinqanawa ezifana neMichigan, Alabama, neMontana zisebenzisa ii-printory ezivulekileyo. Oku kumema ukuvota okunqamlezileyo . /3]
  • Semi-Valed Prime: Amalungu eqela abhalisweyo angavota kuphela kwisiseko seqela lawo, kodwa angenazikhundla ze-oficio (abazimeleyo) angakhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili. Le nkqubo yomlinganiselo wokulawula nge-dclue. Imizekelo iquka iRhode Island neMaine (kunye okungundoqo kusebenzisa amanani amanani okuvota akwindawo ephezulu).
  • Amathuba aphezulu- amabini okanye angangeni-mthetho: Bonke abatsha abatsha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaliphi iqela, bavela kumntu omnye oyintloko ovotayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana olona vote luninzi kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Isetyenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, naseNebraska (kwieofisi ezingezozo eziphakathi). Le nkqubo ikhuthaza abaqhubi abaqhubi abakwimi bamazwe ahlukeneyo ngokunyanzela ukuba bakhuphisane imida yeqela.

ICaucuuses v. Primeries

Umahluko owahlukileyo yicaucus, esetyenziswa kwimimandla embalwa (inkoliso yemiba yomongameli). I-Caucuses ziintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni apho amalungu eqela aphikisana khona kwaye emva koko avote ngokuma ngamaqela okanye ngokuvota. I-Caucuse ifuna ixesha elikhulu lokuzibophelela kwaye inokuba nenxaxheba esezantsi. Iowa ne Nevada isebenzisa ii-caucuuses kwi-pritaners, nangona amazwe amaninzi etshintshelwe kwi-printaries ngenxa yemibandela yokufumaneka. [[FLT: 0] FEC inika ukhokelo kwimibango .]

Ukubaluleka Kweencwadi

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Banika amalungu akwisigaba kunye nefayile yelizwi elingqalileyo kukhetho oluphambili, behlisa amandla eqela lababalulekileyo. Bakwabonisa ukusebenziseka kwabameleyo, ukuqokelela, kunye nezithuba zenkqubo phambi kokhetho jikelele. Noko ke, ama-primenti angafaka abangenisi kwimibango ephambili kwiqela labo (ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba "basevhoti"), ekhokelela kwiindibaniso ezithe tyaba. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba ngu "primiliating," ingatyhala abavoti-ma ngokubheke phambili kwisixhobo sokuvota. Ukunyuka kwemiba-profile ephezulu kudla ngokuphezulu ukubhenela kwiqela (umz., ngokuchasene namalungu endluni amaqela amaqela akutshanje) impembelelo ye-primetics.

Utshintsho Olubalaseleyo Lwenkqubo

Ezinye imigaqo ziye zazama ezinye iimodeli ezingundoqo zokunciphisa ukwenziwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo esukleleyo. Umzekelo, i-Alaska yamkela inkqubo ephambili-4 kunyaka wama-2020, idityaniswe novoti olunophawu oluphezulu kunyulo jikelele. I-Maine isebenzisa ukuvota okucebelwe ngokwezigaba kunyulo lwayo lokuqala (kwimeko kunye nee-ofisi zombutho) kunye nonyulo jikelele. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekukhuthazeni ukubhena okuphezulu kwe-"spoilers, kwaye lunciphise impembelelo ye-" iSCritive ihlalunge iiziphumo ze-Pries eziphezulu zonyuso zi-2-FLT .

UKhetho oluSigxina

Unyulo olukhethekileyo lulunyulo olukhethekileyo olungamiselwanga olubizwa ukuba luzalise isithuba esisenzeka phakathi konyulo oluthe rhoqo olucwangcisiweyo. Luvela xa unyulo olusemthethweni olunyuliweyo, lufa, lususwa eofisini (uqeqesho okanye unyulo), okanye lumiselwe kwenye indawo. Unyulo olukhethekileyo luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka komelo kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho nee-ofisi ezilawulayo. Lusetyenziswa kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente //urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo

  • Unyulo olungaxelwanga: olungafaniyo nonyulo jikelele nolungundoqo olubakho kumjikelo omisiweyo, unyulo olukhethekileyo lubangelwa ziziganeko ezithile. Lungacwangciswa ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane (ngokufuthi 80-120 iintsuku ukusuka kwindawo yokucela) okanye luqiniswe ngonyulo olulandelayo olucwangcisiweyo rhoqo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Lower Voter Turnout: Kuba aziyonxalenye yomjikelo wonyulo oluqhelekileyo kwaye zisoloko zifumana unikezelo oluncinane lwe-media, unyulo olukhethekileyo lubona unyuko olusezantsi kakhulu kunokhetho ngokubanzi. Amaqondo ojiko angehla ngaphantsi kwe 20% kwezinye iintlanga, enza unyulo lube luncinci kwaye lungamele ummeli omncinane.
  • I-Unique Candidate Pools: Unyulo oluninzi olukhethekileyo lusebenzisa i "jingle sitafile" ifomati apho bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuwo onke amaqela bakhuphisana kwibhola enye. Ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi, umphunga ubanjwa. Oku kungavelisa iziphumo ezingacacanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izihlalo ezinqamlezayo ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye, ingakumbi kwimijaho esezantsi.

Iinkqubo zoKhetho olukhethekileyo nge-Ofisi

U.S. Indlu yabameli: Imali igcwaliswa ngonyulo olukhethekileyo, ngeGatya I, Icandelo 2 lomGaqo-siseko. Abalawuli belizwe banamandla okubiza unyulo kwaye bamisele umhla. Ngo-2023, unyulo olukhethekileyo lwabanjwa kwizihlalo ezichanekileyo ngabameli abarhoxa kwangoko (umz., Kevin McCarthy's trolinian).

Imithetho Yomthetho: Umgaqo-siseko wezwe omninzi ugunyazisa abalawuli ukuba bakhuphe iimvume zonyulo olukhethekileyo lokuzalisa iizithuba zikarhulumente zomthetho. Ngokuxhomekeke kurhulumente, irhuluneli ingamisela kwakhona indawo yexeshana de kube lunyulo. Ezi ntlanga zisoloko zifumana iziphumo xa iingcebiso ze-Vression zilingana negumbi elahlulwe ngokusondeleyo.

Ii-ofisi zengingqi: amabhunga eziXhosa, iibhodi zesikolo, iikhomishini zengingqi, nee-ofisi zephondo zisoloko zigcwaliswa ngonyulo olukhethekileyo. Ezinye imikhosi zimisela ukubuyiselwa de kunyulo olulandelayo kunokwenza unyulo olukhethekileyo.

Imizekelo Yembali Neyakutshanje

Unyulo olukhethekileyo luye lwavelisa iziphazamiso ezinkulu zezobupolitika. Ngo-2017, uDoug Jones (uDemocrat) waphumelela kunyulo olukhethekileyo e-Alabama kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi ye-U. Lo nyulo uRoy Moore kugqatso oluphawulwe yimpikiswano. Olo nyulo lwaphula iRiphablikian ekubambeni kweso sihlalo. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2010, uScott Brown (Republican) waphumelela kunyulo olukhethekileyo lweMassachusetts Complete (urage) ukuze aphumelele u-Ted Kennedy, ekhulula umlinganiselo wamandla eKhont. Olu khetho lusoloko lusebenza njengeekhenketho lwesizwe lwemizwano yezobupolitika.

Unyulo olukhethekileyo lwenzeka nakumlinganiselo wokuvumela amaqhina okanye ulungiso lwemithetho-siseko, olusoloko lucwangciselwe olona suku lulungele ulawulo. Bipartisan Policy Center inika isishwankathelo esiluncedo samakhankasi akhethekileyo onyulo.

Ukwahluka kwiNjenganiso

Umahluko ocacileyo kukungabikho kocwangciso oluqhelekileyo. Ngelixesha unyulo jikelele luzinziswe ngomthetho kunye nonyulo oluqhelekileyo lubotshelelwe kolo cwangciso, unyulo olukhethekileyo luchaphazeleka. Zikwabandakanya ikhalenda yephulo elicinezelweyo, enokungalinyanzelisi ixesha elide ngaphandle kwesiseko esikhoyo. Ukongeza, khumbula unyulo(uhlobo olukhethekileyo) lokukhetha / vumela abavoti ukuba basuse unyulo olukhoyo phambi kokuphela kwexesha labo. Iinkqubo zokukhumbula ezohlukeneyo ngurhulumente; khumbula unyulo lwabaphathi belizwe luvumelekile kumazwe angama-20 (umz., 201 California gibernacator Livation seng).

Ithelekisa Iintlobo zoKhetho: Isikhokelo esikhawulezayo

Ukuze kuqukwe umahluko phakathi konyulo oluqhelekileyo, oluyintloko nolukhethekileyo, qwalasela le milinganiso ingundoqo:

  • Unyulo ngokubanzi: lucwangciselwe ixesha lonyulo olusisigxina; unyulo oluphambili lubandulela kwikhalenda; unyulo olukhethekileyo alumiselwanga.
  • Unyulo oluqhelekileyo luvulelwe bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo. Ii-crime zingamisela inxaxheba esekelwe kubhaliso lweqela (luvaliwe, luvuliwe, njalo njalo). Unyulo olukhethekileyo luvulekele bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo kulawulo oluchaphazelekileyo.
  • [[FULT:0]Purpose: jikelele unyulo luzalisa ii-ofisi. Ii-Primeries zikhetha iqela nominees. Iizithuba ezikhethekileyo zokugcwalisa okanye ukugqiba amanyathelo athile okuchola.
  • Imilinganiselo yokujika-jika: unyulo ngokubanzi lunethuba eliphezulu; ama-primering abona unyuko oluphakathi (onke ama-20-30% abavoti ababhalisiweyo kwi-presial Primetics); unyulo olukhethekileyo lunethuba eliphantsi eli-10-25%).
  • Impatho yePhondo: jikelele imisela ukuba ngubani olawulayo. Ii-crimes zibumba ukhetho olukhoyo kunyulo ngokubanzi kwaye zingaphembelela indlela yeqela. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lungaguqula ulawulo lwe-vation ngokungazelelenga lunikezele iimpawu zemvo yovolo.

Ukuqonda le mahluko kunceda abavoti nabahlalutyi bachaze iziphumo zonyulo kwaye balindele ukuziphatha kwamagosa anyuliweyo. Umzekelo, umvotelwa onyulwe kwintloko esezantsi angalawula ngokwahlukileyo kunolowo kufuneka abhenele kunyulo-wonke. Ngokufanayo, unyulo olukhethekileyo olubanjwe kwindawo ephantsi yokujika lungavelisi iziphumo ezingabonisi ihempela yesithili.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngaphaya kohlobo lokhetho

Kutheni umvoti ehluka kakhulu ngolo hlobo kwiindidi zonyulo? Izinto eziliqela ziyadlala:

  • Iindleko zolwazi: iintlawulo kunye nonyulo olukhethekileyo lufumana intlawulo encinci ye-amajelo eendaba, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kubavoti ukufunda ngabathathi-nxaxheba kunye neembambano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubaluleka okucetyiweyo: Izandi zisoloko zijonga unyulo ngokubanzi njengeziphumo eziphambili zeziphumo zenkqubo, ngelixesha amaprime abonakala engabalulekanga kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba ugqatso lukhuphiswano olukhulu.
  • Iziphumo zobhaliso: Iziphumo ezivaliweyo ezivaliweyo zikhulula abavoti abazimeleyo, abasenokungaboni nabani na umvotelwa abanokumxhasa, benciphisa intshukumisa yabo yokuvota.
  • Unyulo olukhethekileyo lusoloko lwenzeka kwimihla engaqhelekanga okanye ngokwahlukeneyo kunyulo oluthe rhoqo, olufuna umgudu othe chatha wokuvota.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Campaignssss (ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi: Ugqatso olunenkcazo ephezulu lubona unyuso oluphezulu. Unyulo olukhethekileyo olunengqalelo yesizwe (njengendawo yeCansula ephezulu) lungatsala intelekelelo ephawulekayo ngaphandle kwemali yengingqi, ukunyusa ukubhadula kwasekuhlaleni.

Imigudu yokwandisa ukurhoxa iquka ukudibanisa unyulo olukhethekileyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo xa kunokwenzeka, ukuzalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni. INgqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho weSizwe iquka uqheliselo olungcono kubaphathi bonyulo[[FLT: 1].

Isiphelo

Jikelele, isalathisi esiphambili, nesikhethekileyo lunyulo oluqinisekisa ukuba ziqhubeka xa iimfemfa ezingalindelekanga. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithetho eyahlukileyo malunga nexesha, ukuvota okungagqibekiyo, kunye nokujika imilinganiselo emininzi yokukhetha abagcini-ofisi kunye nokulungisa inkqubo kawonke wonke; unyulo oluphambili luvumela amaqela ukuba akhethe amaqela ukuba akhethe amanqanaba akwimeko ezisezantsi; kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba iziganeko ezingalindelekanga zenzeka. Udidi ngalunye lunemithetho eyahlukileyo malunga nexesha lokuvota, kunye nokujika imilinganiselo yokurhoxakeka, kwaye ngalinye liphumeza indima ekhethekileyo kwimpilo yenkqubo yezobupolitika. Abafundisi kunye nabafundi, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko ekuhlalutyelweni kweziphumo zonyulo, ukuchaza ukuziphatha okungalindelekanga, nokuzimo lwezopolitiko. Njengoko unyulo-okhiwodwa luqhubeka ukuguqula indawo esuntluliweyo, kunye nolungiso olukhethekileyo lwemeko lwemeko olukhethekileyo lwemeko olukhoyo.