Ukuqonda Ukucetyiswa Kwendlela Yokunxiba

Ukungagunyaziswa komgaqo-siseko yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko elungiselelwe ukuba igcine abalawuli abaphezulu belizwe benoxanduva lokuziphatha okubi okunzulu. Ngokungafaniyo nokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho elawulayo kwesizwe, okulandela inkqubo efanayo edweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, urhulumente ngamnye umisela imithetho yakhe ngaphakathi kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko wakhe kunye nomthetho womthetho-siseko. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo ibangela ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo eninzi yemigaqo kunye nemigangatho ebonakalisa izithethe esemthethweni nezithethe zezobupolitika ezihlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseUnited States. I-Impteachtenting sisebenza nje kuphela njengomlinganiselo wesikali kodwa njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwisikhundla sokulawula, ukulondoloza ukuthembeka kwesikhundla sikawonke-wonke nokuqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bahlale bethembekile kwizifungo zabo. Abafundi, izifundiswa zezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abaqeqeqeqe ezi nkqubo bezomthetho, abalawulwa yinkqubo yokulawula indlela ekufuneka ngayo.

Isiseko esisemthethweni sokuNcediswa kweNkxaso

Isiseko esisemthethweni sokugunyazisa irhuluneli phantse isoloko ifumaneka kumgaqo-siseko wezwe. La maxwebhu abeka isiseko sokususwa, amaqela anikwe amandla okuqalisa nokugqiba ityala, kunye namanyathelo okuququzelela afunekayo ukuze aphumeze imiyalelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenza indima engundoqo: indlu esezantsi evotayo (ukuya kumacala), kwaye imo yesente yenzelenzelo nokugqiba ukuba ngaba ngaba ngaba ngaba ngabaphulekisi. Noko ke, ithetha ukuba, iphambukile kulo mzekelo, [[FL:] [FLT] [FF:]] [FLT] [FFLT:] [FFL:] [1] [1] [5] [effect: 1] inkundla ekhethekileyo yenkundla, apho emva kwetyala, apho kusetyenziswa khona inkundla yenkundla yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho womthetho-siseko sesizwe, apho kusetyenziswa khona ityala.[Foctalgalelo, apho kusetyenziswa khona iNT]

Umgaqo-siseko wezwe ufuna ivoti enkulu kakhulu, kodwa i-senate, ibonakalisa ukunyanzelisa umqobo we-ove. Noko ke, iimfuno ezizodwa ziyahluka. [, i-Texas, uninzi oluqhelekileyo eMzini lungarhoxi, kodwa i-sentete ifuna ivoti ezimbini-ntathu zamalungu akhoyo ukulwa. [kukukukukubonelelwa okuthe ngqo], umgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa ukuba ubuncinane kwisibini semtshayezo ezinyulu kufuneka zivote ukuva. Oku kungachaphazela kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwemeko. [FFFFF], umgaqo othe ngqo, u-FFFFotain.[5]

IziGqebo zeMithetho kunye neNkcazelo yeMithetho

Ngaphezu kombhalo womGaqo-siseko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo yokuba amalungu ezinto angayifaki kwinkcukacha, njengemithetho yokuthatha ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina nokuphatha izibheno. Iinkundla zikwadlala indima ekutolikeni la malungiselelo. Umzekelo, kwiRhulumenta's Iquaration's[ (ityala elithe thatyathwayo eliqwalaselweyo elikwimiqathango ethile), inkundla ephakamileyo isenokuvavanyanisa enoba imigaqo-mthetho ilandela inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye enoba isiseko singukuziphatha okungachananga. Amanye amaphondo avumela ukuhlolisingeyo ngokucacileyo inkqubo yokungaquququzeli kwezo zezopolitiko ukuba ingangeni kungeneleleki. Oku kubandakanya okusemthethweni phakathi komthetho, imithetho yezomthetho, imithetho yezomthetho, kunye nokulawula imekobume yezomthetho elungeleneyo.

Isiseko Solawulo

Ihambo ekhethekileyo enokukhokelela kwigabernalial componentments yahluka-hlukene kakhulu ngokwemeko, kodwa izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka ezindidi zilandelayo:

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nemposiso: Eli gama libanzi, elibolekiweyo kumthetho worhulumente, ligqubuthela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo, ukungcatsha kobugxwayiba, kunye namanye amatyala amakhulu. Akufuni mfuneko yokwaphulwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho; ukuziphatha okubi njengokunganyaniseki, ukuqhatha, okanye ukungahoyi ngabom imisebenzi yesiseko somthetho kusoloko kufanelekile. Umzekelo, ukungaquki kwemithetho ye- Governor Rod Blagojech ka-Illinois kuxhomekeke kwizityholo zokuba azame ukuthengisa isihlalo se-U.S.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-'FLT'. kudweliswe ngokuphandle kumgaqo-siseko wezwe, ukunganyaniseki kubandakanya ukunyoba, ukurhwebela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla ukuze kuzuziwe. Amanye amazwe aphatha urhwaphilizo njengendawo eyahlukileyo, ngelinye ixesha amanye acuthe phantsi "ko oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki." Arizora[, ukungangeneli kweRhuluneli uEvant Mecham], kwangonyaka we- 1988 kusekelwe kwimibango engomnye ekwakhe ityala engalunganga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungaqiniseki komsebenzi: Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-ofisi kungafuneka. Oku kungaquka ukushiya imisebenzi ye-ofisi, ukwala ukunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, okanye ukungafezeki okugqithisileyo. Oklama, iGunya uJohn C. Walton wangatyunjelwa ngo1923, phakathi kwezinye izityholo, ukutyeshela umsebenzi wakhe ukugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko lwabemi ngexesha logonyamelo lobuhlanga.
  • Ukuququzelelwa kwamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko: Umgaqo-siseko wombuso omninzi ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukwaphula umgaqo-siseko wezwe yityala elingenakukhutshelwa. Oku kungaquka igunya elingaphezulu kakhulu, ukungahoyi imithetho yowiso-mthetho, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokumiselwa komgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo obalulekileyo kukungagqibeki kwe Governor William W. Randen of North Carolina , eyacaphula ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ngaphandle kwegunya elifanelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isebe lolawulo okanye ezinye izizathu: Amaqela ambalwa, anjenge Pennsylvania kunye ne---Alaska[, aquka amacandelo afana "icandelo lenkonzo" (okanye ulawulo lwempahla) okanye "olunye umphako" njengobambisa wonke amalungiselelo. La mabinzana abanzi anika imigaqo-endlu zocamelo ezibhetyeko kodwa aphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezobupolitika. Abanye abaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ukuba iinjongo ezinjalo ezingacacanga zivumele ukusetyenziswa kwezizathu ezilula, nto leyo ifuna unxulumano olucacileyo ekusebenziseni amandla anzulu.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umgangatho wobungqina obusetyenziswa ngexesha letyala uyahluka. Amanye amazwe afuna ubungqina obungaphaya kokuthandatyuzwa okusengqiqweni (umgangatho wesaphuli-mthetho), ngoxa amanye esebenzisa ubungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiselayo okanye kwanobungqina obubujongileyo. Uxanduva lobungqina ludla ngokuba kubaphathi (abameli beNdlu abamangalelayo) ukubonisa ukuba irhuluneli yenza amatyala atyholwayo.

Isenzo Sokucetyiswa

Nangona ukulandelelana okuchanileyo kwamanyathelo kwahlukile kwiimeko ezithile, inkqubo jikelele yokungagqibeleli ilandela umlinganiselo ofana nowolawulo lwamaqumrhu:

  1. Uphando: Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala ngophendlo okanye isikhalazo esisesikweni. Kwamanye amazwe, nawuphi na ummisi-mthetho angazisa isigqibo sokungabhangi; kwamanye, ukhomishini eyodwa okanye igqwetha jikelele lingaqalisa uphando. Umzekelo, , TEXAS, iNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli ingaqalisa uphando ngekomiti yayo ekungaququki.
  2. Ikomiti yemithetho,. Ngokufuthi ikomiti yejaji (ii-gcumentary projekti) iphengulula, iqokelela ubungqina, igcine nokuva. Ikomiti ingaba ngamangqina amapopu namaxwebhu. Irhuluneli etyholweyo inelungelo lokumelwe sisiluleko nokuphendula. Ikomiti icebisa ukuba ingaqhubeka na ngamanqaku okungaquququzeli.
  3. ukuvota okusemthethweni kwindlu esezantsi: Iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo (ngokuqhelekileyo indlu esezantsi) iingxoxo kunye namavoti kwinqaku ngalinye lokungakhuphi. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo luye lufuneke ukuvuma inqaku ngalinye. Ukuba naliphi na inqaku lidlula, irhuluneli iyapheliswa ngokusemthethweni, intsingiselo ibekwa ityala kodwa ayisuswanga. Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli ingamiswa kwityala elikwi-ofisi, ngoxa kusekho amanye ahlala eofisini.
  4. Ityala elikwisibonelelo (okanye inkundla ekhethekileyo): I-senate (okanye inkundla ekhethekileyo) ibamba ityala. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ijaji eyintloko yenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe iyalawula. Abaphathi bendlu banikela ubungqina kwaye babize amangqina, ngeli lixa iqela elisemthethweni linyusa ukhuseleko. Ityala lilandela imithetho yobungqina obufana nelokuqala, nangona umgangatho wenkundla ungowona mgaqo.
  5. Isiqinisekiso kunye nokususwa: Emva kwetyala, abaququzeleli basebenzisa ngabom kwaye bavote kwinqaku ngalinye. Unyulo olukhulu (olwaneleyo lwamalungu amabini-sithathu akhoyo okanye anyuliweyo) luyafuneka ukuvalelwa. Ukuba ibanjwa nakweliphi na inqaku, irhuluneli isuswa ngoko nangoko eofisini. Amanye amazwe avumela ityala ukuba lingamfaneleki umlawuli ekubambeni isikhundla sexesha elizayo.

Umahluko EMazweni

Kukho umahluko omkhulu. eNew York , emva kweNdibano, ityala liya kwiNkundla yetyala le-Impeach, equka abaququzeleli bephondo kunye nabagwebi abasuka kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York, iApplette Division. Eli qumrhu linika uphawu olungakumbi lokugweba. [[FLT:] UNEbraska, i-Univalvalti yetyala libamba ivoti yomvoti netyala, kunye nento efunekayo enyanzelweni elungileyo. [NT]

Imilinganiselo yexesha iyahluka. Umzekelo, izi-Illinois zifuna indlu ukuba ivote ngokungagunyaziswayo ngeentsuku ezingama-30 emva kokuba ikomiti incomela, iqinisekisa intshukumo ekhawulezileyo. Amanye amaphondo akanayo ixesha elinjalo, elinokukhokelela kumdlalo wezopolitiko owenziwe ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha zingundoqo ziyingozi kubalawuli abacebisi bemithetho okanye abalawuli bemithetho.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokomthetho Nemilinganiselo

Ukungaquki kwemithetho yesiseko esilawula igabernacatorriariating iquka izinto ezibalulekileyo zokukhusela ummangalelwa kunye nezithintelo kwinkqubo yokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa sisixhobo sokuphendula, asisiso isixhobo sokuziphendulela ngokubuyisa ityala.

  • Ekunene kwityala elilungileyo kunye nomelo olusemthethweni: abalawuli abatyholweyo banelungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokumelwe licebiso lomthetho, ukunikela ubungqina, nokunqumla-atamine. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo la malungelo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko unika ukuba irhuluneli inelungelo lokuvela, ikhusela, kwaye ivalwe ngesiluleko ngexesha lokuvavanywa. Olu khuseleko lungundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kulungile.
  • Iinkcazelo ezicacileyo zezenzo ezingangeniyo: Ezininzi zifuna ukuba izizathu zokungagqibeki zichazwe ngokucacileyo kumgaqo-siseko wabo. I-Pue okanye ulwimi olubanzi kakhulu lungamema ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezopolitiko, ngoko ke zichaza njenge [ iCalinia ikhiwe ngokwemigangatho engqongqo, ifuna ukuba amatyala abe "amandla" kwaye "anxulumene ngokucacileyo nesikhundla" uhlolo oluthelweyo. I-jajingth-jiyo kumazwe athile ithelise le milinganiselo, iqinisekisa ukuba yimpatho engalunganga.
  • Imithetho echazayo yokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa: Amazwe amisela imithetho elandelayo enjengeyokuba nemfuno ezinkulu zokuvota, imigaqo edityanisiweyo ecacileyo, kunye nemithetho ethintelayo kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini (intengiso yehambo efanayo emva kokungavunyelwa). [[FLT:]] New Jersey[[FLT:] [[FLT]]], umgaqo- siseko ufuna ukuvumelana kweemfuno ezimbini-iyunithi ze-3, imfuno-3 ze-iyunithi yawo onke amalungu e-sentene yoluvolo, hayi nje leyo ekhoyo. Ezinye zithi, njenga[[FLT] [FLT:] [FFF]], ufuna ukuba inkqubo yokungalungisiyo ilungiswe kuphela ngexesha lesethi, inqandaxa lokunqanda ezinye iinjongo ezibizwa njengeenze ngexesha lovavanyo.
  • Ukungagqibeki kohlolo lwezomthetho: Kumazwe amancinci, iinkundla zingahlola inkqubo yokwamkelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ithotyelwe kwimfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, Kansas[, inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe ibambelele ukuba ingayihlola ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ilandela inkqubo efanelekileyo, nangona ingayi kuphinda ihlole iiziphumo ezizizo zenyani ze-senate. Olu lawulo lolwalathiso ludibanisa umaleko owongezelelweyo wokukhusela nxamnye nomthetho owe-Gciso.
  • Ukunyanzeliswa kwesohlwayo: ukugwetywa kwetyala kuphumela kuphela ekususweni eofisini nasekususweni okunokwenzeka kwisikhundla sexesha elizayo; akukwaleli ukumangalelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngehambo efanayo. Oku kwahlulwa koxanduva lwezopolitiko kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho luzizo ezona ziphambili kwinkqubo. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo achaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ukungaququzeli akuyo imfikeli yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ithetha ukuba irhuluneli kamva izakujamelana netyala enkundleni ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukungathobeli kuhlala kuyinkqubo ephezulu yezobupolitika apho ukunyaniseka kweqela kusoloko kuphembelela ukuvota. Umnyango ophakamileyo wokuqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa okuphezulu `````````'''''''''''''' ngokokuqinisekisa ukuba i-bipartarianshian' iyimfuneko ukususwa, nto leyo enokuthi ikhusele iirhuluneli ekungathobelini okungeyo into elula kodwa yenza kube nzima ukususa kwanabaphathi abanotyala abacacileyo ukuba iqela labo lilawula i-sentene.

IiNkcukacha eziBonakalayo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala embali kukhanyisa indlela isiseko somthetho esisebenza ngayo kwiimeko zeli hlabathi lokwenene zobupolitika. Iimeko ezininzi zelifa lemveli zibonakala:

  • Evan Mecham (Arizona, 1988): [[FLT mecham] IRhuluneli Mecham yaphenjelelwa yiArizona House ngenxa yokuthintela okusesikweni nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kawonke-wonke, kwaye kamva yabanjwa yiBhunga leNtlanga. Ukususwa kwakhe kwagxininisa ukubaluleka kwemali yezemali yezephulo kunye nehambo entle, kwaye kwamisela umzekelo kumaphondo aseNtshona. Ingxelo yangaphandle ikhona kwimbali ye- Arizoragaslature equlurty yomlomo karhulumente.[
  • [[NTLT: 0] I-Rod Blagojevich (Illinois, 2009): Blagojevich yayalelwa yaza yabanjwa ngamxhelo mnye yiBhileti ye-Illinois yezobuqhophololo, kuquka ukuzama ukuthengisa uMlawuli-Mongameli uBarack Obama's Camp Camp Camp Compive's. Ityala libonisa indlela uphando lwezamiso lwezaphuli-mthetho lwamagebenga olungahambelana ngayo nemithetho echaphazamisileyo, kwaye lanyanzela urhulumente ukuba asungule ngokukhawuleza imithetho yabo yokungatyiki. Illinois I-Illinois Ithentiation Act inika i-mthetho ye-mthetho yemeko ezinjalo.
  • uJohn C. Walton (Oklama, 1923): Enye yezona zizathu zolawulo lokuqala, uWalton wasuswa ngenxa yokungahoywa komsebenzi nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla emva kokuba evakalise umthetho wemfazwe ngokuchasene nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ityala lakhe lavavanya imida yegunya elilawulayo kunye nendima yenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe kwimicimbi yomthetho.
  • Japiam W. Raden (Nyakatho Carolina, 1871): Ibamba lokuqala kwimbali yeU.S. laliza kutyunjwa lisuswe kwisikhundla. Inkcazo yakhe isekelwe ekusebenziseni kwakhe umkhosi nxamnye neKu Klux Klan ngaphandle kwemvume elungileyo yemithetho. Umzekelo ngumqondiso kwimbali yolwalamano nolawulo lombuso kunye nokuphendula kolawulo.

La matyala abonisa indlela ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni oluzihambela ngayo kwiimeko ezithile, kwaye asebenza njengeintsomi ezilumkisayo kubalawuli nakwiindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokufanayo. Akwagxininisa ukuba akukho zigqibo zimbini ezifanayo; umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye kunye nemozulu yezobupolitika zibumba iziphumo.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwesicwangciso somthetho ezilawula ukuphengululwa kwetyala, abemi kunye noogxamezi-mthetho banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela oorhulumente abawuxhasa ngayo umthetho wezomthetho. Ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokuphendula kolawulo oluphezulu ngokukhuselwa ngamandla kwintshutshiso yezobupolitika. Ngokuqonda iziseko zokungagunyaziswa, amanyathelo okukhuthaza ukubekwa kwetyala, kunye nokukhuselwa okusemthethweni kwabemi kunye noorhulumente okungasayi kunakho ukuyiqonda kakuhle indlela oorhulumente abawuxhasa ngayo umthetho. Ngoxa inkqubo yesizwe ngasinye ingaqhelekanga, umsonto oqhelekileyo ulubophelelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba amabamba angcatshisa uluntu anokubekwa ityala. Njengoko ukubekwa kwemithetho eqeshwa kwezobupolitika kuqhubeka kusenziwa, ukusebenza okufanelekileyo kwemigaqo yokungaqululeki nokungaquququzelelwa kwe-demo-demo-moya nakulawula kumagosa abanyuliweyo.