Ukuqonda IiRiphabliki: Imvelaphi Nemigaqo Yekhori

Ingcamango yeriphabliki idlulela ngaphaya kwengcaciso elula yesichazi-magama. Embindini wayo, irepublic yinkqubo karhulumente apho ulawulo luhlala khona nabantu, abasebenzisa igunya labo ngoomeli abanyuliweyo. Eli gama ngokwalo lisuka kwisiLatini tratrasta[, ithetha "imicimbi kawonke-wonke" okanye "into kawonke-wonke" okanye "isiseko solawulo loluntu" le ngcamango yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke, hayi impahla yabucala yabalawuli . [i-] imela ukutshintshwa okunzulu kwemilawuli nolawulo olunempatho-mandla. Kwi-Riphabliki, akukho mntu unegunya elipheleleyo; endaweni yoko, lisasazwa kwaye limiwa ngummiselo wemithetho okanye ummiselo wemithetho.

Ngokwembali, irepublic iye yathatha iindlela ezininzi. IRiphabliki yeRoma (509-27 BCE) ihlala ingomnye wemizekelo yokuqala nenempembelelo, kunye nenkqubo yayo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano, ijaji enyuliweyo, kunye neequmrhu zabameli njengeBharthemati neendibano ezithandwayo. Kamva, amazwe akwisixeko anjengeVenice kunye neFlorence asebenza njengeeriphabliki ngexesha leMvukelo-Mveli. Ixesha langoku kwaqhambuka irejista yentla yentla yezomGwal-siseko eMelika naseFransi. Namhlanje, inkoliso yedemokhrasi isebenza njengohlobo oluthile lweRiphabliki kunye neendibano ezithandwayo.

Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba iriphabliki ayiyiyo idemokhrasi egqibeleleyo. Kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, abemi balapho bavota kuyo yonke inkqubo kunye nomthetho ngqo. KwiRiphabliki, abemi abanyuliweyo abaza kwenza izigqibo zabo. Esi sakhiwo somelo sivumela ulawulo olunempumelelo ngakumbi, ingakumbi kumazwe amakhulu nahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, iiriphabliki ziquka ukukhusela okusemthethweni amalungelo amancinane, ukuthintela u "Thwarhwan" onokuthi uvele ngqo kwidemokhrasi.

Imigaqo esisiseko yeriphabliki iquka ulawulo oluphambili, umthetho womthetho, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Amagosa agwetywayo athotyelwe yile migaqo, kwaye igunya lawo linyanzelwa ngumgaqo-siseko. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufeza umdla woluntu kunokuba ancede abo banegunya.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yamagosa Acetyisiweyo

Amagosa aqatshelweyo asebenza njengoqhagamshelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwesiqu kunye noomatshini borhulumente. Baphathiswe umsebenzi onzima wokuguqulela ukuthanda kunye neemfuno zabanyuli kumthetho nakwinkqubo. Iimbopheleleko zabo zijikelwe ngeendidi ezininzi kwaye zinwenwela ngaphaya kokuvota kwimali.

Ukwenza Umthetho Nokumiswa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Umsebenzi oyintloko wenkoliso yabamisi-mthetho abanyuliweyo `epalamente, kwingqungquthela, okanye kwibhunga lesixeko'ukuqulunqa, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho. Oku kubandakanya ukuphanda imibandela entsonkothileyo, ukudibana neengcaphephe kunye nokuxoxisana, nokukhupha iivoti ezinolwazi. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu imbambano ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo esebenza kuyo. Amagosa kufuneka alungelelanise imicimbi ekhuphisanayo ngoxa ehlala enyanisekile kwimigaqo yawo neemfuno zabo.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Amagosa aqatshelweyo akwasebenza njengeenja ezigade isebe eliphetheyo kunye namasebe karhulumente. Ngokuva, ngokuphanda, ngokuhlola uqingqo-mali, nangokulawula kwemali, aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuthembeka kwaye imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo. Lo msebenzi wokongamela ubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukonakala, ukulahlwa, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Abameli kulindeleke ukuba bagcine imigca evulekileyo yonxibelelwano nabantu ababanyulileyo. Oku kuquka ukubamba iiholo zedolophu, ukuphendula kwiileta nee-imeyili, ukunceda abantu abasebenzisa isebe loburhulumente (umz., ukucombulula imicimbi ngengenelo, iipasis, okanye iimvume zokungena), nokungeneka kumaqela asekuhlaleni. Ukuthembisana ngokusondelelana kungubomi beriphabliki esempilweni."Igcina amagosa enziwe kwimpembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi kwizigqibo zawo.

Izabelo zomGaqo-siseko

Ngapha koko kulawulwa imihla ngemihla, amagosa anyuliweyo anembopheleleko enzulu yokuphakamisa umgaqo-siseko. Afunga ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ukukhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni, nokungagqithi imida yegunya lawo. Kwimeko ezithiwa zekwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, kusenokuba ngumsebenzi wabameli abanyuliweyo ukusungula imicimbi okanye ezinye iindlela zomthetho zokunyanga.

Umelo nombuzo: IiNtsika eziDial

Umelo noxanduva ziintsika ezimbini apho iriphabliki ihlala khona. Ngaphandle kokumela ngokwenyaniso, urhulumente akasayi kuba "wabantu". Ngaphandle kokuphendula, abameli bangaqhawulwa okanye bazifunele ngokwabo.

Indlela Okufuziselwa Ngayo

Umelo asiyongcamango enye-yomlinganiselo-yonke. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zichonga iimodeli eziliqela. kwimodeli edityanisiweyo , abameli basebenza njengabameli abangqalileyo bemibutho yabo, abavote kanye njengoko isithili sabo sifuna, nokuba bona ngokwabo abachaniyo. imodeli yokholo , abameli basebenzisa ugwebo nobuchule babo, abakholelwa ukuba ivotivezi babenza izigqibo ezingcono. Amagosa aphambili asebenza kwifashoni e-idroji, alinganisa igalelo olunentsingiselo engcono lolwazi oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kolawulo lwendalo, abameli abamele izilangazelelomatilo, abasebenzi abangoonobuzwe, okanye amaqela amaqela amaqela eendidia amaqela eendidia.

Ukusetyenziswa Koomatshini Abanetyala

Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, olukhululekileyo nolungenabunono luyindlela engundoqo yokuziphendulela. Abavoter bangavuza okanye bohlwaye abameli ngokusekelwe kwisenzo sabo. Noko ke, ukuphendula kukwaquka ukunikela ingxelo ecacileyo, imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, inkululeko yolwazi, kunye nohlahlo oluzimeleyo oluhlolisisa izenzo zamagosa. Ukuphengulula okanye ukukhumbula unyulo lunika iingqikelelo ezongezelelekileyo kwihambo engafanelekanga egqithisileyo.

Ukuphendula kuthe kratya kwixesha langoku. Iimeko ezifana nokulawula kwe-crack, impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, nokunyuka kwemimandla ekhuselekileyo kungawenza buthathaka uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo lokhetho. Xa ummeli eqinisekiswe ngokuqinisekisiweyo, intshukumisa yokusabela kukhetho olubanzi lungancipha. Oku kungenxa yokokuba isakhiwo sotshintsho esijoliswe ekukhuphisweni nasekubonakaleni sichanabeke ekulondolozeni inkqubo ephilileyo yeriphabliki.

Ukubaluleka Kokhetho ERiphabliki

Unyulo luyindlela abemi abavumela okanye barhoxe ngayo ekuvumeni ukulawulwa. Asiyoziganeko zolawulo kuphela kodwa zizithethe zokuhlaziywa kwedemokhrasi. Inkqubo esebenzayo kakuhle yenza okungaphezulu kunabaphumeleleyo; iyawuvumela wonke umyalelo wezobupolitika.

Ukhuphiswano Olukhululekileyo Olufanelekileyo

Ukuze unyulo luphumeze indima yabo, kufuneka banikeze ukhuphiswano lokwenene. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mqobo uthintela abafanelekeleyo ekusebenzeni, akukho mithetho ejikeleleni ibala lokudlala kwityala, kwaye akukho kunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo okuvota. Ukuthembeka komdla (ukuvavanya ukuba amavoti abhalelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye inkqubo ikhuselekile ekufunyanisweni/is ephambili. Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe igxininisa ukuba unyulo kufuneka lube ngamaxesha athile, luququle, luqhutywe ngomrhu.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokuphinda

Ukufaneleka kwerepublic kuyanyuswa xa icandelo elibanzi labemi lithatha inxaxheba. Ukuvota okusezantsi kungabonisa ukunganeliseki okanye imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuthabatha inxaxheba okuphezulu kudla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezithe chatha zomelo. Ii-republic zanamhlanje zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza ukuvota, kuquka ii-posi ezingaphakathi, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, kunye (kumanye amazwe) ukuvota okunyanzelisayo. Ukukhusela ilungelo lokuvota bonke abemi abafanelekileyo, abangenamdla, okanye abakhubazekileyo, kuhlala kungumngeni oqhubekayo kwi-Riphabliki ezininzi.

Inkqubo zoomatshini nempembelelo yabo

Imithetho engqalileyo yonyulo engqinelaniswe ngokunzulu. Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo:

  • Eyokuqala-phambili-umboniso (ukhetho lobubanzi): Le nkqubo isoloko ikhokelela kulawulo lwamaqela amabini kwaye ingenza iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga apho iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi ngevoti eninzi.
  • Ipropati yomelo (PR): Iqhelekile kwimimandla emininzi yaseYurophu, iPR inikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwisabelo sovoti abafunyanwa liqela ngalinye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho eziziinxenye ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abasebenzisanayo.
  • I-mathematika--medial (MMP): idibanisa imimandla enamalungu elinye kunye nezintlu zolungelelwaniso, njengoko zibonwa eJamani nase New Zealand, ukulinganisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni nolungelelwaniso jikelele.
  • Ukuvota okunechokoced (RCV): Kwaziwa njengovota okukhawulezileyo okuphuma kwi-RCV kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abaqeqeshiweyo. Kuphelisa imfuneko yonyulo olwahlukileyo kwaye kungakhuthaza iphulo elisekelwe kwisivumelwano.

Inkqubo nganye inee-asethi ezinxulumene nomelo, uzinzo, nokusesikweni. Indlela ekhethwe ngayo i-Riphabliki ingamisela ukuba injani na ukubanceda abemi bayo.

Iintlobo zokhetho kwiRiphabliki

Ulawulo lweRiphabliki lubandakanya imigangatho emininzi neentlobo zonyulo, nganye inenjongo eyahlukileyo.

Unyulo Lwesizwe: UMongameli noMgaqo-siseko

Unyulo lomongameli lukhetha intloko karhulumente norhulumente kwiriphabliki yomongameli. Kwiiriphabliki zepalamente (njengeJamani okanye iIndiya), intloko-mikhosi isenokuba ngumongameli onemisebenzi yesithethe, ngoxa umphathi-mikhosi engumphathi-mikhosi onyulwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Unyulo olugunyazisa unyulo luzalisa izihlalo kwipalamente yesizwe okanye kwingqungquthela, apho imithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kunye nomphathi-ofisi.

UKhetho lweQumrhu loMzantsi Afrika, uLuhlu

Iiriphabliki ezininzi zezorhulumente, amandla achazwayo ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye namaqumrhu ephondo (amaphondo, amaphondo, iLänder). Aba borhulumente bengingqi baneenkokeli nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinyuliweyo, basingatha imicimbi enjengemfundo, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kuhlaziywa kusondeza urhulumente kufutshane nabantu kwaye kuvumela ukuba kubekho iinguqu-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zemimandla phakathi kohlanga olumanyeneyo.

UKhetho lwangaphakathi

UMasipala kunye nonyulo lwephondo lumisela oomatiloshe, amabhunga esixeko, iibhodi zesikolo, nezinye ii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni. Ezi zinegalelo elithe ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla .

IiReferendem kunye nezinyathelo eziphambili

Ezinye iiriphabliki zivumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimithetho ethile okanye kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ngokusetyenziswa kwee-arhente (ebekwe kwi-collet yindlu yowiso-mthetho) okanye amanyathelo (ebekwe kwi-colot ngesicelo sabemi). Nangona ezi zizixhobo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo, zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-riphabliki ukwenza isigqibo songezelelelo. Imizekelo eyaziwayo iquka ii-arhententemu ezithensi ze-ibhusayithi ze-Switzerland kunye nee-colota ze-colot ye-California.

Ucelomngeni Lokumela Umfanekiso Onempumelelo

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo zeriphabliki, iingxaki ezisebenzisekayo zidla ngokukucel ’ ityala ukuma komntu oza kuvela.

Ukuzalana Kwamathambo Nemiphumo Yawo

Ukusebenzisana ngempazamo kwemida yesithili esikhethiweyo ukuxhasa iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile. Ngokukhetha inkcaso kwisithili esinye okanye "ukujija" kwisithili esinye, iidrowa zomda zingenza unyulo lungakhawulezi. Oku kunciphisa uxanduva kuba abameli kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo bajongene nesisongelo esincinane sokuphulukana nezihlalo zabo.

Izisombululo zePoteleal: iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokulungisa imimandla, njengazo zisetyenziswa kumaphondo amaninzi ase-US (umz., California, Arizona) nakumazwe afana neKhanada, zingazoba iimaphu ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yobundilele efana nokudibanisa nokuhlonela abantu abanomdla.

Ukucinezelwa Kwezinto Nezithintelo Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ukucinezelwa kwevota kubandakanya imithetho okanye izenzo ezenza kube nzima ngamaqela athile ukuba abhalise, avote, okanye abe namavoti awo. Oku kungaquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, icuthe iiyure zokuvota zangethuba, ukukhutshwa kweeroli, ukuvalwa kwendawo zokuvota kwimimandla ekufutshane, kunye nokupheliswa kwemithetho echaphazelekayo. Ezi meko zichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imimandla ephantsi kwaye zenza buthathaka umgaqo womelo olulinganayo.

Izisombululo zePoteleal: Ukuqinisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, ukwandisa kwangoko kunye nokuvota, ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababevalelwe ngaphambili, nokuqinisekisa iindawo zokuvota ezaneleyo ngamanyathelo asisiseko. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe anjenge i-OSCE i-ofisi yeDemocratic Institutions namalungelo abantu [ anika unyulo olufanelekileyo lokhetho olufanelekileyo.

Impembelelo Yemali Kwezobupolitika

Iphulo lifuna imali eninzi, kunyuswe inkxalabo yokuba izityebi okanye izilangazelelo zenkampani zinokuba nempembelelo ngokungafanelekanga kumagosa anyuliweyo. Xa abezobupolitika bechitha ixesha elininzi beqokelela imali, lingaphazamisa ekulawuleni. Ngaphezu koko, ingqiqo (okanye inyaniso) yeyokuthengisa ibangela abantu bathembane.

Izisombululo ze-Protial :[[FT:1] Inkxaso yephulo loluntu, iimfuno ezingqongqo zokwaphula, imida kwiminikelo ethile (ngokubhekiselele kwimithetho yomgaqo-siseko kwamanye amazwe), kwaye ukudalwa kweenkqubo ezihambelanayo ezincinci kunganciphisa ulawulo lwemali enkulu. Iintlangano ezifana i-Opensets[ imali yomkhondo kwipolitiko ukwandisa ukukhanya.

Ukwahlulwa kolwazi kunye nolwahlulo

Unyulo oluyiliweyo lubalulekile kwiriphabliki esebenza kakuhle. Kodwa ke, ukunyuka kwe-media yentlalo, amagumbi eentlokoma, namaphulo akhutshelwe phantsi kwengxelo karhulumente kukwenze kwaba nzima kubemi ukuqonda izibakala ezisuka kubuxoki. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingcaciso ezisusiweyo, iingcamango zeqhinga, nokuqhekeka kwezinto zokwenene, okwenza ukumela nokulalanisa kube nzima ngakumbi.

Izisombululo zePoteleal:[[[FT:1] Ukukhuthaza ukufundwa konobhala ezikolweni, ukuxhasa ukuxhasa ugcino-lwazi oluzimeleyo, ukumisa imithetho yokubonisana kwi-intanethi yezibhengezo zezobupolitika, nokufuna amaqonga okuchaza okanye ukususa iinkcazelo eziyingozi zizinto ezinokuthanani nolwazi oluqinisekileyo. Ingine yelizwe ikwanoxanduva lokufuna ulwazi oluqinisekileyo.

Ikamva LeeRiphabliki Kwihlabathi Elitshintshayo

IiRiphabliki azimi nje; kufuneka zitshintshe ngotshintsho lwentlalo nolobugcisa ukuze zihlale zinamandla kwaye zithenjwa. Ikamva liza kuba neenkqubela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi lwamanani

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wombini. Ii-intanethi zinganyusa ukuganana kwabemi ngokudibanisa, ngokunika ingcebiso ngoqingqo-mali, nangeeholo zedolophana. Ubugcisa bokuthintela imoto bunganika amathuba amatsha okuvota ngokukhuselekileyo. Kodwa, izisongelo ezifana nokuhlaselwa kwekhompyutha kwizinto zonyulo, iividiyo ezinzulu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-algorics kufuna ukhuseleko olomeleleyo. Ukugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo ye-riphabliki kwisizukulwana samanani kuya kuba lucelomngeni olukhulu.

Imfundo nentsebenziswano

Iriphabliki yomelele kanye njengoko abemi bayo bezimisele ukuyenza. Ukungaqiniseki ngolwazi lwamafama nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimigangatho emininzi emiselweyo kuyinto exhalabisayo. Ukuqinisa imfundo yezentlalo kwizikolo, ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zenkonzo yesizwe, nokukhuthaza isithethe samatsha - ntliziyo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwasekuhlaleni kunganceda ukuvuselela umoya weriphabliki. Abantu abaselula abamele bafundiswe nje kuphela indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kodwa isizathu sokuba oko kubaluleke.

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Lomhlaba Wonke

Imingeni emininzi yenkulungwane yama-21 .ukutshintsha kweminye imimandla, izifo ezimandundu, urhwebo, ukufuduka kwemida yesizwe. "iiRiphabliki ezisebenza ngokukhulayo phakathi kwesivumelwano nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe (umz., iEuropean Union, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo). Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokujongana nedemokhrasi: xa kwenziwa izigqibo ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, ngabahlali bangabeka abameli babo abanoxanduva? Ukulinganisa ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke kuxanduva oluqhubekayo.

Utshintsho Lokomeleza Umelo

Utshintsho olucetyiweyo kwiiriphabliki ezininzi luquka ukupheliswa kweElectoral College eUnited States (ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli unyulwa ngevoti ethandwayo), ukutshintshela kumelo lolwahlulo, ukunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ukuya kwi 16, kunye nokwamkela uvotelo oluneenjongo ezizizo. Nangona kungekho nanye kwezi ezi ziimbumbulu zesilivere, imela imigudu yokwenza ukumeleka okungakumbi konyuselo nokhuphiswano nolwandiswano.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli LikaRhulumente WeRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki azizinkqubo ezifezekileyo .=zingamanyala, zithanda ukulwa, kwaye ziphantsi korhwaphilizo nokungaphumeleli. Kodwa zisesona sakhiwo someleleyo sisungulweyo sokulungelelanisa inkululeko ngocwangco, ulawulo oluninzi olunamalungelo amancinane, kunye nokuphumelela kokuziphendulela. Ingcamango yokuba urhulumente ukholose ngabantu, ulawulwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo aphendula abantu, anamandla yaye ahlala elungile.

Impilo yeriphabliki ixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, ekuphandeni kwabemi bayo, nasekuthembekeni kwamaziko ayo. Amagosa angokwasemthethweni anokunganqandwa okanye angaphumeleli ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa inkqubo inika izixhobo zokulungisa /omatshini, ulawulo, kunye nomthetho. Ngokuqonda indlela abamele basebenze ngayo abameli bethu, baqonde iingxaki abajamelana nazo, kwaye bacingele kule nkqubo, singanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iRiphabliki zethu zihlala zisabela, zisesikweni, kwaye zinyamezela izizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, oovimba bophando abasuka kwimibutho enikezelwe kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, njengeInternational Institute for Democracy kunye neElectoral Uncedo kunye neZiko leJaji ye-