Ukusebenzisa unyulo kunye nonyulo kusembindini wolawulo-demokhrasi, kunika abemi inkqubo yokukhetha abameli babo kunye nobume benkqubo kawonke-wonke. Kodwa iindlela, imithetho, kunye nezithethe ezingqonge unyulo zahluka kakhulu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Amanye amazwe amisa ubuchule kunye nesantya, ngoxa amanye egxininisa ukuma kokulungelelanisa kunye nokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda oku kungakhanyisi nje kuphela amandla nobuthathaka benkqubo nganye kodwa kwakhona kugxininisa iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ezithi ulawulo-demokhrasi lujongene/ukusuka ekuchachengeni ubuchule bokuvota. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela amazwe ahlukeneyo asebenzisa ngayo ukhetho nokhetho, ukuqukuqela kwiinkqubo zolawulo, iingxaki eziqhubekayo, kunye neenkqubo ezivelayo.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zokujija

Indlela amavoti aguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo ibumba umhlaba welizwe. Inkqubo nganye ithwala urhwebo phakathi komelo, uzinzo, nokuziphendulela. Ngezantsi zizona nkqubo ziphambili zokuvota ezisetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke.

Udidi lweposi

FPTP, okanye uvotelo, luyindlela elula: umvoti ofumana olona khetho luninzi kumvuzo wesithili esinye. Usetyenziswa eUnited States, eKhanada, eUnited Kingdom, naseIndiya (kulo Lok Sabhah unyulo), i-FPTP idla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abanobuhlanga olunye kunye nokuphendula ngokucacileyo. Noko ke, isoloko ikhokelela ekulahleni ivoti kwaye ingenza iqela liphumelele uninzi lwezihlalo ngaphandle koninzi lwevoti eyaziwayo `ingozi''''.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yePR, izihlalo zowiso-mthetho zabelwa amaqela ngokulingana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ziquka uluhlu lweqela PR (esetyenziswe eSweden, eNetherlands, eMzantsi Afrika) kunye nolwahlulo oluxubeneyo (MMP, esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand). I-PR iqinisekisa ukuba uludwe olubanzi lwamazwi `iqela elincinane' elimele epalamente, kodwa lungakhokelela kurhulumente abanqongopheleyo abanokungaguquguquki okanye abacothayo ukuthatha inyathelo. Umzekelo, u Voters eSweden, ubona ukujika nokunelisa ulwaneliseko oluphezulu, kodwa umdibaniso othe krwelwandisa ukwakhiwa ngurhulumente. INetherlands, kunye nenkqubo yayo egqithisileyo, ifuna ukuvelisa iinyanga ezithile.

Rhoice Voing (RCV) / Runoff yangoku Voting

Ku-RCV, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, oyena mvoti uphantsi ukhutshwe kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda omnye umvotelwa afumane uninzi. I-Australia isebenzisa i-RCV kwindlu yayo esezantsi (iNdlu yabameli), kwaye ifumana igatya kwizixeko zase-US njengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis. RCV ikhuthaza ababhexeleli ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo kwaye inciphisa imfuneko yokusebenza kokhetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba idide abantu abavotiyo baze bave ive iziphumo ezingabonisi iimbono ezininzi kwezinye iimeko.

Inkqubo enee-Rund ezimbini (Rhuqa)

Isetyenziswa eFransi, eBrazil, kunye neenkqubo zomongameli ezininzi, inkqubo ejikelezayo ifuna umbhaptizi ukuba aphumelele uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala. Ukuba akukho mntu unaso, abancomi baphezulu baqhubekela kwisesibini jikelele. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ophumelele ekugqibeleni unenkxaso ebanzi, kodwa inokuba nexabiso elininzi kwaye ifuneke kakhulu, ingakumbi kumazwe amakhulu. Unyulo lomongameli waseFransi, umzekelo, bona ukujika komjikelezo wesibini.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa iziqalelo ze-PR ne-FPP. Inkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani inika abavoti ivoti ezimbini: enye yevoti (FPTP) kunye nenye yoluhlu lwamaqela (PR). Ivoti yePR ilungisa ulwabelo lwezihlalo jikelele ukuqinisekisa ulwahlulo. I-MMP eyamkelekileyo ngo-1996 kwaye iye yabona umelo olukhulu kumabhinqa namaqela amancinane angabantu abambalwa. IJapan isebenzisa inkqubo enxulumanisiweyo (ooyena mphathi-nkulu) apho iFPTPP kunye nePR ibaleka ngaphandle kwembuyiselo, ikhokelela ekulinganisweni kolwaniso oluncinci kune-MMP.

Unyulo Luyaqhubeka Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokuvota, ulawulo lonyulo olulolona lubalulekileyo(ukubhalisa, ukwenziwa kwevoti, iindlela zokuvota, nokubala ngokuyintswana-mali). Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibalaselisa izenzo ezibalaseleyo zesizwe.

I-United States

I-US inenye yeenkqubo zonyulo ezilungeleleneyo kakhulu ehlabathini. Ilizwe ngalinye (naye ngokuqhelekileyo iphondo ngalinye) limisela imithetho yalo yokuvota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukungekho kwebhola, kunye ne-ID. Iimfuno zonyulo lwenani eliphambili zenzeka ngoLwesibini sokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Unyulo lwama-2020 lubona unyulo luzihambela ngokwalo kumazwe amaninzi, nangona ezinye (njenge-Oregon ne-California) ziphumele ubhaliso olufanayo okanye oluzenzekelayo. Iindlela zokuvota ziquka umhla omnye okanye umbhaliso lwe-Epercondation, umhla wokuvota, kwasekuqaleni kweminye imimandla emiselweyo, kunye nonyuso-posi engekhoyo. Unyulo lwama 2020202020 lubone ukukhuphuka okuvela kwiposi ngenxa yengxolo, ekhokelela kwimibalwanongalaniso, kwimibalwano esemthethweni, kunye nokulungiswa kolawulo.

I-Sweden

I-Sweden iqhuba inkqubo yomelo loluhlu lolungelelwaniso lweqela elinomqobo wama-4% womelo lwesizwe. Unyulo lubakho rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine ngeCawa yesibini ngoSeptemba. Ubhaliso lwe Voter luzenzekelayo kubo bonke abemi abaneminyaka eli-18 nangaphezulu, lususa imiqobo yokubhalisa. I-Ballot ishicilelwe phambili kwaye iyafana ngaphaya kwelizwe lonke. /avoters zikhetha iqela, kwaye zingavota kwakhona abafuni-kuluhlu. Ukubalwa kwenziwa ngoomatshini bokuhlola kwisikhululo sovolo, ngeziphumo eziqhele ukufumaneka kwiiyure ezingamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu. I-Rhovertout isoloko igqithisa ingaphaya kwemfundo yoluntu ne-ethiyokuthemba kwinkqubo. I-Sweden ikwavumela ukuvota oontathe kwizikhululo zovo kuhla- 18 ngaphambi kosuku olu-Euhlulo.

I-India

IIndiya, eyona ndawo ingundoqo ehlabathini lonke ekwidemokhrasi emalunga nama-900 ezigidi zabavoti abafanelekileyo, iqhuba unyulo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. IKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya (ECI) iyayilawula ngokwayo inkqubo. Unyulo lweLok Sabba (indlu engezantsi) lusebenzisa i-FTP kwi-Foctokh yelungu elinye. Ukusetyenziswa koomatshini bekhompyutha (i-EVM) abaye basetyenziswa zweni lonke ukususela ngo-20044. U-EVM ubhala ukhetho lwevotir kwaye uvelisa umkhondo wephepha (VVPO) wokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Ukulawula ii-logties, unyulo luphononongwa kwiimeko ezininzi ze-injini ezininzi. Ngokungaphelinye i-656 ukuya kwimiqatha esibhozo yokhuseleko kunye ne-othotholo olusuka kwimimandla eqediswe kwimimandla e-odwa. I-ovotimet transtedsss, i-octived, i-operand, i-operand, i-evoluvoluvolu

I-United Kingdom

I-UK isebenzisa i-FPTP ukwenzela unyulo lwayo lweNdlu yesiNtlanganiso, ngokhetho ngalunye lobukho bekhompyutha olunyulwayo olukhethwayo. Unyulo lubalwa ubuncinane kwiminyaka emihlanu, nangona unyulo lwangaphambili lunokubizwa. Ubhaliso lwangaphambili lungomntu ngamnye (kungekho siseko sendlu ukususela ngo- 2014) kwaye kufuneka luhlaziywe rhoqo ngonyaka. Iindlela zokuguqula ziquke kunyuso-phonsti, iposi, kunye novota-khompyutha esebenza njengomqobo. I-UK ijikele phantsi phantsi kumazwe ase-Nordic (malunga no-60-70% kunyusovolo ngokubanzi). Ingxoxo yakutshanje ijolise ekuphuhliseni ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye nokuthoba unyulo kunyaka we-16. Unyulo lwabona ukusetyenziswa koonogadali-ndaba bezehlolo, ukunyuka kwemvolu nyaka-minxeka, ukuva okungezwa kwe-19.

I-Brazil

Inkqubo yokhetho yaseBrazil isebenzisa inkqubo ye-elector engqukuva ezimbini ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli kunye nomelo oluvulekileyo lwecandelo lakhe leDeputies. Ukusebenza kunyanzelekile kubemi abaneminyaka ephakathi ko-18-70 (ukhetho lwe-16-17, ngaphezu kwama-70, kunye nokungafundwa). I-Brazil yenza uvotelo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki ngo-199, kwaye namhlanje phantse konke ukuvota kwenziwa nge-EVM ezingadityaniswanga kwi-intanethi, ezithi amagunya abenza bakhuseleke kakhulu. Inkqubo i-voti ifaka inani elihambelanayo kumvoti, kwaye iziphumo zihlaziswe kwiiyure ezingephiyo. Noko ke, ukuvota okugunya akuqinisekisi ukuba kwenziwe ngaphezulu (kusukela kuma-80% ka-Rocesterccoffe, kodwa isohlwaywa incinane).

IJapan

IJapan isebenzisa inkqubo yokuvota efanayo: 289 i-constituences ezi-octive ezi-octives (FPPP) kunye nezihlalo ezili-176 ezinyulwe nguluhlu lwe-PR kwimimandla eyi-11 yengingqi. Unyulo lweNdlu yeNdlu yabameli luyenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emine, nangona unyulo lwangaphambili luqhelekile. Ubhaliso lusekelwe kubhaliso olusemthethweni lwamakhaya kwaye luzenzekelayo; uvotelo lwamkela ikhadi lokuvota kwiposi. Kwi-person covota lusesikweni, kodwa ukuphuma komvota kusekho kwaye kutsha. Unyulo lwaseJapan lwaziwa ngemimiselo yabo engqongqo yemimiselo, kuquka ukuvalwa kweminyango-ukuya kungena kwiminyango kwindlu-dolo-dolo-dolo-m-okti. I-Turto ayizange isetyenziswe kutshangasayinwe kumashumi eminyaka amashumi amabini akutshanje, i-amatshani e-amatsha angamashumi angamashumi angamashumi asithathu.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter: Ukujongwa

Indlela ilizwe elibhalisa ngayo abavoti balo elinokuyichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo yokujika nokungaguquguquki. ISweden neJamani zinobhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba phantse bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bakwimikrolo. I-US ne-UK baxhomekeke kubhaliso lomntu ngamnye, olubeka umthwalo kubavoti. Ubhaliso luzisebenzela kodwa lufuna abemi ukuba baqhubeke behlola kwaye bahlaziye iinkcukacha zabo. Amanye amazwe, njengoBurkina Faso kunye ne-Philippines, asebenzisa iminyango ukuya kwiminyango. Ucelomngeni lukulungelelanisa ucoselelo nokhuseleko olulukungeniswa nonikezelo. Ubhaliso lwe-elektroniki kunye nee-intanethi zixhaphake kakhulu, kodwa ulwahlulo lwamanani lungaluthi lwabantu abachanakeleyo.

Iingxaki Zokudlulisela Imali Nezokukhetha

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho egonyiweyo kwiingxaki. Apha sihlola olona celomngeni lucinezelayo sijongene nolawulo-melo namhlanje.

Ukungakhathali nokuhamba okusezantsi

Unyuso lwezivotelwa luye lwarhoxa kulawulo-moya olumiselwe, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane. Kwi-US, kujikelelwa unyulo oluphakathi kunqabile ukuba ludlule ngaphaya kwama-50%, kwaye kwanokhetho lomongameli lubone malunga nama-60-65%. Izinto ziquka ukungathembani kukarhulumente, ingqiqo yokuba ukhetho lukabani alubalulekanga (ikakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-FPTPP), kwaye imiqobo esemthethweni njengexesha lokubhalisa nokusebenza. Amazwe anokuvota, njengoota, njengo-Australia, eBelgium, kunye neBrazil, aphumele ekunyukeni ukurhoxiweyo ngezantsi kwama-80%) kodwa oku akuqinisekisi ukuvota oku nokungagunyazi kuvolwayo ekungeyo ekungangeni ukubhaliswayo.

Ungquzulwano lwangaphandle noLwazi

Isizukulwana samanani siye sanyusa ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo yobuxoki, ukususela kumarheyi osasazo lwezentlalo-ntle ukuya kumabala anzulu evidiyo. Unyulo lwama-2016 lwabalaselisa ubungozi bokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe ngezibhengezo kunye neenkqubo zobubhakabha. Amanye amazwe, njengeFransi, iJamani, kunye ne-United Kingdom, aye aseka amaqela akhawulezileyo e-odolescity kunye nemibutho ekhangela inyani ukuphelisa amanani okuchasana namaxesha okulwa. I-Indiya iye yabona ukukhutshwa kosasazo lwenkohliso ngemishwana efana ne-AhisApps, maxa wakhuthaza ugonyamelo. Ukubonakala kwi-intanethi kwezopolitiki, ukuphendula koooondaba, ukuphendula kwe-ndaba, kunye nokubhala kwi-ndaba kusetyenziswa ngokucotha okuchaseneyo.

Ukufikeleleka Kwabantu Abaneziphene

Izixhobo zokuvota kufuneka zibe yindawo ebanzi, kodwa iMiqobo kunye noluvo ziyaqhubeka. Kumazwe amaninzi, izitishi zovolotho azikho lula; ukwenziwa kwebhola kunzima kubantu abanobunzima bokubona; kwaye oomatshini bokuvota basenokunganiki isandi okanye izixhobo zokusebenza. I-Sweden kunye ne-United Kingdom ziqhubele phambili ngokunikela uncedo, ukuvota kwasekhaya, kunye nokucola okufikelelekayo. Umthetho wokuvota we-US America Vote ka-200 ufuna ubuncinane umatshini omnye ofikelelekayo wokuvota kwibala, kodwa ukuphumeza okungafaniyo. Imatshini beVVPAT inika imiqondiso ekwazi ukuphawula kunye neBrailley. Sekunjalo, izigidi zabavoti abajongeneyo kunye nemiqobo enciphisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo inxaxheba.

Urhwaphilizo Lwezobupolitika Nokunganyaniseki

Ukunganyaniseki kungenza abantu bangabi nantembelo kunyulo. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, ukuthenga, ukuthungatha, kunye noloyikiso kuhlala kuneengxaki ezingapheliyo. Iikhomishini zokhetho oluzimeleyo, njengalawo aseIndiya, eMzantsi Afrika, naseCosta Rica, zinceda ukugcina ingqibelelo. Abaqwalaseli bezizwe ngezizwe (kwi-UN, i-OSCE, okanye i-Afrikaan Union) basoloko behlola unyulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba lulungile. Noko ke, ukutyholwa kokunganyaniseki korhwaphili kunokwenziwa ngezixhobo ngokuphulukana nabatsha baphumele ekurhoxeni iziphumo, njengoko kuboniwe kunyulo lwase-202020202022 kunyulo lwase-US kunye nonyulo lwaseKenya. Ukuqinisa ukuvalwa kwemali, ukungqinela impela yemali, kunye nokukhusela impempepho kuyaqhubeka imigudu.

IGrerymandering kunye nokuLawulwa kweMida yeSithili

Kwinkqubo ze-FPTP, ukuzoba imida yesithili sokhetho kungasetyenziswa ukuxhasa iqela elinye, ngokusetyenziswa komgaqo owaziwa njengeGgerrymanidering. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US igqibe kwelokuba i-gerrymanindering ngumbuzo wezopolitiko ongeyoyo kwigunya lenkundla yesizwe, ishiya amazwe ukuba alawule ngokwawo. Amanye amazwe, njengase United Kingdom nase Canada, asebenzisa imida ezimeleyo ukunciphisa impembelelo esukruqukileyo. Izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo nezilungelelanisiweyo zinciphisa iziphumo zegerrymanniting ngenxa yokuba izihlalo zimiselwe ngokweziko lweqela.

Iingcebiso ekunyuseni

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye neendlela ezintsha ziqhutywa ukwenza ukuvota kukhuseleke ngakumbi, kulunge ngakumbi, kwaye kube nokubonakala. Nazi ezinye izinto ezintsha eziphawulekayo.

Oomatshini bombane (EVM)

Ii-EVM zisetyenziswe kangangamashumi eminyaka kumazwe anjenge-Indiya, Brazil, ne-Venezuela. Ziyakhawuleza ukubala, zinciphise impazamo yomntu, kwaye zingenza iirekhodi zamaphepha ukuze ziphicothe. Kodwa ke, ukuxhalatyiswa kukuqhekezwa nokungabina kukhanya kuye kwakhokelela kwamanye amazwe (njenge Netherlands) ukushiya ii-EVM nokubuyela kwi-pali. Ingxoxo isekelwe ekubeni inzuzo yesantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kombane kungaphezulu kobungozi bosetyenziso lwezinzo lwezi matshini.

Ushicilelo lwangaphakathi lwe Internet

I-Estonia yinkokeli yehlabathi ekuvoteleni nge-intanethi, ivumela abemi ukuba bafake iibhola nge-intanethi kunyulo lwesizwe ukususela ngo-2005. Iivota zinokuqinisekisa ngekhadi le-ID yesizwe kwaye zingavota nakweyiphi na indawo ukuya kwientsuku ezilishumi ngaphambi koSuku lokhetho. Malunga nama- 46% evoti kunyulo lwepalamente lwaphothiswa kwi-intanethi. Ukhuseleko luquka ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kunye nokuvalwa kwemiqobo. Ngelixa kufanelekile, i-intanethi yokuvota inyusa uloyiko malunga nenkani ekude, i-malasethi yezixhobo zovoti, kunye nezixhobo ezinkulu zokucima. Amanye amazwe, kuquka i-Switzerland ne-France, aye aqhuba iimvavanyo ezilinganiselweyo kodwa azicinezela ngenxa yokhuseleko. I-Australia iye yazama ukuvota kwi-intanethi okanye kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi yovotiotiventi.

Umatshini wokubala osekelwe kwiblockchain

Ubugcisa beblockchain buthembisa uphazamiso-mxhasi we-fashoni, obonisayo okhokelayo weevoti. Abaqhubi benqwelo-moya abancinci besetyenziswa eNtshona Virginia (ekurhoxiseni komkhosi phesheya kwelizwe) kwaye kwezinye iintlangano zabucala. Noko ke, ukuvingcain akubuphelisi ubungozi bomntu bomvoti okanye iintsholongwane ze-software. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iblokoin sisisombululo ekupheni ingxaki ```ibhola efaka isinqumla uphicotho zincwadi olune nemilinganiselo yovavanyo olukhuselekileyo. Ubugcisa buhlala buseluvavanywa kukhetho lukawonke-wonke.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter ehambayo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric

Kumazwe asakhasayo, ukubhaliswa kwe-biometric (izicatshulwa zeminwe, ii-scan ze-is) kuncitshise ukubhaliswa ngokuphindaphindwa kunye nokuqhatha. IGhana, iKenya neNigeria zisebenzisa iirolokhwe zovota i-biometric. Inkqubo ye-Aadhaar idibanisa i-biometric kwi-ID yovota, nangona inxulumene nemicimbi ye-mfihlelo. Iinkqubo zeselula zokubhalisa zivumela abemi ukuba bahlaziye iinkcukacha zabo ngaphandle kokutyelela ii-ofisi zikarhulumente. Kwezinye iindawo ezikude, amaziko ebhaliswe kwi-biometric asetyenziswayo asetyenziswa ukubhalisa i-vvotator.

Ubhaliso losuku olufanayo nolwezizo

Ukususa imiqobo, uninzi lwamazwe ase-US lwamkele ubhaliso lwemini enye (luvumela ubhaliso ngoSuku Lokhetho) kunye nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo xa abemi besebenzisana nenqwelo-mafutha okanye namaqumrhu oncedo lwentlalo. UOregon wenza ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo ngo2016 kwaye wabona ulwando oluphawulekayo ekufumanekeni. Olu tshintsho lungabizi mali ininzi kwaye luyasebenza ekukhuliseni inxaxheba phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti-nxaxheba.

Isiphelo

Umhlaba wonke wovotelo nonyulo luyintsalela eninzi yenkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo, izithethe, kunye neziguqulo. Nangona kungekho mzekelo ulungileyo, amazwe angafunda kwimpumelelo nakusilela komnye. Utshintsho kubugcisa, ukubhalisa, kunye noyilo lonyulo lwenza unyulo lube lula kwaye luthembeke, kodwa kwakhona zizisa amatsha amatyala. Ekugqibeleni, impilo yayo nayiphi na idemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekuthenjweni kwabemi bayo kwinkqubo yokhetho---------------atrust emele ifumaneke ngokubonakala, ngokusesikweni, nangokuphuculwayo okuqhubekayo.