Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla: Ukhokelo Lommi Lokulungiselela Nokugweba

Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi, nganye ineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo. Ukwazi indlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo ezi ntendelezo kunceda abemi bamazwe bafumanise ukuba liza kuvalwa phi na ityala labo kwaye yiyiphi imithetho esebenzayo. Le nkqubo yahlulahlulwe ngokubanzi kwiinkundla zeli lizwe, kunye neenkundla zeli lizwe ezinamacandelo angaphantsi.

IiNkundla zeSizwe

Iinkundla zezemfazwe zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, imiba yezomgaqo-siseko, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwana, kunye namatyala apho i-United States iliqela. Kwakhona ziva amatyala okulawula ahlukeneyo phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo apho imali exambuliweyo ingaphezulu ko-$75,000. Inkqubo karhulumente iquka iinkundla zesithili ezingama-949 (umgange-mali), 13 iinkundla zesiphatho sesiphatho (umgangatho ophezulu), kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States.

Iinkundla zesizwe zisingatha uninzi lwemiba yomthetho, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wentsapho, izivumelwano, ingozi yobuqu, neengxabano zelizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye unemigangatho yakhe: iinkundla zamatyala (ezibizwa ngokuba zinkulu, zisiphaluka, okanye iinkundla zesithili), iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Amanye amazwe aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezinjengeengxelo ezincinane, iitrato, okanye iinkundla zentsapho.

Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya kwityala lakho okubalulekileyo. Ukuqhutyelwa kwinkundla engalunganga kungabangela ulibaziseko okanye ukugxothwa. Kwinkcazelo engakumbi yenkundla yequmrhu lesizwe, tyelela iwebhsayithi esemthethweni ye- yase-U.S.

Ityala, Ukumangalelwa, kunye neNkundla Ephakamileyo

  • IiNkundla zoMphathiswa: apho kuqalisa khona amatyala. Ubungqina bunikwa, amangqina, kunye neejaji okanye abagwebi banikela izigwebo. Ezi ntendelezo maxa wambi zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zemeko yokuqala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appenellate Courts: Bahlola izigqibo zokuvavanywa kwenkundla zezomthetho. Akukho bungqina butsha bunikiweyo; amagqwetha aphikisanayo malunga nokuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kusini na.
  • IiNkundla eziPhakamileyo: Inkundla ephakamileyo kwigunya. Beva izibheno kwimibuzo emikhulu yomthetho nezigqibo zabo ezibekwe kumzekelo onyanzelekileyo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi.

Umgangatho ngamnye unendima ekhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ityala lolwaphulo - mthetho liqala kwinkundla yamatyala; ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywa, asenokubhenela kwinkundla ephakathi, yaye mhlawumbi kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwana okanye kwanakweyona Nkundla Iphakamileyo yaseUnited States ngenxa yemiqathango yezomgaqo - siseko.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwinkundla

Ukuqonda ezi mbopheleleko kunceda abemi bazi ukuba ngubani omele athethe naye noko bamele bakulindele xa kuchotshelwa ityala.

Umgwebi

Ijaji ilawula inkundla, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala lilandela imithetho esemthethweni, iyabagweba, iyabayala abachopheli-tyala, igqibe nemibuzo engomthetho.

AmaLawyers (iiAttorney)

Abameli bamela amaqela `abamangalelwa, abamangalelwa, okanye urhulumente kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Banikela ubungqina, baphikisane namangqina, bahlole amangqina, baze bacebise abo baxhasi ngeqhinga elisemthethweni. Omabini amacala anelungelo lokumela imigaqo esemthethweni; ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali yegqwetha kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, omnye kufuneka amiselwe (umkhuseli kawonke-wonke).

IJury

Ijaji liqela labemi abanyulwayo ukuva ubungqina nokufumana izibakala. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo kufuneka sihlangane (ukungathethi ukuba umthetho ukho kurhulumente uthetha okuchaseneyo). Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, inani labachopheli bejaji nemfuno yokungaguquguquki. Ukukhonza kwinkundla yejaji ngumsebenzi wesizwe, kwaye abemi bakhethwa ngokuthanda ukuba babhaliswe kwivoti okanye kuludwe lwelayisensi yokuqhuba.

Igosa Elikhuselayo Neliyingcwangu

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Defanti: Umntu okanye iqumrhu elityholwe ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa umangalelwa umangalelwa ngurhulumente; kwimeko yoluntu, uyamangalelwa.
  • Umthetho ocacileyo: Iqela eliqala ukumangalela (amatyala akhoyo) okanye urhulumente kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngabatshutshisi). U-Placttiff uthwala umthwalo wobungqina ```````Ubungqina obungachazwa''''' okanye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (ubungaqinisekiyo) ukuba ummangalelwa unecala okanye unetyala.

Abanye abasebenzi begumbi lenkundla

  • IClerk yeNkundla: Ilawula iirekhodi zenkundla, ucwangciso lokuchonga, kwaye yamkela iifatyi.
  • [[UMQONDISO:0] I- Igcina ucwangco kwinkundla yenkundla, abamangalelwa, kwaye iphatha abachopheli.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikharensi: Yenza intetho eshukumayo yentsebenziswano.
  • Abantu abangqina phantsi kwesifungo esingolwazi olunxulumene nemeko.

Inkqubo Yenkundla: Inyathelo Elinenkcukacha Endleleni

Ukusuka kwiqonga lokuqala ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela, iqonga ngalinye kwinkqubo yenkundla lineemfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye nemigca yexesha. Ngezantsi yingcaciso ebanzi yokuqhubekeka okuqhelekileyo.

1. Ukukhalaza okanye Ukumangalela

Amatyala amakhaya aqala xa ummangali-tyala efaka isikhalazo nenkundla, echaza izibakala nesiseko esisemthethweni sokumangalelwa. Isicelo sikhutshwa ukwazisa ummangalelwa. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iifayile zikarhulumente zimangalelwa (ngeejaji ezinkulu) okanye isikhalazo solwaphulo-mthetho, silandelwa yimvume yokubanjwa okanye ukubizwa. Ummangalelwa ubekwa umthetho ngokusemthethweni kwaye ucelwa ukuba angene kwisicelo (esolwaphulo-mthetho, engabekwanga tyala, okanye angabi natyala, okanye angabi namncintiswano).

Ukusabela Kwegosa

Emva kokuba elungiselelwe, ummangalelwa makafake iifayile zempendulo ngexesha elibekiweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-20-30). Impendulo ingavuma okanye ikhanyele izityholo, ukhuseleko, okanye uphicotho lwefayile. Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangena nxamnye nabo.

3. Ukufumanisa

Ukufunyaniswa yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho omabini amacala enkcazelo atshintshiselanayo nokuqokelela ubungqina.

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Ubungqina obukhoyo obuthathwe phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, namagqwetha ekhoyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, okanye ezinye iirekhodi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye.

Uphando lungathatha iinyanga kwaye ludla ngokuba yeyona ngxaki ithatha ixesha elininzi. Lunceda ekuphepheni ukumangaliswa xa kuvavanywa yaye lunokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa.

4. Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amaqela angafaka iintshukumo ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • I- Ukukhupha:[[FTL:1] Ithetha ukuba ityala alinaso isiseko esisemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FTL:1] ucela inkundla ukugqiba ngetyala elisekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakukhanyelwa, ukuphepha ukuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine: ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekunikezelweni ekucinyweni.

Ijaji ithetha ngezi zenzo nemiba elawulayo.

5. Ukuvavanywa

Ityala liyincopho yenkqubo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abagwebi bakhethwa ngapha [[FLT: 0] i-'i-voir'y' etshava' (ukubuza ngamagqwetha). Le nkqubo ilandela indlela esesikweni:

  1. [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza imeko yalo.
  2. Umthetho wocalulo: unikela ubungqina kunye namangqina okubiza. Ukhuseleko lunganqamleza-i-examine.
  3. Ityala loMmangalelwa linika ubungqina namangqina. I-placttiff inganqamleza-i-examine.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Izixa-mali ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela isiphumezi salo.
  5. [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo ecacileyo: Ijaji icacisa umthetho ofanelekileyo kubachopheli-mthetho.
  6. I-Deberation kunye neSigwebo: Ijaji ifikelela kwisigqibo, esibhengezwa enkundleni.

Kwityala lebheri, ijaji yenza indima yokufumana.

6. Isigwebo nomgwebo

Emva kwesigwebo, ijaji ingena kwisigwebo esisemthethweni. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigwebo singabangela umonakalo okanye isicombululo esilinganayo (njengemiyalelo). Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ijaji ikhupha isigwebo, esiquka ixesha lasentolongweni, intlawulo, ityala, okanye imbuyekezo. Ukugwetywa kunokwenzeka ngoko nangoko okanye emva kokuchotshelwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

7. Izibheno

Iqela eliphulukana netyala lingabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno azinatyala lakuphinda liquluthwe; zihlola ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenza iimpazamo zomthetho ezachaphazela iziphumo. Iifayile ze-appellee iimpazamo ezifutshane zengxoxo, kwaye i-appellee ifayile iimpendulo. Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuyisela, okanye i-remand (kubuyiselwa emva kwetyala elitsha). Izibheno zingathatha iinyanga ezininzi. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu kwinkqubo ye-appellete, bona isikhokelo se-[[[FLT: 0] Intlangano yeMelika Bar kunxulumano lwezibongozo .]

Ezinye Iindlela Ezinokusetyenziswa ENkundleni: Ukuthintelwa Nokuhlawulwa

Iimeko ezininzi ziconjululwa ngeendlela ezingezizo ezinokusongwa (ADR), ezinokusonga ixesha nemali.

Isicwangciso

Kumaziko eendaba, iqela lesithathu elingoondilele (umlamli) linceda amaqela anxibelelana ngokuzibophelela. Umlamli akagqibi ngetyala kodwa wenza kube lula ukunxibelelana. I-media iyimfihlo kwaye inganyanzeliswanga, kwaye icandelo lingaya enkundleni ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwayo.

Ushenxiso

Kukuhlahlela, isihlanganisi sobundilele siva ubungqina kwaye sinikela isigqibo sokubophelela okanye sokungabopheleli, kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano. Ulwahlulo lusoloko lukhawuleza kunetyala kwaye lungamiselwanga kakuhle, kodwa ilungelo lokubhenela lilinganiselwe. Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka izindululo ezinyanzelekileyo zokwahlula.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-media nokuchotshelwa kwetyala kusetyenziswa kwiimbambano zamakhaya, kumatyala omthetho wentsapho, kwanakwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zokuzikisa.

Amagama Aqhelekileyo Asemthethweni Afanele Aziwe Ngabo Bonke Abami

Ukukwazi amagama ambalwa abalulekileyo kunokukunceda ulandele imicimbi uze unxibelelane negqwetha lakho.

  • Affidavit: uxwebhu olubhaliweyo olufungelwe phambi komphathi-mikhosi ogunyazisiweyo, osetyenziswa njengobungqina.
  • Ibhedi yobungqina: Imbopheleleko yokungqina izityholo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, “ingaphaya kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni”; kwiimeko zabemi,“ ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina.”
  • [[UMTL: 0] ISubpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu ukuba anikele ubungqina okanye avelise amaxwebhu; ukungawahoyi kungaphumela ekudeleni.
  • Isivumelwano sokusombulula ingxabano ngaphandle kwetyala. Ubeko lusoloko lubandakanya ukuhlawulwa kwemali okanye ezinye iimvume.
  • Isenzo sokumangalelana kwinkqubo yenkundla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungaqiniseki kwemilinganiselo: Ixesha elilinganiselweyo lokuvala ityala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukeneyo kunye nentengiso zamakhaya zinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
  • Intsingiselo: Isigaba sangaphambili sovavanyo apho amaqela atshintshisana khona ngobungqina nolwazi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Habeas Corpus: Linyathelo elisemthethweni lokucel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni; lifuna urhulumente ukuba athethelele ukuvalelwa.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] iPromo Bono: iinkonzo zomthetho ezinikezelwa ngesisa ngamagqwetha.
  • Ityala le-Fontist Fee: Lilungiselelo lokuhlawula apho igqwetha lifumana ipesenti yendawo yokuhlalisa okanye ibhaso kuphela ukuba ityala liphumelele.

Ngenkcazelo ebanzi, tyelela i U.S. izicwangciso ezichaza amagama asemthethweni.

Oko Abemi Bafanele Bakulindele Xa Beya Enkundleni

Nantsi icebiso eliluncedo kubemi abasenokuba abaqheleneyo nenkqubo yenkundla.

Phambi Komhla Wenkundla Yakho

  • [[UMTL: 0] okanye udibana negqwetha: Ukuba awunako ukufikelela enye, khangela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane uncedo olusemthethweni okanye umkhuseli kawonke-wonke (amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kuphela).
  • [[FLT: 0] Amaxwebhu angundoqo: Zisa naziphi na izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo, iilisithi, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye obunye ubungqina.
  • Impahla yeshishini yomgangatho ophantsi ibonakalisa intlonelo kwinkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhawuleza: vumela ixesha elongeziweyo lokukhangela ukhuseleko nokufumana isakhiwo senkundla.

Ebudeni Bendlebe

  • [[FLT: 0] Yima xa ijaji ingena: Olu luphawu lwentlonelo; ibheyilefu iza kubhengeza umgwebi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Idilesi yejaji njenge "Imbeko Yakho".
  • [[UMTL: 0] Thetha ngokucacileyo kwaye kuphela xa kungumjikelo wakho.[UMKQUBO 1] Ungaphazamisi.
  • Ukulumkisa “akukho mfonomfono” umthetho: Iinkundla ezininzi zokulwa ziyala ukurekhoda, ukufota, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemfonomfono.

Emva Kokuva

  • Ijaji iza kukhupha isigqibo okanye imisele umhla omtsha.
  • Ukuba akuvumelani nemiphumo, cela igqwetha lakho lichaze indlela yokubhena neyokugcina ixesha.

Imithombo Enokukunceda Ukwazi Ukukhuphisana Nenkqubo Yenkundla

Akuyomfuneko ukuba usebenzise inkqubo yomthetho wedwa. Imibutho emininzi inikela uncedo ngesisa okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi.

  • [[UMTL:0] Intlangano zoncedo ezisemthethweni:[ Ezi ngeniso zinikezela ngeenkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekileyo kubantu abafumana ii-asethi ezisezantsi. Fumana inkqubo yakho yasekuhlaleni ngombutho weeNkonzo ze-LT ze-Legeral [.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziko loncedo lobungcali: Iindlu ezininzi zenkundla zinendawo ezizinceda zona ngokwazo ezinika iifomu, imiyalelo, kunye necebiso elilinganiselweyo kubantu abazimelayo (pro se).
  • IKliniki yeSikolo soMthetho: Abafundi boMthetho abajongelwe ziinjingalwazi banikela uncedo lwasemthethweni olukhululekileyo. Jonga kwisikolo somthetho esikufuphi ukuze ubuze.
  • Ithala leencwadi elinobuphengululi: amathala eencwadi amaninzi anikezela unikezelo kwiisiseko sogcino-lwazi esisemthethweni njengoWeslaw okanye i-Magic Trac, kwakunye neencwadi zoncedo lobuqu.
  • Iwebhsayithi yeCubrt: yewebhsayithi nganye esemthethweni yenkundla iquka imithetho, iifomu, kunye nemirhumo. Jonga kwi-cripteal yesebe lesebe lesizwe lakho.
  • Private Attorney: Kubo abanokukwazi ukunikela icebiso, umanyano lwe bar yesizwe lunika igqwetha iinkonzo (ngokufuthi umrhumo omncinci wokuthetha nomntu wokuqala).

Kukhokelo olongezelelekileyo lokuzimela, i-encyclopedia yezomthetho yeNotlo inika iingcaciso ezicacileyo zesiNgesi kunye nezibonelelo eziluncedo kuwe.

Isiphelo: Zinike Amandla Ngolwazi

Iinkqubo zenkundla zingaziva zisongamele, kodwa zilandela imithetho engqukuva. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla, iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba, kunye namaqondo aqhelekileyo etyala, abemi bangafikelela kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni ngentembelo engakumbi. Ukwazi apho bangafumana uncedo khona ngoncedo olusemthethweni, okanye ubuncwane be-intanethi ye-intanethi . Umthetho uyakwazi ukuphucula uxinzelelo kwaye uphucule iziphumo. Umthetho untsonkothile, kodwa ungowabantu abasebenzayo. Ukuthabatha ixesha lokufunda ezona zinto zisisiseko yeyona nto ibalulekileyo inokwenziwa ngummi.