Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNkundla yoManyano

Ulawulo lwenkundla yomanyano alunamkhethe. Lusekelwe ngqo kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Esi sicwangciso somgaqo-siseko sifeza injongo esebenzisekayo: siqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi ebalulekileyo yesizwe ifihlwa kwinkqubo efanayo kunokuba ithotyelwe ziinkcazelo zenkundla ezingama-50 ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente. Xa ityala lichaphazela umthetho karhulumente, urhulumente wesizwe, okanye amaqela avela kumaphondo amaninzi, iinkundla zesizwe zinikela i-commm elungelelanisayo nabagwebi abasebenza ubomi babo bonke kwaye bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda esi siseko kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba igunya lorhulumente alikokuchonga inkundla "engcono" kodwa lithetha ngokuyisa amatyala kwinkqubo yokugweba efanelekileyo esekelwe kuhlobo lwempikiswano.

Iintlobo zenkundla yoManyano

Umgwebo Oyintloko

Ulawulo lwesihloko ligunya lenkundla yorhulumente ukuva uhlobo oluthile lwetyala. Ngaphandle kwalo, inkundla ayinako ukunikela umgwebo osebenzayo, nokuba iwunyanzelisa kangakanani na umba. Olu hlobo lolawulo luwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: ulawulo lombuzo kunye nolawulo lwezikhundla .

ulawulo lombuzo oluthe tye luvela xa imbono ye-acttiff isekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ummiselo wesizwe, okanye isivumelwano. Umzekelo, ityala eligunyazisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphula umthetho weSigqibo sokuqala ubuza kuncitshiswa phantsi kolawulo lwegunya likarhulumente kuba isaziso sixhomekeke ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko.

ulawulo lobuzwe lukhona xa amaqela engabemi bomazwe awahlukeneyo kunye nobungakanani obuxabanayo bungaphaya ko-$75,000. Injongo kukuthintela ikhethe lenkundla yorhulumente ngokuchasene namaqela aphezulu. Ummi waseTexas umangalela umbutho waseKhalifoniya ngomonakalo oxabisa ii-R1200,000, umzekelo, unokuba yifayile kwinkundla yesizwe phantsi kolawulo lomahluko.

Isigqibo Sobuqu

Ulawulo lomntu siqu lubhekiselele kumandla enkundla kumaqela ngokwawo, ingakumbi ummangalelwa. Inkundla yorhulumente kufuneka ibe nolawulo lobuqu kummangalelwa, okudla ngokuxhomekeka kunxulumano lommangalelwa kwilizwe apho inkundla ihlala khona. Le mfuneko isekelwe kwiMbetho kaClaus weMimiselo yeNkqutyana yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ifumanise ukuba ummangalelwa kufuneka abe nonxulumano "oluncinci" norhulumente wetyala kangangokuba ukumangalelwa akucaphukisi iingcamango zesithethe zokudlala okufanelekileyo nokusesikweni okuqinileyo. Ukuba ummangalelwa uhlala e-Oregon kwaye akazange enze shishini eFlorida, inkundla yephondo laseFlorida isenokungakwazi ukusebenzisa igunya lobuqu kulo mmangalelwa, nokuba ityala libandakanya umbuzo karhulumente.

Ubuxoki Bomcimbi Wesihloko

Umbuzo weFederal Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. 761)

Umthetho oyintloko olawula ulawulo lwe-arhente ye-arhente ngu-28.C. 761, othi: "Iinkundla zesithili ziya kuba nolawulo lokuqala lwazo zonke izenzo zabemi ezivela phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho, okanye izivumelwano ze-United States." Olu lulwimi olubanzi, kodwa iinkundla ziye zavelisa iimvavanyo zokufumanisa ukuba ityala "livela phantsi" nini na kumthetho wesizwe.

Umthetho oqhelekileyo ngowokuba umbuzo wesizwe kufuneka uvele ebusweni bommangalelwa ocetyiswayo. Akwanele ukuba ummangalelwa anyuse ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa umangalelwa unyuselwa ulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wesizwe, kwaye ummangalelwa uphikisa isivumelwano asisebenzi phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ongawuvelisi ulawulo lwe-athorality. Ingxelo yommangalelwa mayixhomekeke kumthetho worhulumente.

Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yamatyala karhulumente iquka:

  • Izityholo eziphantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu karhulumente (umz., 42 U.S.C. . 1983)
  • Ityala elibandakanya imithetho ye-oyile
  • Imisebenzi yokungavumelani
  • Izenzo zebhanki
  • Ityala phantsi koMthetho weQembu loMgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuntlukwano kwe Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. נ 1332)

Imithetho yeentlanga ephantsi kwama - 28 eU.S.C. ngqa 1332 ifuna iinkalo ezimbini: ukwahluka ngokupheleleyo kobumi nenani elipheleleyo lempikiswano elingaphezu kwee - R250 000.

umahluko opheleleyo uthetha ukuba akukho mmi uqhelekileyo onokuba ngummi wombuso omnye nawo nawuphi ummangalelwa. Ukuba ummangalelwa waseNew York uphethule ummangalelwa waseNew York nommangalelwa waseConnecticut, iinguqu ziyatshatyalaliswa ngenxa yokuba ummangalelwa nommangalelwa omnye wabelana ngobumi baseNew York. Amaqela akanakukwazi ukutshintsha iinguqu ngokudibanisa okanye ukugxotha amaqela ngokusuka nje adale okanye atshabalalise imimandla ethile.

Inyuswe kwimpikiswano lixabiso lentengo ebethelelweyo. Iquka umonakalo, isiqabu esikhutshwayo, nezinye iintlobo zokuchacha. Ukutyhola kokholo olulungileyo kudla ngokwamkelwa ngaphandle kokuba kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni ukuba isaziso singaphantsi ko $75,000 (R1 000). Kwiimeko ezifuna uncedo oluphezulu, iinkundla zilinganisela ixabiso elisemqondweni ngexabiso lento echaphazelekayo kwiqela ngalinye.

Isijungqu soLwazi oluQhelekileyo

Ulawulo oluthe kratya, olugunyaziswe kumthetho wama-28 e-U.S.C. 31: 1367, luvumela iinkundla zesizwe ukuba zive ukuba zithetha ukuba ziyinxalenye yetyala elinye okanye impikiswano njengengxelo karhulumente. Oku kuthintela ukudityaniswa okungeyomfuneko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba inkundla echaphazelekayo igatya phantsi kocalulo lwezempangelo lwemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni kwaye kwakhona izisa umthetho karhulumente wokuphelisa okuphosakeleyo okusekelwe kwizibakala ezifanayo, inkundla yesizwe ingasebenzisa igunya longezelelo kurhulumente.

Noko ke, inkundla ingalandula igunya elongezelelekileyo ukuba:

  • Ingxelo yomthetho karhulumente iphakamisa ingongoma entsonkothileyo yomthetho karhulumente
  • Umthetho karhulumente ulawula ngokugqithisileyo kunetyala likarhulumente
  • Inkundla yesithili iwagatya onke amatyala karhulumente

Ukulawula okuthe chatha kungumthetho olawulayo, kungekhona ozenzekelayo.

Comment

Inkonzo eququlunqayo

Amanye amatyala angaviwa kuphela kwinkundla yesizwe. Le yi- ulawulo oluqulunqweyo. Ingqungquthela ityumbe iindawo ezithile zemixholo njengonobumbano kuphela ngenxa yemfuneko yokufana, ubuchule obukhethekileyo, okanye umdla wesizwe.

Imimandla yegunya lorhulumente ekhethekileyo iquka:

  • Amatyala kaPatant kunye nogunyaziso
  • Izenzo zebhanki
  • Izalathiso zomphathi-mikhosi kunye norhwebo lwaselwandle
  • Amatyala karhulumente waseUnited States
  • Ingxelo echasene nokuthembana komanyano
  • Uninzi lwabamangalelwa

Ukuba ummi ufakela ityala elipheleleyo enkundleni yephondo, inkundla yeli lizwe kufuneka iligxothe ngenxa yokungabi nagunya laphantsi, nokuba ibisoloko ilindeka kangangeminyaka.

Impinda eququzelelayo

Amatyala amaninzi awela kulawulo lwamaxesha onke, okuthetha ukuba zombini iinkundla zorhulumente nolwesizwe zinegunya lokuwava. Umlaltiff angakhetha ifolum. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka kumatyala olawulo ahlukeneyo kunye namatyala ombuzo karhulumente apho iBhunga lingawenzanga ulawulo luphelele.

Ngokomzekelo, ukumangalelwa phantsi koMthetho weMigangatho ye-Fair Labor (FLSA) kungafakwa kwinkundla yesizwe okanye yephondo. Ukukhethwa kwe-forum kungasichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo isiphumo. Abagwebi bamaQumrhu angamaJaji III asebenza ekumiselweni ubomi bonke, ngoxa abagwebi besizwe benokunyulwa okanye basebenze ngokwemigaqo emisiweyo. Iinkundla zeFederal zikwanemithetho eyahlukeneyo yemiqathango yokufumana izinto, nemiqathango yolawulo lwamatyala.

Xa kukho ulawulo lwamaxesha onke, ummangalelwa ulawula ukhetho lwe-forum ngokufaka kuqala. Noko ke, ummangalelwa unokuba nelungelo lokususa elityala kwinkundla yetyala yesizwe, exutyushwa ngezantsi.

Ukucinywa kokushenxiswa kwakhona

Ukususwa kolawulo kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba ashenxise ityala elibekwe kwinkundla yenkundla karhulumente, ukuba inkundla karhulumente ibiya kuba negunya lokuqala. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngu 28 U.S.C. 761 1455.

Imithetho engundoqo yokususwa iquka:

  • Kuphela ngabamangalelwa abanokususwa; abamangali abanakuyisusa ityala abakhetha ukulifaka kwinkundla yelizwe
  • Ukususwa kufuneka kwenzeke kwiintsuku ezingama-30 zommangalelwa efumana isibongozo sokuqala
  • Bonke abamangalelwa kufuneka bavume ukususwa ("umthetho wokungaphili")
  • Amatyala asusiweyo kwizizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo akanakususwa ukuba nabani na ummangalelwa ngummi wephondo ("umthetho oxhotyiswe ngeforum")
  • Ityala alinakushenxiswa ngaphezu konyaka emva kokuba ligcinwe ukuba ukususwa kusekelwe kuphela kulawulo oluneentlobo-ntlobo

Ukususwa kusisixhobo esiluncedo esivumela abamangalelwa ukuba baphephe iimeko ezikummandla waseburhulumenteni ezingalunganga, basebenzise imithetho karhulumente, okanye baviwe yijaji karhulumente.

Indlela Isigwebo Sikarhulumente Esibachaphazela Ngayo Abemi

Icala Lakho

Umbuzo wokuqala osebenzayo kuwo nawuphi na ummi onempikiswano engokwasemthethweni ngu: yiyiphi inkundla elawulayo? Ukuphosa kwinkundla engalunganga kungaphumela ekugxothweni, ekuchitheni ixesha, kwaye kulahleke iindleko zomthetho. Kwezinye iimeko, ummiselo wemiqathango ungaphela phambi kokuba ityala liphinde lifakwe enkundleni elungileyo.

Abemi kufuneka baqwalasele oku kulandelayo xa begqiba ukuba baza kubeka phi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yezentengiso: inika imithetho efanayo, abagwebi abanamava, kwaye ngokufuthi ugqibo olukhawulezileyo. Imithetho yokufumana ilungelelaniswe ngokungaphezulu, kwaye ugwebo lwesishwankathelo luqheleke kakhulu.
  • Inkundla yesizwe: inokuba iqhelene kakhulu nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kwaye indlu yenkundla isoloko isondelelene. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha umthetho wentsapho, iprobate, ingozi yobuqu, kunye nezivumelwano ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo lwemiba ephakathi okanye ulawulo lwesizwe lwemibuzo lukho.

Ukuba akuqinisekanga ukuba ityala lakho likwinkundla yelo rhulumente, jonga iNkundla yase-U.S. isikhokelo esisemthethweni kulawulo lorhulumente olulawulayo ukuze ufumane ulwazi olunegunya.

Impembelelo Kwiqhinga Lezomthetho

ISityholo silolonga iqhinga lomthetho kwinqanaba ngalinye lokubekwa kwetyala. Kwinkundla yesizwe, amagqwetha kufuneka athobele imithetho yeSizwe yeProcedial, eyahluke kwimithetho yesizwe ekwimimandla efana nokucela, ukufumanisa imida, kunye nokuhamba.

Iinkundla zomanyano zisebenzisa i- Erie Doctrine, efuna iinkundla zesizwe ezihlala kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo yokusebenzisa umthetho wesizwe kodwa umthetho wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla yesizwe eKhalifoniya ephulaphule ityala lesivumelwano ekwahlukayo kufuneka lisebenzise umthetho weKhalifoniya kodwa lilandele iFederal Pages of Civil Procedure. I-Erie iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zetyala leyantlukwano azihlukani kuba nje ikwityala lorhulumente kunokuba ityala likarhulumente.

Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhetha inkundla karhulumente yetyala ekwahlukahlukanayo akuwuguquli umthetho osebenzayo, kodwa kuyayiguqula imithetho yesithethe nomgwebi.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Amatyala avinjwe kwinkundla yesithili yephondo abhencwa kwiNkundla yezibheno yase-U. izibheno zahlulwe zibe ziziphaluka ezili-13. Izibheno ziviwa ngamacandelo abagwebi abathathu, yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ijelo elipheleleyo lingaliva kwakhona eli tyala ngokuvala umlomo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ihlolisisa izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesibheno nge-cretiorari, ezisisilumkiso.

Amatyala enkundla karhulumente abandakanya imibuzo karhulumente angafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Emva kwemithetho ephakamileyo yenkundla karhulumente, iqela lingacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ithelekele ityala le-ceretiorari ukuba libandakanya umbuzo obalulekileyo wequmrhu.

Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba izigqibo zenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho karhulumente zigqibele kumgangatho karhulumente yaye azinakubheniswa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwanokuba amaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga Ngenkundla Yomanyano

Kukho ukungaqondani okuninzi ngokuphathelele ulawulo lwamagunya phakathi kwabemi kwanamanye amagqwetha.

I-Miscception 1: Iinkundla zoManyano zisoloko zinegunya kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe. Ngeli xesha iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha uninzi lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwana, ezinye izaphula-mthetho zikarhulumente zinokumangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo ukuba ihambo iyawuphula umthetho. Imfundiso edityanisiweyo ivumela ukuba iinkundla zorhulumente kunye norhulumente zimangalele ityala elifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo.

iMiscreedition 2: ulawulo lwentlobo-ntlobo luthetha nayiphi na imeko phakathi kwabemi bomazwe ahlukeneyo. Imali exambuliweyo mayidlule ii-$75,000 kwaye kufuneka iinguqu ezipheleleyo. Imeko phakathi kwe-New York cottiff nommangalelwa we-Khalifoniya we-$500,000 ayifaneleki.

Ityala leMiscce 3: Iinkundla zoManyano zisoloko zilunge ngakumbi. Iinkundla zoMasipala zinolawulo olulinganiselweyo kwaye azinakuva imicimbi ewela kulawulo lwenkundla yezorhulumente kuphela, efana noqhawulo-mtshato, ulawulo lwabantwana, neminye imicimbi ebandakanya abantwana. Kuloo maxa, inkundla yephondo yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo.

I-Miscception 4: Ummangalelwa angasoloko esusa umcimbi kwinkundla yesizwe. Ukukhutshwa kufuna isiseko esizimeleyo solawulo lwezwe. Ukuba isikhalazo sompopu asivelisi umbuzo karhulumente kwaye umahluko awufumaneki, ukususwa akufumaneki.

Kukwaphuka okubanzi kwale mithetho, kubhekisa ku I-Cornell Legal Information Institute yophatho lwe mithetho , echaza imigangatho esemthethweni ngolwimi olucacileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuba uyawukholelwa umbandela wakho womthetho usenokubandakanya igunya lenkundla yesizwe, thabatha la manyathelo alandelayo:

  1. uchaza isiseko sentengo yakho. Zibuze: Ingaba imeko yam ibandakanya umthetho wezwe, umGaqo-siseko, okanye imimiselo karhulumente? Ngaba amaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo? Ukuba impendulo nguewe nokuba kukweyiphi na, ulawulo lwezwe lungabakho.
  2. Jonga umthamo kwimpikiswano. Kulawulo olwahlukeneyo, qinisekisa ukuba ityala lakho lingaphezulu lee $75 000 kuphela kwenzala kunye namaxabiso. Ukuba umonakalo wakho ungowegama nje okanye ungaphantsi komqobo, ulawulo lwezahluka-hlukeneyo alufumaneki.
  3. Dermine nokuba ulawulo lululawulo olupheleleyo okanye olukhoyo. Uphando ukuba iinkundla zequmrhu zinegunya elipheleleyo kuhlobo lwakho lwetyala. Amatyala angeyomali na nokungabhangi mawagcinwe enkundleni yorhulumente.
  4. Cinga ngentsingiselo ecwangcisiweyo. Qwalasela iziphumo neemfuno zenkundla yesizwe ejongene nenkundla karhulumente. Qwalasela iqula labagwebi, imithetho yemiqathango, impucuko yenkundla yasekuhlaleni, kunye nokususwa kommangalelwa.
  5. Igqwetha . Imibuzo yempikiswano ingaba nzima. Iziphumo zokuqokelela kwinkundla engalunganga zinokuba qatha. Iligator yengingqi yengingqi enolwazi ingahlola ukuba imeko yakho ikwinkundla yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi kwaye icebise ngecebo elingcono.

Abami abacinga ukuba bazimela ngokwabo kwi-se enkundleni yephondo kufuneka babe nobulumko ngokukhethekileyo. Iinkundla zoManyano zinezifunekayo ezingqongqo, kwaye umthetho ongomnye kwityala lolawulo wobugcisa obuphezulu. Iwebhsayithi ye- yase-U.S. inikela ukhokelo kwi-ligistrations ezizimeleyo[, kodwa imelo lomthetho linconyelwe ngokungqongqo ngalo naliphi na ityala elibandakanya imicimbi yemithetho entsonkothileyo.

Ukutyholwa Kwixesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa bale mihla buye badala imibuzo emitsha ephathelele ukulawula kwenkundla yephondo. Xa iimpikiswano zivela kwintengiselwano ye-intanethi, ukungqubana kogcino-lwazi, okanye imisebenzi yoshishino esekelwe kwi-intanethi, ukubona apho ityala linokubekwa khona akusoloko kulula.

Iinkundla ziphuhlise uhlalutyo "lonxibelelwano oluphantsi" ngokukhethekileyo kwi-intanethi. Ii-website ezidlulisa nje ulwazi ezidla ngokungamisi gunya lobuqu, ngelixa ii-website ezisebenzisanayo eziqhubana nezoshishino nabahlali be-folum zingayicombulula ngokupheleleyo yonke imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo lwe-intanethi, ngoko ke iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyaqhubeka ziphuhlisa umthetho kwisiseko setyala.

Abemi ababandakanyekileyo kwiingxoxo ze-intanethi bafanele baqaphele ukuba amatyala athethwayo abandakanya:

  • Ukungakhuseleki nokuzifunela iinkcukacha
  • Ulawulo lwendawo
  • Uphazamiso lwamalungelo omqulunqi kunye nophawu
  • Ukunyanzeliswa kwesivumelwano sombane
  • Ukuqhathwa komnqamlezo we-intanethi

IKhomishini iye yamisela imimiselo ethile karhulumente edala igunya lesizwe kwiingxelo ezithile ezinxulumene ne-intanethi, ezifana neKhompyutha yobuqhetseba kunye noMthetho wokuKhuthazwa kweKhompyutha kunye ne-Anti-Cybersquating Consumer Protection Act.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lwenkundla yomanyano luyingcamango esisiseko kwinkqubo yomthetho wase-U.Imisela ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enokuva ityala, nawuphi umthetho, kwaye yiyiphi imithetho yesithethe elawula ityala. Kubemi, ukuqonda isiseko solawulo lwesizwe akuyomfundo nje. Ichaphazela izigqibo zemihla ngemihla, ukusukela ekumangaleleni ityala ukuya kuphendula komnye.

Isitshixo sokushiya abemi sesi: iinkundla zikarhulumente ziva amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwabemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo apho kukho ityala elingaphezu kwama-$75 000 (R34 000). Amanye amatyala, njengemibandela egunya nelokuhlawulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kufuneka aye kwinkundla karhulumente. Amanye anokuviwa nakweyiphi na inkqubo, yaye umchasi-mthetho usoloko ekhetha kuqala.

Xa uthandabuza, jonga ubuncwane obuthembekileyo. Umbhalo opheleleyo wemithetho yegunya lesizwe ufumaneka ngemithetho ye-U.S., kwaye iwebsite yenkundla yezomthetho inika izikhokelo ezicacileyo kwisakhiwo senkundla kunye negunya. Icebiso elingokwasemthethweni elivela kwigqwetha elifanelekileyo lisoloko lilelona khondo likhuselekileyo xa amalungelo akho kunye namatyala esengozini.

Ngokuqonda igunya lenkundla yephondo, abemi banokuyisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yomthetho, benze ukhetho olunolwazi malunga nendawo emayifakwe kuyo, baze baphephe impazamo exabisa imali eninzi yokuyifaka kwinkundla ephosakeleyo.