Uphando lophulo lumela enye yezixhobo ezithe shwaka kakhulu kwizixhobo zeli phulo lezobupolitika langoku. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso olusemthethweni olulungiselelwe ukulinganisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokwenzululwazi, ukunyanzela uphando lwenziwe ngenjongo ecacileyo ye ecacileyo [] iimbono — ngokufuthi ngokusasaza ulwazi olungalunganga okanye olulahlekisayo phantsi kophando. Ezi zingcinga okanye iincwadi ze-intanethi ezicetyiweyo azizami ukufunda oko umvoti othile acinga kona; endaweni yoko, bazama ukuzama ukuvelisa ingcinga ekhethekileyo okanye umanyano. Ukuqonda indlela eli qhinga elifuneka ngayo nabani na ozama ngayo ukubheka ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwexesha lonyulo.

Ngoxa uhlolisiso lwesithethe lulinga abantu ukuba bafumane ingqiqo esebenzayo, ukunyanzelisa imigaqo-nkqubo kuyinto elula yokunyusela okanye ukugxeka. Zizinto eziqhelekileyo eziquka inani elincinane lemibuzo, kwaye zinikelwa ngomnxeba, ngomnxeba, okanye ngezixhobo zamanani — ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokutyhilwa kwentlangano exhasayo. Ngenxa yokuba abathotyelwa imithetho efanayo yephulo lokukhankanya njengezibhengezo zentengiso kwimimandla emininzi, ukunyanzelisa uphando kummandla ongwevuthayo. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olukhawulezileyo lokucinezela: imbali, ubugcisa babo, impembelelo yabo ekwaziyo kwihambo yabo, imigaqo esesikweni kunye nengxoxo engomthetho ekhoyo, kunye neendlela eziluncedo zokuzichaza.

Yintoni Imposiso Yophulo? Ingcaciso Nomahluko

Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo asilulo uhlolisiso oluphengululayo olukhoyo ngendlela yengqiqo. Eli gama ladume kakhulu kwii-1990 ukuchaza ukurhweba ngocingo okanye unxibelelwano lohlobo lovavanyo apho injongo eyintloko ikukunyanzelisa, hayi ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Uvavanyo olunyanzelekileyo lungabuza umbuzo ofana nolo, “Ngaba ubuya kuba buninzi okanye buncinane kakhulu ukuvota iCandite Smith ukuba wazi ukuba ucatshulwe ukuphulwa kwezempe-mali?” Nokuba ngaba isityholo sibubuxoki okanye sithatyathwe ngaphandle komo, ukuphindwa nje kwento ethethwayo kwi-“ folomfathi ye-" ibangela ukuba inyaniseke.

Iifekta zokhetho ezilandela imilinganiselo engqongqo emiselwe yimibutho enjenge i- American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR]). Zinikela ingxelo yomlinganiselo, umganyana wempazamo, amagama okubuzwa, kunye nenkxaso. Uphando lonyuso, ngokwahlukileyo, phantse lungaze lukhuphe utyhilo olunjalo. Zikwaphawulwa ngomlinganiselo omncinci — ngokufuthi amakhulu ambalwa “ama-antententi” — kwaye azizami ukuzama ukuzama ukulinganisela okanye ukuhlengahlengahlengisa. “impumelelo yophendlo" luyilo olukhoyo.

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kokutyobela ungqubano kunye nophando olusemthethweni

  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Purpose: Umlinganiselo wovavanyo lophando olusemthethweni; nyanzela uluvo lotshintsho.
  • Ubungakanani obungumlinganiselo: injongo yokuvota okufanelekileyo yesampuli (ekudla ngokuba ngu-1000+); ugqobho-folo olusebenzisa amaqela amancinane, angameliyo.
  • Uyilo lweNjongo: Uvolo oluLegite luphepha ukukhokela okanye ukulayisha ulwimi; ukutyhala uvolo luxhomekeke kulo.
  • Intethelelo: Iindlela zokuvota ezinika udumo kunye nenkxaso-mali; ukutyhala akusoloko kungaziwa okanye kusebenzisa i-ID yomfono-mfono-mfono.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingeniso yophandle: ukuvota okusebenzayo kuvelisa iitafile zogcino-lwazi; ukutyhala kuvelisa unyuso olutshintshiweyo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nemizekelo Ephawulekayo

Ngeli xesha igalelo elithi “uphando lwe-pish” lithethwini, uqheliso lokusebenzisa uphando-style kuhlolo lwenza amashumi eminyaka adluleyo. Olunye lwemisebenzi ebhaliweyo yakudala yemisebenzi yempumlo yempumlo yempumlo yempukane yonyaka ka 1996. Iphulo likaPat Buchanan lisetyenziswa ekutyhaleleni uphando eIowa nase New Hampshire ukudibanisa uBob Dole kwintabalala yerhafu. Lo buchule bebenze yaphumelela kangangokuba yavelisa umva kwisixhobo sokugcina ulwazi kunye namaziko aphikisanayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ingxolo yokusasazeka kwexesha lokuqala.

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo umbi kakhulu ubandakanya u- 2000 Republican we- style phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush noJohn McKain. Baglars bacelwa ngabavoti eMzantsi Carolina bebuza, “Ngaba ubuya kuba mancinane kakhulu ukuvota uJohn McCain ukuba uyazi ukuba ungumntwana omnyama ongomnye?" Lo mbuzo ubhekiselwe kumarherhe angenalusi ngoMcCain waseBangladesh. Iphulo likaMc Cain kamva lachaza ukuba unxulumano noMxhasi we-Bush, nangona uBush ngokwakhe wakhanyela ulwazi. Isiganeko sihlala singumbandela wencwadi womonakalo onyanzela ityala eliphambili lomonakalo omnye ophambili ungabangela udumo lomntu ochaziweyo.

Kwimijikelo yakutshanje, ukunyanzelisa ukuvotelwa kovavanyo kuvele ngaphaya komnxeba. Imiyalezo yeposi, ii-website zezentlalo-ntle, kunye ne-intanethi “izibhengezo” zisebenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Ngexesha le 2020 Democratic Primerimeriaries, abavoti kumazwe amaninzi banikela ingxelo yokufumana uphando olusekelwe kumbhalo oluthi ngokufihlakeleyo oluthi uElizabeth Warren ulubhalise inkqubo ethile ecacileyo awayengenayo. Ezi miyalezo zichaziwe zinokuba zikho ngokufihlakeleyo ngenxa yokuba zivela kumhlobo okanye kumthombo ongathathi cala.

Ubugcisa Obusetyenziswayo Ekungcoliseni Kweziqhubi

Uphando olunyanzelekileyo luxhomekeke kubuchule obuncinane obusengqondweni nobungacingi nzulu obusebenzayo xa busetyenziswa ngendlela efutshane. Bubonke busebenzisa utyekelo lobuchopho — bunceda ubuchopho bethu bukwazi ukuzilawula, ngokufuthi bungaqondi.

Ulwimi Olufakiweyo

Amagama anesixa esiphezulu ngokweemvakalelo. Imibuzo yophando lobugqeba ibhalwe ngocoselelo ukuxhokonxa intsabelo enamandla. Umzekelo, umbuzo ungabhekisela ku-"indleko karhulumente" kunokubhekiselela ku-“balawuli abasebenzisayo” okanye“irhafu” kunokukhetha irhafu.” Ukukhetha iziphawuli nezimvompo zefreyithi phambi kokuba umvoti abe nethuba lokucinga. Amagama afana no- “appelty,” “amayeza athengwanobugrafi,” kunye“ nerhafu” aqhelekile ekutyhaleni izingqubo ngenxa yokuba zibangela ukwenziwa kwe-predveignet.

Ujikelezo Olungalunganga

Uphando olunamandla olunyanzelisayo lujolise kwizinto ezingalunganga. Uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika lubonisa ukuba inkcazelo engathandekiyo ikhumbuleka kwaye inokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba iphembelele izigqibo zokuvota kunenkcazelo eyakhayo — into eyaziwa ngokuba kukungavumelani nohlobo oluthile lomntu. Uphando olunyanzelisayo olubuza oku, “Ngaba ubuya kuba bungafane uxhase umntu ongonwabanga ukuba uyazi ukuba uye wayithabatha imali efuna ukuphembelela?” lungunombutho wokudibanisa lo mbandela wokonakala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bubungqina obubo. Uphakamela umvoti ukuba unyanzele ukuba uzakuyichasa iprotopite emooggrayo, nokuba ekugqibeleni uyayigatya.

Imibuzo Ephambili

Umbuzo okhokelayo ucebisa ngokuchukunyiswa ngempendulo efunwayo. Umzekelo: “Kule ngxaki yezoqoqosho yanamhlanje engaqinisekanga, awuvumi ukuba kufuneka singene emtshatweni onamava aqinisekisiweyo eshishini, njengo-Candite X?” I-partinging yenza kube nzima ukuphikisana noluntu. Iinguqulelo ezininzi ezicacileyo zisebenzisa "njengoko ungazi" izandulela ukubhambathisela kwimiba ethandabuzekayo: “Njengokuba ungazi, u-I Candite Yovote ukunyusela irhafu kwiintsapho eziphakathi. Ingaba unesixabisiso esisiso?"

Ulwazi Olukhethiweyo

Uphando locotho lunikela icala elinye kuphela lenkupho. Umvoti usenokubuzwa, “Ngaba kuni kukuthi kuxhaswe inkxaso-mali ka-Candidate Z kwinkqubo egxekwe ngeendleko zayo eziphezulu zolawulo?” ngaphandle kokukhankanya impumelelo okanye inzuzo ebanzi yenkqubo. Ngokuphakamisa izibakala, umvoti unyanzela umvoti ukuba avavanye inkqubo esekelwe kulwazi olungaphelelanga nolunekhethekanga.

Ungqinelwano Oluphosakeleyo Nomva

Olunye uhlolisiso olunyanzelayo lusebenzisa uthotho lwemibuzo ephinda iphindo eliphikisayo izihlandlo ezininzi. Nangona umvoti esenokungavumelani ekuqaleni, ukuphindaphinda nje kwandisa inyaniso ecacileyo yengxelo — isiphumo sokuqonda esaziwa njengesiphumo senyani esingekhoyo. Iphulo lokutyhalela umgxuma-ngquli iveki ingadibana nomvoti izihlandlo ezininzi, sihlandlo ngasinye sicela umahluko owahlukileyo wesigxobo esifanayo, ngokuthe ngcembe siyayiphelisa ithandabuzeka.

Isiqinisekiso esipheleleyo

Uphando olucinezelayo ludla ngokuqukunjelwa ngombuzo ofana nothi, “Ngaba ungaxhasa ngakumbi umntu oza kubhalisa irhafu yakho? Akukho mntu uthile oza kucela ukubhalisa ucwengisiwe, kodwa umbuzo wenzelwe ukukhokelela lowo uphendulayo kwisivumelwano esiza kusetyenziswa kakubi kwimpelesi yephulo. Iziphumo zemibuzo enjalo zibhengezwa njengobungqina bokuxhasa uwonke wonke, nangona umbuzo uxhotyiswe.

Indlela Amaqela Asetyenziswa Ngayo Achukumisekayo

Uphando lokufola alusetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Inkamkelo ezidibanisayo njengenxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu sonxibelelwano, ngokufuthi kwiiveki zokugqibela phambi konyulo xa abavoti besamkela kakhulu ukuthumela imiyalezo yexeshana elifutshane.

Ukubeka Iagenda Nokuyibeka

Ngokuphakamisa umba othile kuphando olunyanzelayo, abavoti bamaphulo bacinge ngaloo mbambano xa bevavanya abatshayeli. Umzekelo, ukuba iphulo lifuna ukwenza ukhuseleko lwesizwe lube yinto ephambili, inganyanzela abavoti bomgqumo ngemibuzo edibanisa umchasi nobuthathaka. Nokuba umvoti ebengakhange ayiqwalasele ngaphambili, uphatho olunyanzelayo lwenza ukuba i-screentive. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yekhasicwangciso — okuphembelela imibuzo ejongelwayo njengebalulekileyo.

IiVoters eziBalulwe ngokweeMicroup

Amaphulo angoku anokufikelela kugcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha zabavoti, kuquka ukubhaliswa kweqela, ukuvota, imbali yabathengi, kwanomsebenzi wobuzwe. Uhlolo olungumdla lungajoliswe kumaqela athile asekuhlaleni asenokuba aphenjelelwa ngumyalezo othile. Umzekelo, iphulo elisenokubangela oomama abagxume idolophu eqebayo banyanzeleke kwimali yesikolo, okanye abemi abakhulu kwixabiso lezempilo. Imibuzo idityaniswe kwizinto ezixhalabisayo zeqela ngalinye, ukwandisa impembelelo ephembelelayo.

Ukuvavanya Imiyalezo Yokuhlasela Okungalunganga

Phambi kokuba kuqalwe isibhengezo sikamabonwakude okanye iposi, amaphulo angavavanya imiyalezo ngokuvavanya ngokunyanzela. Ngokulinganisa indlela abavoti abasabela ngayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho engalunganga, iphulo linokusulungekisa ulwimi ukuze lube lolona lonakele kakhulu. Iziphumo ze “all” ngoko zisetyenziswa ngaphakathi — hayi kuluntu — ukukhokela uphatho lwentengiso. Ngale ndlela, ukunyanzela uphando kusebenza njengeqela eliphambili elivelisa umyalezo.

Ukuhlwayela Ukuphazamiseka Notyekelo Olungathandekiyo

Olunye uhlolo olunyanzelisayo lwenzelwe ukungatshintshi amavoti kodwa lungathobeli ukubhadula phakathi kwabaxhasi bomvoti. Imibuzo efana nethi, “Ukuba ubusazi ukuba i-Candidate A sele ikhuselekile ukuba abathunywa bafumane unyulo, ngaba ubuya kuphinda uvote kwisiqalo sokuqala?” ungenza isiseko somchasi sibonakale singenathemba okanye singenantsingiselo. Eli qhinga liqheleke ngokukhethekileyo kukhuphiswano olusezantsi lwenkcazelo apho inani elincinane labavotisi ligqiba isiphumo.

Ukudala Ubuchule Bokwenza Izinto

Iphulo lophando lingagunyazisa ukunyanzela ukuvotelwa okucela abavoti abacinga ukuba baza kuphumelela, kunokuba bacinge ukuba bakhetha baphi. Iziphumo zivulelwa ngokukhethayo kumajelo eendaba njengobungqina be- “momentum” okanye“ isiprofeto esizizalisekisayo.” Oku kudala isiprofeto esizizalisekisayo: abavoti bafuna ukubuyisela umphumeleleli, kwaye iziphumo zovoteko ezicetyiweyo zibaqinisekisa ukuba umntu othile oza kungenelela kwi-lo lwangaphambili.

Impembelelo Elinganayo Kwiingcinga Zebutho Loluntu Nezinyulo

Uphando oluphathelele ukusebenza kophando olunyanzelwayo lulinganiselwe kuba lo msebenzi udla ngokufihleka. Noko ke, izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziye zabhala iindlela eziliqela eziphembelela impembelelo yophando:

  • Imvelaphi yongquzulwano: Imibala isoloko ilibala apho iva khona intethe engalunganga kodwa igcina intsingiselo yeemvakalelo. I-“atmosfera” yenza umthombo ubonakale ngathi awuthathi cala, ukwanda kokunyaniseka.
  • Uthutho olunesiphumo: ulwazi olungalunganga olusuka kuhlolo olutyhalwayo ludala intshukumo ezenzekelayo yemvakalelo ethumela kumntu ojoliswe kuye, nokuba umvoti ngokusengqiqweni uyalulahla ulwazi.
  • Isiphumo se-Every: ekuhambeni kwexesha, impembelelo enyathelisayo yomyalezo ingakhula njengoko inkumbulo yemvelaphi iphela. Ingxolo yoduso ebonakala ithandabuzeka ngeli xesha isenokuvakala iyinyaniso ngakumbi emva kweeveki kamva.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiphumo somphunga: Xa uxinzelelo lwento luvuza ukucebisa umkhuphisi kukhutshwa ngamandla, abavoti bangakhwela ngaphakathi ukuze badibane nomntu ophumeleleyo.

Ngokutsho kophando olupapashwa kwi Journal of Political Marking, ukuchanabeka kumbuzo omnye wokunyanzela ungcoliseko kungasusa ukhetho lwabathathi-nxaxheba ngeepesenti ezintathu ukuya kwezi-5 phakathi kwabavoti abangakhange bafumaneke. Kunyulo olusondeleyo, oluthi ucalulo lugqibe. Ngaphezu koko, umonakalo usoloko ujoliswe phakathi kwabavoti abanolwazi kakhulu kwezobupolitika — ngokunjalo abaphulaphuli abafuna ukufikelela ngemiyalezo ecacileyo edibalula.

Ukuqwalasela Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nendawo Engwevu Engokokuziphatha

Imilinganiselo yokunyanzelisa ukuphanda iye yaphikiswa kakhulu. Abahlalutyi bathi ukunyanzelisa uphando lububuxoki ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba bayigqwetha kakubi injongo yabo. Umvoti ophendula “umphetho” ukholelwa ukuba banenxaxheba kuphando, abangeyonto yokuphembelela ingcamango yobuxoki. Oku kuchasene nomgaqo wesiko wokuvuma ngolwazi, imbombo yokuvota okusemthethweni kunye nokucingisiswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ngokubhekele phaya, uphando lokunyanzela lusoloko lubandakanya ubuxoki obucacileyo okanye ugqwetho olugqithisileyo. Nokuba intengo iyinyaniso, ukufushanisa okukhethiweyo kungumthetho ochukunyisiweyo. Umzekelo, uphando lokunyanzela lungabuza, “Ngaba ungakhetha u-Xistate ukuba uyazi ukuba uvote ngokuchasene nenkxaso-mali yamagqala?” Ngaphandle kokukhankanya ukuba ivoti yayiyinxalenye yomthetho omkhulu ochasene nomntu ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Umongo ofihlakeleyo.

Kwelinye icala, abanye abakhuseli baphikisa ngelithi ukunyanzela uphando luhlobo lwentetho yezopolitiko ekhuselwe nguMphetho wokuqala. Baphikisa ngelithi abatshati banelungelo lokunxibelelana nxamnye nolwazi oluchaphazelekayo nabavoti, kwaye ukuba ulwazi luchanile, indlela yokuhambisa ikufuneka ingalawulwa. Noko ke, le ngxoxo ayiphumeleli ukuphendula ngokukhohlisa ko “Poll”. Ukuba iphulo lihlawulelwe isikhalo esikhankanyiweyo esithi “le nto ichasene no-Yadite, u-Rhovita uyayazi ukuba bayabhengezwa. Inkohliso ixokwa.

Imibutho yophando yoochwepheshe njengo-APOR ithathe ukuma okuqinileyo nxamnye nokunyanzelwa kokuvotelwa. Ikhowudi yabo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba abavoti-zincwadi abafanele babandakanye “kusetyenziso lophando ukusasaza ulwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo.” Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zelizwe ziye zazama ukulawula ukunyanzelwa konyulo, ngempumelelo eyahlukeneyo.

Umhlaba Ophakamileyo Osemthethweni: Oko Kuvumelekileyo noko Kungachananga

EUnited States, ukunyanzela ukuthotywa akulawulwa kakhulu kumgangatho wesizwe. IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano yoMbutho (FCC) inemithetho emalunga nee-rodocals kunye nemiyalezo ebhalwe kwangaphambili, kodwa azithethi ngokungqalileyo ngomxholo wemibuzo yokunyanzelisa. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna ukunyanzelela abacebisi ukuba bafumane umbutho oxhasayo nokuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ubizo lwenziwe ngenxa yephulo. Amanye amazwe ayakwalela nokusetyenziswa kokhuthulo lokunyanzela kwientsuku ezithile ngaphambi konyulo.

Umzekelo, umthetho weMichigan ufuna ukuba nawuphi na umntu oqhuba uvo lokunyanzelisa makatyhile igama nedilesi yento ehlawula unxulumano. Ukusilela ukwenza oko kungaphumela kwintetho entle. iFlorida, iOhio, kunye neNorth Carolina inemimiselo efanayo. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa kuyatshintsha, kwaye imisebenzi emininzi yokucombulula iqhutywa ngaphandle kwemizi - mpumlo okanye iikomiti zezobupolitika ekunzima ukuzilandela.

EKhanada, uMthetho we- wokhetho lweCanada uthintela nawuphi na umntu ukuba azenzele uxwebhu lobuxoki ngomntlola, kuquka ngophando. Uphando lothotho oluqulathe iingxelo zobuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo lungakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Unyulo lwephondo oluninzi lubone ukunyanzeliswa kokunyulwa, nangona ukutshutshiswa kunqabile. Kulo United Kingdom, ukusetyenziswa kokunyanzela ukuthengwa kuthathwa njengokwaphulwa kwemilinganiselo yeBhunga le-UK Polling, kodwa ibhunga alinagunya lokugcina umthetho.

Indlela Yokuqonda Nokusabela Kwintsebenziswano Ephembelela Abantu

Kubavoti, abafundisi-mfundo, nabafundi, ukufunda ukuchaza uphando olunyanzelwayo bubuchule obubalulekileyo bokwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwijelo-ndaba. Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zinokuba luncedo umahluko wokhuthuzo olunyanzelekileyo kuhlolisiso olusemthethweni:

  • Uphando olufutshane kakhulu: Uvolo lweLegitimate ludla ngokuba nemibuzo eli-10 ukuya kuma-30 kwaye luthathe imizuzu eliqela. Uhlolo lokuqhushelwano lusoloko lunemibuzo ekwi-1 ukuya kweyesithathu.
  • Ulwimi oluchukumisiweyo: Ukuba imibuzo isebenzisa amagama afana “ojijekileyo,”“ orxifi,” okanye “ongasetyenziswayo eMelika,” ngokuqinisekileyo luvotelwano olunyanzelayo.
  • Akukho sandulela okanye kutyhila: Umvoteli wokwenene uza kuphawula inkampani yophando, umxhasi (ngokufuthi “iprojekthi yophando lwaseyunivesithi” okanye“iqonga loluvo lukawonke-wonke”, nendlela ugcino-lwazi oluza kusetyenziswa ngayo. Unyulo loqhagamshelwano lunqabile ukulwenza.
  • [[UMTL:0] kuphela umba omnye okanye umvo: Ukuba imibuzo igxininisa kuphela kumvotelwa omnye okanye kwinkqubo kwaye ayibuzi ngezinye imixholo, isenokuba ngumboniso otyhalela phambili.
  • Isakhiwo sombuzo esinika ingqwalaselo: Ukuba umbuzo ubonakala uthatha impendulo ethile (Uyavumelana ukuba kufuneka sinqande ukuchitha imali ye Candite A?”), uyatyhalwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Akukho mibuzo ilandelayo: Uvolo lweLegita lucela ukulandela uphando ukumba nzulu (umz., “Kutheni uvakalelwa ngolo hlobo?”. Tyhala uphololo lubhale nje uewe/hayi impendulo uze uhambe.
  • [[FLT: 0] ukhuthazo nokungabikho kolwazi: Ukuba ufumana unxulumano olusuka kwinombolo engaziwayo, umfono-mfono akanakulinika igama loqobo lentlangano, kwaye unxulumano luvakala njengothengiso, iphele incoko.

Oko Umele Ukwenze Xa Ucinga Ngenkqubo Yokurhwebelana

Ukuba uyaluqaphela uphando olunyanzelekileyo, uyakwazi ukwenza ukhetho. Ungacela umfono- mfono ukuba achaze ukuba ngubani ohlawulela umnxeba; ukuba bayala okanye banike impendulo engacacanga, yiflegi ebomvu. Uyakwazi ukunikela ingxelo yobizo kumphathi jikelele wegqwetha lelizwe lakho okanye iFederal Trade Commission ukuba ubizo lubhalwe phantsi kwaye lungacelwanga. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokunyanzela ifomati eklasini ukukhangela abafundi ukuba bajonge ubuchule. Usukelo akufuni ukuphengulula ngokupheleleyo — uphando olusemthethweni lubalulekile — kodwa ukukhathaza ngobuchule.

Isiphelo: Indima Yokufunda nokwenza amajelo eendaba Kwidemokhrasi

Uphando olucinezelayo luyintsebenzo oluzingisileyo lwamaphulo zobupolitika anamhlanje kuba esebenza. Basebenzisa ukuthemba okuthi indawo yabavoti kuphando kwaye basebenzise iindlela ezimfutshane zengqondo ukuphembelela iimbono ngaphandle kokuxhokonxa iphulo lokuzikhusela. Kwixesha apho intelekelelo ingena ngokukhululekileyo inqumla imijelo emininzi, ukuqonda kunyanzeleka ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

Abahlali abanokuqonda ukunyanzelwa kohlolisiso baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze baxhathise impembelelo yalo. Banokubuza lo mthombo, bancine, bafune inkcazelo ezimeleyo ngaphambi kokuba benze isigwebo. Kubafundisi-lwazi, ukufundisa abafundi ngokunyanzela ukuvota kuluncedo ekusebenziseni ubuchule bokukhetha, ukucingisisa, nokudibana kwamajelo eendaba kunye nezobupolitika. Lo gama amaphulo eqhubeka ukutyhalela imida yonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo, abavoti kufuneka bafunde ukuhlehla benokungabaza amathandabuza nokuqonda.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngemilinganiselo yokuvotelwa kwezobupolitika, iZiko lophando lophando lwendlela yokucombulula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha linika isishwankathelo esicacileyo. Ikhowudi yemithetho yokuziphatha [ ikwangumthombo oluncedo wokuqonda oko abavoteli abasemthethweni bathembisa ukukuphepha. Ngokuhlala befundile, uvotensise bangakhusela ukwenza isigqibo sabo — kunye nengqibelelo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo — ukusuka kulohlobo lokuphembelela impempempe.