Inkqubo yonyulo esisiseko sisixhobo esisisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, esisebenza njengendlela apho amaqela ezobupolitika axineneyo kummandla wawo wabanyulwa ngokubanzi. Ngoxa isoloko ingahoywa ngabavoti abaqhelekileyo, iipricator kunye nee-kaucuuses zigqiba ukuba ngubani ovela kwiBhodi yeklasi yeklasi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ukuya kutsho kumongameli. Abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abaququzelelayo, ukuqonda le nkqubo intlukwano ingundoqo ekuqondeni indlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluguqulelwa ngayo kwimigangatho yeqela kwaye ekugqibeleni lulawulo. Ngasezantsi kuchazwe ngokucacingisiswe, ngenyathelo lenkqubo ephambili yenkqubo yonyulo, kuquka nembali yayo, iinguqu-inguqu, kunye nemingeni ebhekene nokhetho lwangoku.

Imvelaphi Neendaleko Zokhetho Oluphambili

Iinguqu njengoko sizazi namhlanje azizange zibekho kwiminyaka yokuqala yeRiphabliki. Ukusukela kumawaka angowe-1790 ukuya ekuqaleni koo1900, abalawuli beqela bakhethwa kwintlanganiso zendlu evaliweyo ngabalawuli beqela — inkqubo esoloko ibizwa ngokuba “yi-caucus” okanye“i-proventiontion". Le yanika abalawuli beqela amandla amakhulu kwaye bakhokelela rhoqo kukonakala kunye nokuphathwa kwegumbi elisemva. INkakhulu (phantse u1990-1920) yaqalisa ukunyanzela ulawulo-melo oluthe ngqo, ikhokelela kunyusombululo lokuqala lwelizwe. UWisconsin wamkela inkqubo yokuqala ephambili phantsi kolawulo lokuqala lukaRhovern Robert Follette, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe aye alandela. Noko ke, inkqubo yomongameli ephambili yasala de kwa1970, xa kusungulwa uHorhoxiwa lwe-DD.Gremocratic Consent (197020) emva kolawulo lonyulo lweeNtemplathi zemithetho zesizwe ezilawula ezilawula ezilawulayongameleyo.

Yintoni Ityala? Inkcazelo Nemiqathango

Kukhuphiswano lwayo olulula, unyulo oluphambili lulukhuphiswano olungenamsebenzi apho abavoti bakhetha ukuba ngowuphi umvoti oza kumela umbutho kunyulo jikelele oluzayo. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, oluvulekele bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, amagumbi alawulwa yimithetho yeqela kunye nemithetho karhulumente egqiba ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo ukuba athabathe inxaxheba. Isiphumo somntu ophambili sinokuba sinyanzelo ngqo — umxhasi uya kuba ngummeli weqela — okanye umxhasi, kunye neepodwa kamva, kunye neevotisi kwindibano. Ukuqonda uhlobo olungundoqo luyimfuneko ekuhloleni indlela emele imelwa ngayo inkqubo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kwisidlangalala esivaliweyo, kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe neqela elithile abanokuvota kwiqela elikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, uDemocrat obhalisiweyo akanakuvota kwiRiphabliki ephambili, kwaye ophikiswayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ama-prigrim agcina umyalezo weqela ungqinelane kwaye abathinteli “ukuvota ngokutshaya” — apho amalungu eqela elichasanayo azama ukuphazamisa elinye icala ngokuvota umvota obuthathaka ngakumbi. Abagxeki bathi ama-Primmacrates ayazidis arhoxiza kwaye aqinisa i-polantium e-Rpolantiya. Okwangoku, njengeFlorida, i-Keynight, iNew York, kunye ne-Oregon basebenzisa ii-Pricarms kwiqela elinye eliphambili.

Vula Iindawo

Uphatho lwezikhundla luvumela nawuphi na obhalisweyo ukuba abe nenxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba libhaliswe njani na. Abavote kufuneka bakhethe ivoti yeqela elinye kwindawo yokuvota kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba kuvakaliswe ukuba lidibane neqela. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukwandisa inxaxheba kwaye inike intetho ezimeleyo. Amazwe avule amavoti aquka i-Alabama, i-Georgia, iMichigan, iMicrosota, iTexas, ne-Wisconsian. Umngcipheko omnye uxhomekeke kwilungu elinguququmrhu eliququzeleli elinye eliphambili ukuze liphembele iziphumo.

Isalathisi esitsha

Amasuntswana asondeleleneyo (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba “zii-hydrimes”) avumela ukuba amalungu eqela afuna ukuvota, kodwa abhalisiweyo athintelwe kwiqela lawo. Le nkqubo ilungelelaniswa nokungaguquguquki kweqela. Ama-mi-openribraric ayafana kodwa asenokufuna ukuba uvotelwa nombutho ozimeleyo ngeqela ngosuku lokuvota. Amazwe anjenge-Illinois, New Hampshire, kunye neNorth Carolina asebenzisa intlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi ntlobo zemifanekiso. Amagama anokudidaniswa, njengoko kuthethwa ngokwahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa iileta ezahlukeneyo; iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni, jongana ne-Astancestion ye-Staplectal. [Flact:]

Ukubaluleka Koosomashishini Kwinkqubo Yedemocratic

Izindlu zamaqela zingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinto ezintle ezikhoyo; zibumba zonke iimeko zezobupolitika. Ngokuvumela amalungu eqela eliphantsi kunye nefayili ukuba akhethe umlawuli wawo osezantsi, amagumbi okugcina aqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baya kuphendula kwisiseko sabo kunokuba banikele okanye babe phakathi. Le mpembelelo yegalelo yecandelo leqela leeprografini — abaphumezi bemibutho ephambili kwizivumelwano ezithe ngcembe okanye eziqhelekileyo basoloko bekhupha amaqela abo amaqela abo aceba amaqela awo kuloo macala. Ngaphezu koko, amasuntswana asebenza njengenkqubo yokuzinzisa: abamele ukusinda kubushushu bomnciphikizano idla ngokulunge ngakumbi kukhutshelwe iphulo oluqhelekileyo. Inkqubo ephambili i-oventina ephambili efuna ukuqokelelwa kwe-oomatilo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane abanokuziva bebonkile kwezonga kwicandelo elikhulu kwezobupolitika.

Inyathelo Ngenyathelo Ukonakalisa Kwenkqubo Ephambili Yokhetho

Inkqubo ephambili yonyulo iqalisa kwiinyanga ezininzi, ngokufuthi iqalisa kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi konyulo ngokubanzi. La manyathelo alandelayo anikela ilungiselelo elicacileyo lokuqonda umjikelo uphela.

Inyathelo lesi - 1: Isibhengezo sokubhabha nokubila

Inkqubo iqala xa abantu bevakalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba yinyaniso kwabo kwiofisi ethile. Esi sindululo sinokuba silula njengokukhululwa komsebenzi wokushicilela okanye sisemthethweni njengokunikezela isiqinisekiso sobunyani kwiofisi yonyulo karhulumente. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo: ubudala nokuhlala, ukuhlawula imali yeshefu (enokuthi ithathe amawaka ambalwa eerandi karhulumente kwi-ofisi yelizwe lonke), nokuthotyelwa kwenani elifunekayo lokufaka usayino olubhalisweyo kwiofisi ebhalisweyo. Umzekelo, umba wendlu yaseCalifornia kufuneka ahlawule imali emalunga nemali e-R120 000 (ingatshintsha) okanye atyikityelele i-mali e-malini e-malini. I-ekunye yemali efunekayo ifuna abaqululeki be-ofisi kunye neengxelo ze-edrawa. U. U.S. Umzekelo wendlu yaseKhalini kufuneka abhinqiniswe ngeentsuku ezingama-2020 000) phambi kokuba kukhutshwe urhulumente ngamnye, umlawuli ogunyaziwe, ujonga umongameli onegunya.[FFF.]

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukubhaka-bhaka nokuphuma kwezixhobo zombane

Kwathi kwaxelwa, abathe bangenela inyathelo elinzulu lokuthabatha iphulo. Kwezopolitiko zale mihla, oku kubandakanya ukuxuba amaqhinga angokwesithethe nawamanani: ukulayishwa kweminyango yesango ukuya kungena endlwini, iiholo zedolophu, iingxoxo ze-teksi, iingxoxo zonomathotholo, uthetho lwezezentlalo-mbini, iintengiso zezezentlalo-mbini, kunye neeposi ezithe ngqo. I-Candididad ekhuphisana nokunconywa kwemibutho eninzi yamanani anempembelelo, amaqumrhuluneli, kunye namaqela enzala. Imali yemali imele inyuse imali yokuhlawula abasebenzi, ukubhengeza, kunye nokuhamba ngeendawo ezincinci. I-Didemocracracs inyusa amakhulu ezigidi ze-ama-erandityw, i-mageon, i-edraptic projectivess, i-ins, i-iedrapt, i-ieages, i-ejective, i-eagee, i-ee

Inyathelo 3: Ukuvula iindlela kunye nokufikelela kwebhola

Ngosuku oluthi lumiselwe (okanye iintsuku, kumaphondo avota kwangoko ongeziweyo), abavoti ababhalisweyo baphosa amavota abo. Abavoti abavoti ababhalisweyo bayahluka-hluka ngokubanzi:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukuvota okungaphakathi ngomhla wonyulo: Abavongi baya kwiindawo zonyulo ezabelweyo, uchazo olukhoyo (luxhomekeke kwimithetho ye-ID karhulumente), kwaye baphawule ibhola yokuvota. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iibhola zovota zephepha, amanye asebenzisa oomatshini bokuvota be-elektroniki.
  • [[UMHLA] we- uvoto lokuqala:[ Amazwe amaninzi anika uvotelo kwangoko iintsuku okanye iiveki phambi komhla oyintloko osemthethweni, ukwandisa uncedo kunye nokunciphisa imigca.
  • Abhisee kunye nokuvota iposi: Ivota ingacela ivoti engekhoyo (kuso nasiphi na isizathu, okanye kuphela ngesizathu, kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe) kwaye ibuyiswe ngeposi okanye ngebhokisi yokulahla. Amanye amaphondo, njenge Oregon, Washington, ne Colorado, aqhuba amatriring phantse ngokupheleleyo ngeposi.
  • Ubhaliso lwemini yosuku olubanzi:[ Inani elikhulayo lamazwe livumela abavoti ukuba babhalise okanye batshintshe intsebenziswano ngemini yokuqala — oku kunganyusa ngokuphawulekayo unyuso phakathi kwabemi abaselula nabaselula kunye neeselula.

Ibalathi ingumsebenzi: amanye amaphondo asebenzisa ibhola enye edwelisa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kuwo onke amaqela (abizwa ngokuba “i-jungle "" okanye“ i-blanket engundoqo”), ngexesha abanye besebenzisa amasuntswana ahlukeneyo eqela. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. iCalinia Democratic Party v. Jones [2000]) yabetha ingubo ephambili njengeyaphula amalungelo eqela, kodwa “ephezulu-2” engeyoyamapartarian pritariantary (esetyenziswa eKhalifoni, eWashington, e-Nebras) ingumgravice ngenxa yokuba ivumela bonke abathathi abathathi bevela kwibala elingundoqo, kunye neqela eliphezulu eliphezulu eliphakathi.

Inyathelo 4: Ukubala Imisonto nojikelezo

Emva kokuhlola okuqukunjelwayo, amagosa onyulo afumana amavoti. Kwinkoliso yephondo kunye nama-ofisi asekuhlaleni, umvoti ofumana ivoti eninzi uphumelele ngokungqalileyo i-office, lo gama nje befumana ubuninzi (ngokufuthi abaninzi kumazwe athile). Ukuba ukuqhushunxwa kuyafuneka — okuqhelekileyo xa kungekho mvoteki ufikelela kumda ochaziweyo, njengo 40% okanye 50% — abatshayeli abaphezulu be-okanye abatshayelela kwi-iveki ezimbalwa kamva. Inkqubo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-offrimmenting iqhelekile kumazwe asezantsi njengeGeorgia, i-Louisiana, i-Texas, ne-Artian yemian yemin ephakathi kwemihlathi. Iziphumo ziqinisekiswa ziibhodi zonyulo-Rhulumente emva kwexesha lonyulo oluquka ukuhlanganisa nokuzalana komgca. Nangona iprojectives i-'eartress.

Inyathelo 5: Bathume Abahlali neeNdibano Zesizwe

Kumongameli ophambili, le nkqubo ayipheleli ngevoti ethandwayo. Endaweni yoko, abo baza kucela ukukhuphisana ngabathunywa abaza kubakhetha ngokusemthethweni kwindibano yesizwe yeqela. Imithetho yokwabiwa koomongameli inzima kwaye yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwamaqela eDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki.

  • Iqela ledemocratic: Abathunywa banikwa ngokwemo-thelekisayo ngokwesabelo esiphambili, nomntu oza kubhatalwayo ofuna ubuncinane i15% yevoti yezwe ukwamkela nabani na obathunywa. Kukwakho “iipolisa-madili” — iinkokeli zeqela namagosa anyuliweyo — abangakhutshelwanga kwaye abanako ukuxhasa nawuphi na umvoti. Ukususela ngowama-202020, amavoti e-deliti ayiphoswanga kwivoti yokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ugqatso lohlanga sele lugqibile.
  • IParathi yeRepublic: Ulwabelo loMthunywa lwezethu lweyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwemeko: ezinye ingeniso ephumeleleyo- zonke (ophumeleleyo ebhaptiziweyo ngokubanzi ufumana bonke abathunywa), ezinye zisebenzisa umelo lolungelelwaniso okanye i-andhi. I-RNC ayinazo iipali eziphezulu, kodwa amaqela asekuhlaleni anokuba neendwendwe ezingakhutshwanga.

Emva kokuba kubekwe izakhiwo zephondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo, indibano yesizwe ikhetha ngokusemthethweni ukuvota abathunywa. Kwindibano zanamhlanje, iziphumo zidla ngokubonwa kusengaphambili, kodwa iindibano zihlala zibalulekile ukuze kubekho umanyano lweqela, ukuthatyathwa kweqonga, nokuphembelela unyulo jikelele.

Iinkozo: Yintoni Umahluko?

Nangona la magama esoloko esetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo, i-primmics kunye nee-kaucuuses ziyindlela ecacileyo. Unyulo oluphambili lubandakanya iingxubusho zeqela, apho abavoti bafaka khona izicelo ezifihlakeleyo kwiindawo zokuvota ngexesha elithile elicwangcisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo, i-caucus, yintlanganiso esekuhlaleni apho abavoti bahlanganisana ngexesha elithile elikhethekileyo ukuze bathathe ingxubusho ephandleni. Ngonyaka wama-2020, i-Iowaccuuse ibandakanya iingxube-e-ethemati, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ijikelelzi ezininzi zokuvota. Batsala ixesha elininzi abathathi-nxaxheba kwezopoliti yezopolitiko. Ngokunjalo, i-kacuclus iye yagxekwa ngemibathanga (ngeminths) kunye nee-Cepus.[10]

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Ephambili

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo zayo zedemokhrasi, inkqubo ephambili yonyulo ijamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunokudodobalisa ukufaneleka nokusebenza kwayo.

Ithambeka Elisezantsi

Unyuso oluphambili lwembali lusezantsi kakhulu kunendawo yokunyulwa jikelele. Kwi 2022 yexeshana eliphakathi, malunga nama-20% kuphela abavoti abafanelekileyo abathathi-nxaxheba, xa kuthelekiswa nama- 46% kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Ukujika-jika kuthetha ukuba umgangatho omncinci, ngokufuthi ongaphezulu wengqiqo yabavoti umisela ama-nomine. Oku kungakhokelela kubavoti abagqithisileyo kakhulu kunokhetho jikelele, isiganeko esaziwa ngokuba “kukurhoxiswa.” Imigudu yokwandisa ukurhoxiswa, njengobhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye nolawulo lweposi lwendalo yonke, ibonise isithembiso kodwa isenziwa ngokuchasene namazwe.

Ukudimazeka kweevoter ezizimeleyo

Kumaphondo avalayo, abavoti abangabhaliswanga neqela elikhulu — phantse ama-40% ama-Melika ngoku achazwa njengazimeleyo, ngokutsho kukaGallup — avalwa ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokukhupha umlinganiselo. Oku kunokususa iqela elikhulu lonyulo nolwahlulo. Amanye amazwe aye aphendula ngokuvumela abantu abazimeleyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo, kodwa ingxoxo emalunga “nokukhululeka” ihlala iyingxaki enkulu yenkqubo.

Impembelelo Yemali Nemithombo Yezosasazo

Inkcazo yokuxhasa iintlawulo kwizindlu zangasese ingadala umahluko omkhulu. Abatshayeli abazizibonelelo okanye abo banezibonelelo ezingamawaka ezigidi bangalawula i-aurekaves kunye nombutho, ngelixa abanyuki bengca bezama ukuviwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo iSibambisen isigqibo sokuzilungisa [2010] esivulileyo] ekungagqibelelini ekuthengeni kwemali esetyenziswa yi-PACs, esoloko ijolise izisulu zokuhlasela iziphumo ezingquzula. I-dadi eMedia ithanda ukuxhasa i-injini ephambili, isenza umjikelezo wonyuko lwangaphambili apho iinkokeli zonyulo zifumana ingqalelo kumaxesha angaphambili, zisenza phantse ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwisithuba esiphezulu sokuqhekeza ukuqhekeza ukunqumla. “Le nkqubo ye-fram encinci yemigrom engabonakaliyo engabonakaliyo.

Ucinezelo lwezixhobo zokukhupha igesi nezithintelo zokufumana

Imithetho ye-ID equlathe izintlu, iiyure zokuvota ezisikelwe umda, nokuvalwa kwendawo zokuvota kummandla omncinci ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela inxaxheba ephambili. Brennan Center yeJaji ibhale indlela imiqobo enjalo enciphisa ngayo ukurhoxa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti abancinane. Ukongeza, ukwanda kwe- “zibhaptizi ezincinane” — apho isibandakanyekileyo sele sikhusele ukurhoxiswa kobuntsalo phambi koorhotho lwamazwe amaninzi — ikhokelele kwivoti evoti evoti nengqiqo yokuba ukuvota kukabani akubalulekile.

Isiphelo: Ukuphakanyiswa Okuqhubekayo Kwee-Primes

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili, kuzo zonke iimvavanyo, ezintsonkothileyo neziphakamile, ihlala ingundoqo wenkqubo yonyulo lwamaMelika. Iguqula ukuthanda kwamalungu eqela abenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo, ihambisa umgangatho wamandla otyani, inika abatshayo abaza kuphendula kudala ngaphambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo. Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, ababandakanyeka kunyulo oluphambili banikela isifundo esingqalileyo kuluntu, ukumela, nokubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba. Njengoko ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko lutshintsha — ngokukhula kwezicelo zokuvota okuphezulu, ukuvula iprojelo, kunye nephulo lemali yezente — ukuqonda abahlazi bezindlu zezindlu zezindlu zamazwe abahlala kuzo kunika abemi amandla okuxhasa inkqubo ebanzi ebanzi neyahlukeneyo. Ukuba ngaba ngaba ungumqwalathisiwo okanye umqwalanisi wezopolitiki, uthatha ixesha lokufunda ngelishwa kwakho, ungenelela kwemeko enkulu kulawulo lwemeko yakho kwimeko osele ikamva lakho.