Table of Contents
Isenzo soburhulumente sisebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuguqula intlalo, kwaye ukuqonda isiseko somthetho esilawula imigudu yokulawula ukulawulwa kwemithetho efuna ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukwenza utshintsho olunentsingiselo. Ukuba ngaba ulungiselela intlanganiso yoluntu, uqalisa iphulo lesicelo, okanye ubandakanyeka ekungathobelini kwemibutho yabemi, ukwazi amalungelo akho kunye neembopheleleko zakho phantsi komthetho kungenza umahluko phakathi kokuphumelela kokungalawuleki nokungalawuleki okungeyomfuneko. Olu khokelo luchaza ulwalamano oluntsonkothe phakathi kwezenzo zobukho bezenzo kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, ukubonelela iinkonzo ezifuna ubuchule bokuhamba phambili kubume obuntsonkothile bentlalo ngelixa lisebenza phakathi--nelllll.
Isiseko somthetho-siseko soMthetho
UHlomelo Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngeembono zakhe, ukudibana njengeqela, ukuya kurhulumente ukuze enze isikhalazo ngendlela abaphathwa ngayo, nokucela urhulumente ukuba aphathe abanye abantu ngokulungileyo. Le nkululeko isisiseko yenza isikhuseli sokhuseleko ekwakhiwe kuso yonke imibutho yabaxhasi, inika ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kubemi abanqwenela ukucel ’ umngeni imigaqo karhulumente, ukuxhasa imimandla ephantsi kwemigaqo-mthetho, okanye ukucela izindululo zenkqubo efuna utshintsho.
Noko ke, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba uHlaziyo Lokuqala luthetha kuphela ukuba abantu bangavota, babe nenxaxheba kwiphulo lomntu othile, babhale inqaku lomhleli, bathethe, babhalele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yabo okanye bathethe namalungu eBhunga. Le yimizekelo emihle yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Noko ke, kukho ezinye iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika nokusebenzisa amalungelo omntu omnye, kwakhona. Umlinganiselo wokwenza izenzo ezikhuselekileyo udlulele ngaphaya kokuthatha inxaxheba kwesithethe sezobupolitika, uquka uludwe olubanzi lwezenzo ezithe zayila imbali yaseMerika.
I-projekthi ihlala kwisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukusuka kwiBoston Tea Party ukuya kwiMbutho yaMalungelo aBantu bonke ukuya kwimiboniso yanamhlanje, abemi bebesoloko becel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente kwaye befuna utshintsho. Le sithethe sokungavumelani nako siye sanceda ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu, ekukhuseleni abasebenzi, kwimimiselo yemekobume, nangezinye iinguqu ezingathethekiyo ezichaza uluntu lwale mihla.
Ukuqonda ezi migaqo-siseko yokukhusela abaxhasi kubaluleke kakhulu kuba njengawo onke amalungelo nenkululeko ebekwe kwiSicatshulwa, noko ke, ezi zigunyaziso azinasiphelo. Iintlobo zoqhankqalazo ezisemthethweni (ukungavunyelwa) ziyavunyelwa, ngoxa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni (ukungathobeli komthetho) ziphantsi komthetho opheleleyo wolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mahluko phakathi kokuchasa okusemthethweni nokungathobeli kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni umela enye yezona ngcamango zibalulekileyo kubaxhasi abaxhasi ukuba baqonde njengoko beceba iindlela zabo zokuyila.
Ukuqonda Umahluko: Ukuchasa Umthetho kuyaphikisana. Ukungathobeli Kwabemi
Oko Kubethwa Kwamahenyukazi Asemithethweni
Ukuqhankqalaza okusemthethweni kuthetha ukuvakalisa ukungavumelani ngemithetho, imigaqo, okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ngoxa uhleli ngokupheleleyo kwimida esemthethweni. Oku kuquka imisebenzi efana nokuhamba ngokulungelelanisiweyo ngemvume efanelekileyo, iintlanganiso kwiindawo ezimiselweyo, iintetho zikawonke wonke, ukubhenela amagosa karhulumente, nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo. Olona phawu luphambili lokuqhankqalaza okusemthethweni kukunamathela kwawo kwimithetho ekhoyo ngoxa ufuna ukuwaphembelela.
Izenzo zokuqhankqalaza ezisemthethweni zinika abaxhasi iingenelo ezininzi. Zivumela ukuboniswa kwasekuhlaleni kokwahlukana ngaphandle kokuba sengozini yokubanjwa, ukumangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho, okanye ezinye iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Zingatsala ingqalelo yamajelo-ndaba, zibonelele inkxaso kawonke-wonke, zize zibonise ukuchasana okunzulu nemigaqo ethile okanye imikhwa ethile. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqhankqalaza okusemthethweni kunokwenziwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kuzisa kunye imibutho eyahlukeneyo yabaxhasi abasenokungathandi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi efaka iingozi ezisemthethweni.
Imizekelo yokuqhankqalaza okusemthethweni iquka ukufumana imvume yokuhamba nokuqhankqalaza, ukulungiselela amaphulo okuvota, ukuqhuba isantya sokuvota, ukukhuthaza ii-fomati ezifundisayo, ukwenza izifakelo zobugcisa ezidlulisela isigidimi sezobupolitika, kunye nokusebenzisa amaqonga eenkqubo zonxibelelwano loluntu ukuphakamisa ukuphaphamisa imicimbi. Ezi ndlela zokubheja zingqine zisebenza ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali, ukusuka kumbutho okhuphiswayo ukuya kwimozulu yanamhlanje.
Indalo Nenjongo Yokungathobeli Kwabemi
Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kukungathobeli okusebenzayo nokuzibanga kungummi ukuthobela imithetho ethile, iimfuno, imiyalelo, okanye imithetho karhulumente (okanye nawuphi na omnye urhulumente). Kwezinye iinkcazelo, ukungathobeli kwabemi kumele kungabi nabundlobongela kubizwa ngokuba yi-"vil". Ngenxa yoko, ukungathobeli kwabemi maxa wambi kulinganiswa nokuvukela koxolo okanye ukuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela.
Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya sisenzo sokuqhankqalaza, sobugqwetha obusemthethweni ngabom, ngokuqhutywa sisazela nangomthetho osemthethweni. Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kwahlukile kwezinye iintlobo zokuqhankqalaza koxolo kuba kukho ukwaphulwa kobuchule bomthetho ofana netyala, ukuthintela ukufikelela kwabantu, okanye ihambo engalungelelananga; kwaye ukwaphula umthetho kuyinxalenye yomgudu wokunikela ingqalelo yoluntu kusizathu. Oku kwaphula umthetho ngeqhinga kwahlula ukungathobeli okusemthethweni kwaye kubangela ukuba kubekho iingozi ezinkulu ngakumbi.
ISincoko sikaHenry David Thoreau sokuResistance to Civil Government, esapapashwa okokuqala ngo1849 sapapashwa emva kokufa ngo1866 njengendawo yokungathobeli kwesizwe, sadumelisa igama elikwi-US, nangona ingcamango ngokwayo yayisetyenziswa kudala ngaphambi kwale misebenzi. Isiseko sentanda-ntanda-bulumko sikaThoreau sagxininisa isazela somntu ngamnye njengomxhasi wesazela sokusesikweni, siphikisa ngelithi abemi abanalungelo kodwa banembopheleleko yokuziphatha yokungathotyelwa nemithetho engekho bulungisa.
Eyona nto yaziwayo ngexesha likaMartin Luther King, Jr.''s "Lettter ukusuka eBirmingham Jail," ebhalwe ngoAprili 1963. Kulo xwebhu lungabhalwanga ngamagama afanayo, uKumkani wachaza isiseko sokuziphatha sokungathobeli kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni esiye saphembelela izizukulwana zabaxhasi ehlabathini lonke, esahlula phakathi kwemithetho esesikweni nengekho sikweni kunye nokuphikisa imfuneko yokuziphatha yokucel ’ umngeni.
Imiba ethe ngqo. Ukungathobeli okungangqalanga kwabemi
Zimbini iintlobo zokungathobeli kwabemi . Ukungathobeli okungqalileyo nokungangqalanga. Ukungathobeli okungqalileyo kubandakanya ukwaphulwa ngempazamo komthetho othile, lowo, ngokwawo, ucelw'imbambano uthathwa njengongenabulungisa. Umzekelo, xa abaxhasi bevukela imithetho yocalulo ngokuhlala kwimibango yamaLungu kuphela ngexesha leKhunga lamaLungelo eCivil, babebandakanyekile ekungathobelini ngokungqalileyo kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.
Ukungathobeli okungangqalanga kwabemi, okuyinto edla ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuvukeleni, kubandakanya ukwaphulwa komthetho ongeyonjongo yokuqhayisa. Ukungathobeli kwabemi ngokungqalileyo kuzama ukukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ngokungokomfuziselo. Abangathobeli bamakhaya badla ngokuphula imithetho engavumelaniyo nomthetho okanye inkqubo abayiqhankqalazayo. Umzekelo, abaxhasi boxolo abaphazamisa imicimbi kwimizi yokhuselo abachasi imithetho echasene nokumeneza, kodwa basebenzisa ukungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi ukuchaza ukuchasana kwabo nezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile kubaxhasi bephondo baceba amaqhinga abo. Ukungathobeli okungqalileyo kwenza ukunxibelelana okucacileyo phakathi kwesenzo nonobangela, kukwenza kube lula kubantu ukuqonda injongo yoqhankqalazo. Ukungathobeli kwabemi okungangqalanga, nangona kusenokuba ntsonkothile ngakumbi ngokusemthethweni, kuvumela abaxhasi ukuba batsale ingqalelo kwimibandela ekusenokungabi nako ukwaphula umthetho okucacileyo ukuba bacel
Iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zomthetho zokuthatha inxaxheba
Ukucela Nokulawula
Ukucela kumela enye yezona ndlela zifikelelekayo nezikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni. Ingingqi zingacela amaqumrhu karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba(lonke, ezwe, nakurhulumente) ukuphendula izikhalazo, imigaqo-nkqubo, okanye ukumisela umthetho omtsha. Eli lungelo likhuselwa ngokucacileyo luHlaziyo lokuqala kwaye liye lasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo zentlalo-ntle yamazwe aseMelika.
Ukulawulwa kolawulo kubandakanya ukubandakanyeka namaziko karhulumente ngexesha lokumiselwa kolawulo, ukunikela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemigaqo ecetyiswayo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi. Le mijelo ivumela abaxhasi abaphambili ukuba baphembelele ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ngaphandle kokubhenela kumaqhinga angakumbi. Uninzi oluphawulekayo okusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye noloyiso lwamalungelo abantu luphunyezwe ngokuqhubeka kokulawula.
Ukucela nokulawula okunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda iinkqubo ze-bureaucracy, amaxesha okuhlangana kwentlanganiso ukwenzela amaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, kunye nokunikela iingxoxo eziphengululwe kakuhle ezixhaswa ngobungqina. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zisenokubonakala zingenawo amandla anzima kunemibhiyozo yesitrato, zinokuvelisa iinguqu zenkqubo yekonkrithi kwaye zimisele imizekelo ebalulekileyo yemigudu yexesha elizayo yokuzithethelela.
Ukhuthuzo olucwangcisiweyo
Ukumangalelwa okucwangcisiweyo, okwaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo, kuqheliso lokuzisa ukumangalelwa okucetyiswayo ukuzisa utshintsho kwintlalo-ntle. Iimeko ezichaphazela iziphumo zetyala zisenokuba kukumangalelwa kodidi okanye imicimbi yomntu ngamnye enokubaluleka okubanzi, kwaye ixhomekeke kwiimpikiswano zomthetho owiso-mthetho okanye kwiimfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Le ndlela isebenzisa iinkundla njengendawo yokuqhubela phambili imicimbi yentlalo-ntle nokumisela imizekelo esemthethweni enwebeka ngaphaya kwamaqela akufuphi kwityala.
Kumalungelo abantu, igalelo "licet" xa lenzelwe ukuqhubela phambili ukucaciswa, intlonelo, ukhuseleko nokuzalisekiswa kwamalungelo abantu. Ingcamango kukutshintsha imithetho, imigaqo kunye nokuqhelisa, nokukhusela unyango okanye isicombululo emva kokuphulwa. Inkcaso ecwangcisiweyo isoloko ibandakanya ukuphaphela kokungabikho kokusesikweni.
Enye imizekelo ephambili yalo msebenzi yiBrown v. Board of Education. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba nasekuqaleni kweyamashumi amabini, i-Civil Liberties Union ne-National Association yeNkqubela-phambili yabantu abanombala (ngamaxesha athile esebenzisa iNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lwasemthethweni) zombini zasebenzisa inyathelo elisemthethweni ukuqhubekisela phambili nokukhusela amalungelo abantu eUnited States. Le mibutho yaqalisa imodeli yezobugcisa eqhubeka ibumba i-mthetho namhlanje.
Ukubekwa kwetyala okucwangcisiweyo kukuchonga nokulandela amatyala asemthethweni njengenxalenye yeqhinga lokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu. Igxininisa kwityala ngalinye ukuze kufikelelwe utshintsho olubanzi lwentlalo. La matyala abekwe kwimiqathango ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni ngokubhenca okungekho sikweni, ukuphakamisa uphando nokuzisa utshintsho kumthetho, inkqubo kunye nokuqhelisela.
Amandla okuzidityanisa axhomekeke kubuchule bayo bokwenza imizekelo ebotshelelweyo engokwasemthethweni echaphazela bonke abantu. Ityala elinye eliphumelelayo linokuphelisa imithetho yokubekwa kohlanga, limisele amalungelo amatsha, okanye linyanzele amaziko karhulumente ukuba atshintshe imisebenzi yawo. Noko ke, ingcebiso elungelelanisiweyo ifuna oovimba ababalulekileyo, ubuchule obungokwasemthethweni, kunye nomonde, njengoko iimeko zinokuthatha iminyaka ukusombulula kwaye zisenokufuna izibongozo ezininzi ukuze kufunyanwe isiphumo esinqwenelekayo.
Ukuqhatha Nomthetho Onempembelelo
Ukuqhatha kubandakanya ukubandakanyeka ngqo kwimimiselo kunye nabenzi bemithetho ukuphembelela ukudalwa, ukulungiswa, okanye ukoyiswa komthetho. Ngoxa ukuphembelela okungoonobuchule kusoloko kunxulunyaniswa nezilangazelelo zequmrhu, intsebenziswano yengca ephenjelelwa yimibutho ekhuthaza inkxalabo kunye nabemi abaxhalabileyo banendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi.
Ezi ndlela ziquka ukuphembelela imimiselo nomthetho, ukuthetha kumaphephandaba, ukwakha imibutho, ukulungiselela amaphulo engca, ukufundisa abaxhasi, ukuphembelela amagosa karhulumente, nokusebenza namanye amaqela anomdla. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazama ukuguqula inkqubo enceda imibutho yabaxhasi idla ngokuba yeyona iphambili kwimbutho yoluntu enomdla womthetho.
Ukubhenela kwimpumelelo kufuna ulwalamano lokwakha namagosa anyuliweyo nabasebenzi bawo, ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukumisela imigudu yokungqamana neengongoma ezingundoqo, kunye nokukhuthaza abaququzeleli ukuba baqhagamshelane nabameli babo. Abaququzeleli bemithetho bangabhenela ngeentlanganiso ezithe ngqo nabameli, bakhuphe ubungqina obubhaliweyo, bacwangcise iibhanki zemfonomfono-mfono, kunye namaphulo okubhala iileta.
Imithetho elawulayo iquka ukugadwa komthetho ocetyiswayo, ukuhlalutya iimpembelelo zawo, ukwakha imibutho elungelelanisiweyo, nokukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke okanye inkcaso. Imibutho emininzi ephumelelayo elwa nolungelelaniso idibanisa iingca ezicwangcisiweyo ngokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo ukufikelela usukelo lwazo.
Ukulungiselela Iingxubusho Zoxolo Nemiboniso
Imibhiyozo kunye nemiboniso yoxolo isephakathi kwezona ndlela zibonakalayo nezinefuthe elikhulu. Ezi ziganeko zingasuka kubalindi abancinane ukuya kuhambo olunzima olubandakanya amakhulu amawaka abantu abathathi-nxaxheba. Xa elungelelaniswe kakuhle kwaye ebulawa, abonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke ngenxa yesizathu, atsalela ingqalelo kumajelo-ndaba, kunye nabenzi besigqibo sengcinezelo ukusabela kwiimfuno zolwamkelo.
Matshi eWashington yeJobs and Freedom (1963): Esi siganeko sicetyiswe kakuhle sachazwa ngokucacileyo njenge "isibongozo esiphilayo" ukunyanzela ulawulo lweKennedy kumthetho wamalungelo abantu. Abaphathi basebenza ngokusondeleyo namagunya karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke imisebenzi ihleli kukhuseleko lokuqala loLawulo. Olu hambo lwabonisa ukuba inkxaso esasazekileyo, eninzi yezentlalo yamalungelo abantu, inkxalabo enkulu yamajelo-ndaba, kwaye lwanceda ekwakheni inkqubela kuMthetho wamaLungelo kaNovesithi ka- 1964.
Ukulungiselela ingcebiso ephumelelayo kufuna ucwangciso olunempumelelo, kuquka ukuqokelela imvume efunekayo, ukuququzelela ukugcinwa komthetho, ukulungiselela iinkqubo zezandi, ukuqokelela amaqela amatsha - ntliziyo ukuba agcine ucwangco, alungiselele iingozi zezonyango, kunye nokuphuhlisa ukuvakalisa okucacileyo okuvakalayo kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Abaququzeleli abaphumelelayo baceba ukubhalisa ijelo-ndaba, beqinisekisa ukuba iintatheli ziyakwazi ukufikelela ekuthetheni abantu nokuba umyalezo weso siganeko udityaniswe ngokucacileyo.
Modern protests increasingly incorporate digital organizing tools, using social media to coordinate logistics, spread information, and amplify messages beyond the physical gathering. This hybrid approach combines the symbolic power of bodies in the streets with the reach and speed of digital communication networks.
Amalungelo Asemthethweni Nokhuseleko Lwabo Bafuna Umthetho
Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho
Ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala wenkululeko yokuthetha ludlulela kwimisebenzi emininzi edibeneyo, kuquka ukuthetha ngamazwi, unxibelelwano olubhaliweyo, intetho yokomfuziselo (enjengokunxiba iintambo zengalo okanye iiflegi ezitshayo), kunye nentetho yobugcisa. Iinkundla bezisoloko zikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukumisela intetho esekelwe kwiziqulatho zayo okanye kwimbono, ngaphandle kwemiqathango efana nezisongelo zokwenene, ukukhuthaza ukusondela kwisenzo sobugqhinga, kunye nehlazo.
Noko ke, urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuthetha, xa ezi zithintelo zingezozinto ezidityanisiweyo, zidityaniselwe ngokufutshane ukulungiselela umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye zishiye eminye imijelo evulekileyo yonxibelelwano. Kumalungu alwamkelo, oku kuthetha ukuba ngoxa enamalungelo aphangaleleyo okuchaza iimbono zawo, basenokufuneka ukufumana imvume yokuhlanganisana, bagcine imithetho yengxolo, kwaye baphephe ukuvala ukufikelela kwizakhiwo okanye kwiindlela.
Ukuqonda imida yentetho ekhuselweyo kunceda abo baxhasa intetho baphucule impembelelo yabo ngoxa benciphisa iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni. Intetho ethi abameli besenzo esingekho mthethweni bayakhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni ukuchas ’ umthetho okusemnyango kwaye isenokuvelisa isenzo esinjalo. Lo mahluko uvumela abaxhasi ukuba bakhuthaze iinguqulelo ezigqithisileyo, kuquka ukungathobeli umthetho, ngaphandle kokujamelana netyala ngenxa yokungathotyelwa kwabo umthetho.
Ukuya Kwindibano Yoxolo
UHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela ngokucacileyo "ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo" luqonda ukuba inyathelo elidibeneyo libalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukukhuthaza imicimbi. Eli lungelo livumela abaxhasi ukuba bahlanganisele kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ukuze bavakalise iimbono zabo, babonise umanyano, kwaye bacele urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.
Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa aliphelelanga ngoko. Amagosa karhulumente angabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni kwixesha, kwindawo, kunye nendlela yeendibano ukulungiselela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ezisemthethweni ezinjengohambo ngenqanawa, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, nokufikelela kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente. Le miqathango kufuneka idityaniswe ne-neutility kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa ukucinezela iimbono ezithile okanye imiyalezo.
Iifocus zikawonke-wonke − ezifana neepaki, iindlela, nezitrato — zifumana umgangatho ophakamileyo wokukhuselwa koMthambeko wokuqala kwindibano. Imiqathango karhulumente kwiindibano ezikwezi ndawo ijongene nokuqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo kwaye kufuneka ilungiswe ngokungqongqo ukuze incede izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezinyanzelisayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izinto zikarhulumente ezingavulekelelwanga ekuvakaliseni uluntu, njengesiseko somkhosi okanye izakhiwo ezingaphakathi ze-ofisi zikarhulumente, zingathotyelwa imiqathango engakumbi.
Abo baququzelela ukuhlanganisana ngoxolo abaquki lungelo lokuvala ukungena kwizakhiwo, ukuhlala kwimpahla yabucala ngaphandle kwemvume, okanye ukubandakanyeka kugonyamelo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla. Izenzo ezinjalo zinokuphumela ekubanjisweni nasekumangalelweni kwanaxa isigidimi esisisiseko sikhuselwe nguMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala.
Ukukhuselwa Ekuziphindezeleni
Abasebenzi bakhuselwa ekuziphindezeleni kukarhulumente ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQala uMbetho-mda. Oku kuthetha ukuba amagosa karhulumente akanakubamba, abamangalele okanye abohlwaye abantu ngenxa yokuba ebesibandakanye kwintetho ekhuselekileyo okanye kwindibano. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba isisongelo sokuziphindezela sinokuba shushu kwaye avelisa iimfundiso ezisemthethweni zokukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kolawulo olubi.
Noko ke, ukungqina ukuziphindezelela kusenokuba lucelomngeni, njengoko amagosa karhulumente enokuthi izenzo zawo zazisekelwe kumthetho osemthethweni obekek ’ iliso kumalungu akhuselekileyo omntu olwela ukuhlawuliswa. Abenzi-mthetho abakholelwa ukuba bajoliswe kwimpindezelo kufuneka babhale imisebenzi yabo, bagcine ubungqina bezenzo zikarhulumente, baze babuze kumagqwetha anamava kumalungelo abantu.
Abaqeshi basemasikweni kunye namaziko abodwa kwakhona bakwajongene nemiqathango yokuziphindezela kwabasebenzi okanye amalungu abandakanyekayo kwizenzo zobugcisa, nangona le migaqo yokhuseleko yahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela umsebenzi onxulumene ngayo nemithetho karhulumente neyamarhulumente. Abasebenzi boluntu badla ngokuba nezona zinto zikhuselekileyo ezingakumbi ekuphicothweni kwemicimbi yoluntu, ngoxa abasebenzi becandelo labucala besenokuba neenkuselo ezisikelwe umda.
Iingozi Ezisemthethweni Nemiphumo Enokubakho
Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Anxulumene Nemisebenzi Ebalaseleyo
Abasebenzi ababandakanyeke ekungathobelini kwabemi okanye abanyanzelisa imida yokuqhankqalaza okusemthethweni basenokujamelana nezityholo ezahlukeneyo. Izityholo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukumeneza, ihambo engalungelelananga, ukuthintelwa kwemisebenzi yeetrafiki okanye yorhulumente, ukungaphumeleli ukuchitha izithuba, nokuthintela ukubanjwa. Izityholo ezinzulu, ezinjengokuhlaselwa kwamapolisa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla, zisenokubekwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ugonyamelo okanye umonakalo wempahla.
Iziphumo zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho zinokuba ngumlinganiselo wemali encinane ukuya kwixesha elibalulekileyo lasentolongweni, kuxhomekeka kubukhulu betyala nakwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa. Kwaneenkolelo eziphosakeleyo zinokuba neziphumo ezihlala zihleli, zichaphazela amathemba emisebenzi, amalayisensi obugcisa, ukufuduka, nokungabi nabugocigoci-goci kwiingenelo ezithile zikarhulumente.
Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, iinkundla zala ukuthethelela abavukeli bemibhiyozo engekho mthethweni ngenxa yokucelw ’ umngeni kwabo ubusemthethweni bemfazwe yaseVietnam; iinkundla zagqiba kwelokuba ibe ngumbuzo wezopolitiko. Imfuneko yokukhusela iye yasetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha njengekhusi ngabaphulaphuli basekuhlaleni ukukhanyela ityala ngaphandle kokuphelisa izenzo zabo zezopolitiko eziphenjelelwa kwezobupolitika, nokubeka iinkolelo zabo zezopolitiko kwinkundla. Amatyala enkundla eUnited States v. uSchoon wakuphelisa kakhulu ukufumaneka kwenkxaso yezopolitiko.
Abo baxhasa imigaqo-siseko bafanele baqonde ukuba ukukholelwa kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye ubulungisa bobulungisa bomntu ongomnye akuthethi ngokusemthethweni kwizityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho.
Ukuzalwa Nomthetho
Ngaphandle kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abaxhasi basebupoliseni basenokumangalelwa ngokufuna ityala lemali kwimisebenzi yabo yokuqhankqalaza. Abanini bempahla basenokumangalelwa ngetyala okanye ngomonakalo kwimpahla yabo.
Ityala lamakhaya linokuba negalelo ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba umonakalo unokuba ligobe kakhulu, usenokuba lizikhuphiswano okanye imibutho ejongene nokuwa. Amanye amagunya aye amisela imithetho ekhethekileyo eyenzelwe ukwandisa iimfanelo zemibutho ethile yokuqhankqalaza, ingakumbi ezo zijolise kwizinto ezicelw'iintloko okanye ushishino oluthile.
I-inshorensi yetyala nemibutho kufuneka iqwalasele ukufumana i-inshorensi yetyala xa kunokwenzeka ize ijonge imisebenzi yayo ukunciphisa ubungozi bobupolisa. Oku kunokuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingxwabangxwaba ihlala inoxolo, ithintele ukonakaliswa kwempahla, kwaye inxibelelane ngokucacileyo nabathathi-nxaxheba kwimida yehambo esemthethweni.
Isantya somthamo kunye noHlolomelo
Abasebenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqaphele ukuba abameli bomthetho banokuqwalasela imisebenzi yokuqhankqalaza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukujongwa ngokwezomzimbi, ukujongwa kwezentlalo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabameli okanye amagosa okhuseleko. Ngoxa olo hlolo lunyusa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, iinkundla zisoloko zivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kuqulunqe ubukrele malunga nengxubusho ecetyiweyo, ingakumbi xa kukho inkxalabo ngogonyamelo okanye ukonakalisa impahla.
Iminyaka yamanani iye yandisa amandla okuhlola ngendlela ephawulekayo, abanyanzelisi bomthetho bekwazi ukulandelela abaxhasi abaphambili kwii-ofisi zabo zezentlalo-ntle, kwii-data zeselfowuni, nakwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano zekhompyutha. Abasebenzi abaxhalabileyo ngokujongwa kwemibutho yokhuseleko lwamanani kufuneka bazifundise ngokusetyenziswa konxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo, ulawulo olulunonophelo lwezibonelelo zezentlalo-ntle, nokuqonda indlela unyawo lwabo lwezingcinga olunokusetyenziswa ngayo ekulandeleleni imisebenzi yabo.
Noko ke, abo baxhasa imicimbi bafanele baqonde ukuba ukuqiqa ngezinto abazenzayo kunokukhusela ekutyholweni ngobuxoki kuze kubonise ukuba bayazibophelela ekuvuneni ngoxolo nangokusemthethweni.Isigqibo sokukhusela umntu ukuba angakhangeli sibandakanya ukulinganisela inkxalabo yokhuseleko kwiingenelo zokubonakala nokuziphendulela koluntu.
Imiphumo EngokweNtlalo Neyobugcisa
Ukongezelela kwizenzo ezingokwasemthethweni, abaphulaphuli basekuhlaleni basenokuchaphazeleka ngokwezentlalo. Umzekelo, abafundi abaqhankqalazi basenokungavunyelwa okanye bagxothwe esikolweni. Abangathobeliyo basenokulahlwa okanye bahlukane neentsapho zabo. Le miphumo engeyoyasemthethweni inokuba yeyona ibalulekileyo njengesohlwayo esisemthethweni, ichaphazela ulwalamano lobuqu, amathuba emfundo, kunye namathemba omsebenzi.
Abaqeshi bangafumana ingqeqesho okanye bashiye abasebenzi ababanjwa ngexesha lemibhiyozo, ingakumbi ukuba ukubanjwa kwenzeka ngexesha lomsebenzi okanye ukuba ukhuphiswano lomqeshwa lubonakala lungqubana nezilangazelelo zomqeshi. Iibhodi zoqeqesho ezingoochwepheshe zingaqwalasela ukubanjwa okanye ukuvalwa xa zivavanya izicelo okanye ziphuculwa. Abasebenzi abangakhuthaziyo banganyanzela isigwebo soqeqesho kubafundi abaphula imithetho yesikolo ngexesha lezenzo zoqhankqalazo.
Abasebenzi bezomthetho kufuneka baqwalasele ngenyameko le miphumo xa beceba imisebenzi yabo baze benze izigqibo ngolwazi malunga nomlinganiselo womngcipheko abakulungeleyo ukuwuvuma. Abanye, imfuneko yokuziphatha yesizathu sabo ingaphezulu kunezo zinto zixhalabisayo. Kwabanye, ukufumana iindlela zokubandakanyeka kwizenzo ezisebenzayo ngoxa benciphisa ubungozi bobuqu kusenokuba yeyona ndlela ikhethwayo.
Izenzo ezingcono zokukhuphiswano olungokwasemthethweni
Wazi Amalungelo Akho Ngaphambi Kokuqhayisa
Ngaphambi kokuba babe nenxaxheba nakweyiphi na imibhiyozo, abaxhasi bafanele baqhelane namalungelo abo asemthethweni, imithetho yasekuhlaleni elawula imibhiyozo, nemithetho engqalileyo esebenza kwindawo abaceba ukuyibonisa.
I-American Liberties Union (ACLU): Inika uninzi lwabaqhankqalazi oovimba bamalungelo abo kunye nokhokelo oluchanekileyo lukarhulumente. I-ACLU ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yelizwe lonke. ISizwe Lemithetho uGuild (NLG): Inika uSolwazi ngezikhokelo Zakho zamalungelo kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni kubaxhasi abalwayo. I-NLG isoloko inika abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni ekuvukeleni kwaye imele ababhikishini ityala.
Imibutho emininzi inikela iintlanganiso zoqeqesho "Olwazi Ngamalungelo Akho" ezigubungela imixholo efana noko makwenziwe ukuba imiswe ngamapolisa, indlela yokuphendula kwizicelo zokuzichaza, xa kufuneka uthobele imiyalelo yamapolisa, noko unokukulindela ukuba ubanjwa. Olu qeqesho lunganceda abaxhasi benze izigqibo zolwazi kwiimeko eziphezulu zokucinezelwa nokuphepha ukuwaqhatha amalungelo abo ngokungazi.
Abasebenzi kufuneka baqonde umahluko phakathi kwezicelo zamapolisa nemiyalelo. Ngoxa unokukhetha ukuthobela izicelo njengomcimbi wembeko okanye weqhinga, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ngokusemthethweni uthobele imiyalelo esemthethweni. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kunceda abaxhasi bamalungelo abo ngaphandle kokunyuka ngokungeyomfuneko kunye nokunyanzeleka komthetho.
Ukufumana imvume efunekayo neemvume
Ukuqhayisa okubandakanya amaqela amakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kwesandi esinyusiweyo, okanye umsebenzi wezithuba zikawonke-wonke, ukufumana imvume ezifunekayo kusoloko kufunwa ngumthetho. Ngelixesha imfuneko yemvume ngokwayo kufuneka idityaniswe ngokungathabathi cala kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa ukucalula iimbono ezithile, ukungaphumeleli ukufumana imvume ezifunekayo kungaphumela ekubanjweni nasekutshutshisweni.
Inkqubo yemvume yokusebenza ifuna ukubonelela ngolwazi malunga nesiganeko esicwangcisiweyo, kuquka umhla, ixesha, indawo, inani elilindelekileyo labathathi-nxaxheba, nokuba ngaba isandi esinyusiweyo siya kusetyenziswa na. Abasemagunyeni bangabeka iimeko ezisengqiqweni kwimvume, njengokufuna ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ezimiselweyo, ukulinganisela iiyure zesiganeko, okanye ukufuna abaququzeleli ukulungiselela ukhuseleko okanye iinkonzo zokucoca.
Abo bamisela imvume kufuneka bafake isicelo kwimvume ngaphambi kweziganeko ezicwangcisiweyo, njengokuba amaxesha okulungiselela iziganeko ekufuneka ahlukane kwaye ukubhenela kusenokufuneka ukuba imvume iyalanywa okanye kubekwe iimeko ezingenangqiqo, abaxhasi basenokuba nezizathu zokucel ’ umngeni isigqibo enkundleni, besithi imiqathango iyawaphula amalungelo abo okuQalela uHluliso.
Abanye abaxhasi bezopolitiko bakhetha ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume njengendlela yokungathobeli kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni, bevuma ukuba babe sengozini yokubanjwa ukuze bachaze inkcaso ngorhulumente okanye bagcine isigidimi sabo singxamisekile.
Phendla InjiniName
Uxwebhu olungqinelanayo lwemisebenzi yokuqhankqalaza lufeza iinjongo ezininzi. Lunika ubungqina behambo yoxolo ukuba abaxhasi batyholwa ngogonyamelo okanye ngokutshatyalaliswa kwempahla. Lubhala amaxwebhu okuziphatha kwamapolisa xa kuvela ukutyholwa kokusetyenziswa kwegunya ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukuphulwa kwamalungelo. Luyila ingxelo engokwembali yembutho nemisebenzi yayo. Yaye lungasetyenziselwa ukubonisa isikali nempembelelo yokuqhankqalaza kumajelo eendaba nakumaqumrhu eequmrhu.
Iingcali zezobugcisa kufuneka zichaze abantu abafanele basebenze njengabameli, abanoxanduva lokufota nokuthatha amaphetshana eziganeko, babhale izinto ezenzekayo, yaye bagcine ubungqina obukhoyo. Kwiminyaka yolu qikelelo, abaqhankqalazi abaninzi basebenzisa ii-cell phone ukubhala amava abo, nangona abaxhasi befuna ukwazi ukuba ezi zixhobo zinokubanjwa ngomthetho okanye zibekwe njengobungqina.
Abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni ._edla ngokuqeqeshwa yimibutho efana neNational Lawyers Guid − yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni izikhalazo. Aba babukeli banxiba iimpahla ezahlukileyo ezichaza indima yabo, bazimisela ukubonelela ukudibana kwabaqhankqalazi namapolisa, baze babhale iingxelo ezineenkcukacha ezinokusetyenziswa kwimicimbi esemthethweni ukuba abaxhasi babanjwa okanye amalungelo abo aphulwe.
Uxwebhu alufanele luquke oko kwenzekayo kuphela xa kusenziwa imibhiyozo kodwa lufanele luquke nendlela yokucwangcisa, unxibelelwano namagunya, naziphi na izisongelo okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa okufunyanwayo. Le ngxelo ibanzi inokuba luncedo xa kuvela iimpikiswano zomthetho okanye ukuba abaxhasi kufuneka babonise ukuba imisebenzi yabo isemthethweni yaye inoxolo.
Misa Imithetho yokuziphatha Ecacileyo Yonxibelelwano
Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo lubalulekile ekulawuleni imibhiyozo emikhulu nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakhuselekile. Abaququzeleli kufuneka bamisele amatyathanga acacileyo omyalelo, bachaze abantu abanokunxibelelana namajelo eendaba nawomthetho, kwaye bavelise iinkqubo zokunxibelelana nabathathi-nxaxheba ngethuba leziganeko.
Imikhosi emininzi yezoqhankqalazo isebenzisa amaqumrhu amatsha - ntliziyo anxiba iimpahla ezahlukileyo kwaye anomthwalo wembopheleleko wokunxibelelana nabathathi-nxaxheba, anceda ukulondoloza ucwangco, kwaye asebenza njengezinxulumanisi nomthetho onyanzelisayo. La maqela kufuneka aqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo zokuthoba ityala kwaye aqonde imida esemthethweni yokuqhankqalaza.
Imithetho-nkqubo yonxibelelwano kufuneka ithethe oko kwenzekayo xa abathathi-nxaxheba bebanjwa. Oku kunokuquka ukuseka ikhonkco elishushu elisemthethweni elinokutsalwa, ukutyumba abantu ngabanye ukuqwalasela ukubanjwa nokugcinwa kwemida ebanjiweyo, nokulungiselela ukumela ngokusemthethweni abo bachotshelweyo.
Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zamanani zinokwenza kube lula ukunxibelelana ngexesha lemibhiyozo, kodwa abaxhasi kufuneka baqaphele ukuba olu nxibelelwano lungajongwa ngabasebenzi bomthetho. Izigqibo zokuba ngaba kusetyenziswe ii-apps ezifihlakeleyo okanye amanye amanyathelo okhuseleko kufuneka zenziwe ngokweemeko ezithile nangomlinganiselo womngcipheko wemisebenzi ecetyiweyo.
Lungiselela Ukubanjwa Nemiphumo Engokwasemthethweni
Abasebenzi ababandakanyeke ekungathobelini kwabemi okanye kwezinye izinto ezinokuphumela ekuboshweni kufuneka balungiselele kusengaphambili oko kunokwenzeka. Oku kulungiselelwa kuquka ukuqonda oko kumele kulindelwe ngexesha lokubanjwa, ukwazi amalungelo akho xa usentolongweni, nokuba necebo lokuwamisela ngokusemthethweni.
Phambi kokuba babe nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi enokuthi ikhokelele ekubanjweni, abaxhasi kufuneka babhale phantsi iinombolo ezibalulekileyo zomnxeba (kuquka inkxaso esemthethweni), balungiselele ukuba umntu anyamekele abaxhamli okanye izilwanyana ezifuyiweyo ukuba babanjiwe, baze baqwalasele enoba banazo na iimeko zempilo ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokukhethekileyo. Bafanele bagqibe kwangaphambili ukuba baza kunikela ingxengxezo kusini na emapoliseni, nokuba baza kwenza amanqaku athini, nokuba baza kuthini na ukuba baya kubekwa ityala.
Ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi: qwalasela ukubaluleka konobangela kunye nempembelelo yengxubevange nxamnye nomngcipheko wobuqu. Olu xinezeleko lwendlela yokuziphatha – ukuncama - umntu ngamnye ngenxa yokulungileyo – ukulalana kwabemi. Abenzi-mthetho kufuneka baphaphele, baphaphele izigqibo ezingobungozi obusemthethweni abakulungeleyo ukwamkela, kunokuba babhaqwe bephathwe bephaphile ngamabanjwa okanye izityholo.
Imibutho emininzi yabaxhasi inikela inkxaso "iJail" kubaqhankqalazi ababanjwayo, kuquka ukugada ababanjwayo, ukulungiselela ukubhalisa, ukulungiselela ukuxhasa okusemthethweni nokuxhasa ngokweemvakalelo. Ukwazi ukuba le nkqubo ikhoyo kunokukunceda ulwelo olungakumbi lokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ephezulu.
Imizekelo Engokwembali Yomthetho
IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi
Isetyenziswe kwimibutho emininzi yokuxhathisa engenabundlobongela eIndiya (amaphulo kaMahatma Gandhi okuzimeleyo kuBukhosi baseBritane), kuvukelo lweNguquko lwangaphambili lweCzechoslovakia lweNguquko yeNtlalo yeBangladesh ngokuchasene ne-Pakistani kunye nemikhosi ka-Jamani eseMpuma ukukhupha urhulumente kaStalin. EMzantsi Afrika ngexesha lephulo lobushicileleneyo ngokuchasene norhulumente wamalungelo abantu, kumbutho waseMelika ochasene noJarrow. UMartin Luther noJames Bevel abangooxolo ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States maxa wakuba nemeko ezibalulekileyo zokungathobenzi.
Kwinkqubo yemibutho yamalungelo abantu, yayingumahluko phakathi kwabaqhankqalazi abangenabundlobongela kunye nokusabela ngogonyamelo kwamapolisa asemazantsi okwanceda ekukhuthazeni uluntu nokukhuthaza urhulumente wesizwe ukuxhasa ukulingana kwezizwe. Oku kusetyenziswa kobuchule kokuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela kwabonisa indlela abaxhasi abanokusebenzisa ngayo imigaqo esemthethweni neyokuziphatha ukubhenca ukungabikho kokusesikweni nokuxhasa iinguqulelo.
IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi lasebenzisa uqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwendlela zomthetho, kuquka ukudityaniswa kwemibutho efana neNaACP Legal Defense Fund, izenzo ezingqalileyo ezifana nokuhlala nokuhamba kwenqanawa kunye nenkululeko, iinqwelo-mafutha zezoqoqosho, iinqwelo-mafutha zokuvota, kunye nokubhenela umthetho wequzelelwa. Le nkqubo ininzi ichaza ukuba utshintsho oluhlala luhleli lufuna zombini ulo loyiso olusemthethweni kunye nokutshintsha kolwazi lukawonke wonke.
Uninzi lwala maqhinga lwaduma ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States, owasebenzisa inkululeko yokuhlala, ukukhwela, iingoma zenkululeko, kunye nobhaliso lwezibheno ukuqinisekisa abenzi bemithetho ukuba bamisele uMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka1964 kunye namanye amanyathelo amaninzi amalungelo abantu awanika ukhuseleko, ukuyeka ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu, kwanomtshato osemthethweni ongowesizwe ngo1967.
Intshukumo yamabhinqa ephazamisayo
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungathobeli kwabemi ziye zasetyenziswa ngabaxhasi abaphambili, njengenkokeli yamabhinqa aseMelika uSusan B. Anthony ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Umbutho wamabhinqa wokugada udibene ngokusemthethweni, kuquka ukucela nokukhuthaza, kunye nobuchule obuninzi bokungquzulana njengokwenza iWhite House kunye nokuqhatha indlala xa bevalelwe entolongweni.
Ooncwadi ababhalisayo bajamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo engokomthetho, kuquka imithetho eyalela ngokucacileyo amabhinqa ekuvoteleni nakwizithethe zentlalo ezazingakukhuthazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Iphulo labo leminyaka emininzi lasebenzisa uludwe lwamacebo, ukusuka kumaphulo karhulumente ukuya kuthumela imithetho yokuvota ukuya kumgaqo-siseko wokulungisa ekugqibeleni owaphumelela ekuqinisekisweni kweSindululo se-19 seMpagamfa
Xa enye indlela yokuzingisa ingazange iphumelele, abaxhasi basebenzisa iindlela zabo, bafunda kwiintsilelo, baza baqhubeka benyanzelela utshintsho kuyo nayiphi na imijelo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiko eyayikho.
Intshukumo yomsebenzi
Imbali yombutho wabasebenzi waseMerika idityaniswe kakhulu nemilo esemthethweni yamalungelo abasebenzi ukuba balungelelanise, babethe, badibane. Abaxhasi bemisebenzi bangaphambili bajongene nemeko-bume engokwasemthethweni echasene nobutshaba, kunye nemithetho esoloko ikhutshwa ngokuchasene nokuhlasela kwaye oorhulumente basebenzisa amandla ukuphelisa izikhalazo zemisebenzi.
Abaxhasi bemisebenzi basebenzisa uludwe lweendlela, kuquka ukubetha, ukungqubana, ukuchola, nokulungelelanisa kwezobupolitika ukuze kukhethwe abasebenzi abaza kusebenza. Imigudu yabo ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kumthetho ophawula izinto ofana neNational Labor Relations Act, eyamisela amalungelo abasebenzi okuququzelela nokucebisisa, kunye noMthetho weMigangatho yeNkonzo yezeNkcubeko, owamisela umvuzo omncinci nokhuseleko longezelelweyo.
Uloyiso olusemthethweni lombutho wabasebenzi lubonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni okunokuyiguqula ngayo imisebenzi eyayingekho mthethweni ngaphambili okanye eyayiphantsi kwengcinezelo engqwabalala kumalungelo akhuselweyo. Olu tshintsho lwalufuna ukuba zombini iingca ezilungelelanisayo kunye nokulawula okuntsonkothileyo okusemthethweni ukuseka imizekelo emitsha nokukhusela iinguqu zemithetho-mthetho.
Intshukumo yokusingqongileyo
Intlangano yale mihla yemekobume iye yasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni zokukhusela ungcoliso lwendalo nokulwa.
Imibutho enjenge-Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund (ngoku enguMhlaba wobulungisa) yenza ukuba kusetyenziswe iisuti kumthetho wemekobume ovumela abemi bobucala ukuba bangenise ityala lokukhusela imekobume xa amaqumrhu karhulumente esilela ukwenza oko. Olu phuhliso lusemthethweni lugunyaziswe amagqwetha azimeleyo ukuba asebenze njengeejaji-ngamela, esongezelele imigudu yokunyanzelisa urhulumente.
Abaxhasi bokusingqongileyo nabo baye babandakanyeka kwisenzo esingqalileyo, kuquka ukuhlala kwemithi ukuze bathintele ukugawulwa kwemithi, ukuvalwa kweendawo zokwakha, nokuhlala kwiindawo ezisongelwa yinkqubela-phambili. Ezi ndlela ziye zaphumela ekubotshweni nasekuchaneni ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kwakhona baye baphumelela ekulibaziseni okanye ekupheliseni imisebenzi etshabalalisayo imekobume nokuphaphamisa uluntu ngeengozi zemekobume.
Ukusebenza nentlangano Ezixhasa Ngokwasemthethweni
Iintlangano zenkululeko yamakhaya
Imibutho yenkululeko yamakhaya yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni abaxhasi nokukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) mhlawumbi yeyona ntlangano yaziwayo kweli sithuba, ineziqu kulo lonke ilizwe ezinika imelo elisemthethweni, inkqubo yokuxhasa urhulumente, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke kwimibandela yenkululeko yabemi.
Le mibutho ixhasa abantu abalwayo ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka abameli abasemthethweni babo babanjwa okanye abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo - mthetho olunxulumene nokuqhankqalaza, ukutyhola imithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente, ukumisela imithetho engekho mthethweni ekuguquleni imithetho emisela amalungelo abantu, nemfundo kawonke - wonke ngoqeqesho lweZiko LamaLungelo Amalungelo Akho.
Iingcali zezoshishino kufuneka ziqhelane nemibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo kummandla wazo ziqonde iinkonzo ezinikelwa zezi ntlangano. Abaninzi banikela uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi, nangona oovimba belinganiselwe kwaye bengenakuthathwa yonke imiba.
Iinkqubo zombonisi osemthethweni
Iinkqubo zomqwalaseli osemthethweni ziqeqesha amatsha - ntliziyo ukuba ajonge izikhalazo kunye namaxwebhu phakathi kwabaqhankqalazi nomthetho onyanzelisayo. Aba babukeli basebenza njengamangqina angathathi cala, anika ulwaleko olungakumbi lokuphendula nokudala iingxelo ezinokusetyenziswa ekumangaleleni okusemthethweni ukuba amalungelo abo balwayo aphulwe.
INational Lawyers Guild iqhuba enye yeenkqubo ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni zomqwalaseli, iqeqesha amatsha - ntliziyo ngobuchule bokuqwalasela, ukuchola, nemigaqo esemthethweni enxulumene nemisebenzi yokuqhayisa. Abaqwalaseli abasemthethweni banxiba iimpahla ezahlukileyo (njengeminqwazi eluhlaza okanye iingubo) bechaza indima yabo kunye nokuzimisela ukubonela iintsebenziswano ezingundoqo.
Ubukho babaqwalaseli abasemthethweni bunokuba nempembelelo ethintelayo kwindlela engafanelekanga yamapolisa, njengoko amagosa esazi ukuba izenzo zawo ziboniswa ngabaqwalaseli abaqeqeshiweyo. Amanqaku neengcebiso ezineenkcukacha eziqokelelwe ngaba basebenzi bokuzithandela ziye zangqinela ukuba zixabiseke kwiimeko ezininzi ezibandakanya ukutyholwa kwamandla agqithisileyo okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abaqhankqalazi.
I-Proccom Bono
Iinkonzo ezininzi zisenokuquka ukumela abaqhankqalazi ababanjiweyo, ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kwiintlangano eziceba ukuqhankqalaza okanye amaphulo, ukwenza amaxwebhu asemthethweni, nokusingatha ityala lamalungelo abantu.
Iingcali zezemfundo ezifuna uncedo olusemthethweni lwe-probono zifanele ziqhagamshelane nentlangano yebhari yasekuhlaleni, esoloko igcina iinkqubo zeproboo ezisetyenziswa yiprojekthi yezomthetho, okanye zifikelele kwiikliniki zesikolo ezinokunika iinkonzo ezisemthethweni ezikhululekileyo njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zazo zemfundo. Iintlangano zesizwe ezijolise ingqalelo kwimibandela ethile (njengokukhuselwa kwemekobume, amalungelo omntu ophambukeleyo, okanye utshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho) zisenokunikezela okanye zinikezele inkxaso esemthethweni ye-probonoo.
Ukwakha ulwalamano namagqwetha anovelwano ngaphambi kokuba kuvele iingxaki zomthetho kunokuba luncedo kakhulu. Abaququzeleli bemithetho kufuneka baqwalasele ukulungelelanisa iikliniki ezingokwasemthethweni okanye bacinge ukuba amagqwetha anokunikela inkcazelo kumalungu oluntu apho anokumisela unxulumano olunokuba luncedo xa kuvela imicimbi engokwasemthethweni.
Ukuqulunqa Iimbambano Zomthetho Kumthetho Wanamhlanje
Ukusebenzisa Amanani kunye nokuthetha ngekhompyutha
Ukuvela kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano nonxibelelwano lwezentlalo kuye kwayiguqula indlela yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, kwavelisa amathuba amatsha okulungiselela nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngoxa kuphakamisa imibuzo engoonoveli engokwasemthethweni. Ulwimi olusebenzisa ikhompyutha lusoloko lufumana ukhuseleko olufanayo loFirst Amendment njengendlela yokuthetha ngaphandle kwe-intanethi, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kumanani kuyaqhubeka kuguquka.
Abenzi bezobugcisa abasebenzisa amaqonga onxibelelwano loluntu kufuneka baqonde ukuba ezi nkampani zibucala zizinkampani ezikwaziyo ukumisela nokunyanzelisa iinkqubo zazo ezingaphakathi. Ngoxa urhulumente engenakukwazi ukuhlalutya intetho esekelwe kwiimbono, amaqonga azimeleyo anokususa ulwaneliseko okanye abasebenzisi abaphula umthetho abasebenzisa iinkonzo zabo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxoxo eziphathelele amandla eenkampani zobugcisa ukubumba intetho kawonke-wonke nokuba zifanele zithotyelwe kusini na umgaqo omkhulu.
Amaziko omthetho ajongana nomthetho ngokuqhubekayo ukuze afumane inkcazelo ngemibhiyozo ecwangcisiweyo nemisebenzi yokulwa. Abasebenzi bafanele baqonde ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo kwi-intanethi lungaququzeli luze luthathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuzikhusela ukuba baxhalabele ukujongwa.
U-Doxking(ukuqhelisa ukupapasha inkcazelo yabucala ngabantu ngabanye kwi-intanethi) kusetyenziswa ngabaxhasi kunye nakwabalwayo. Ngoxa ukupapasha inkcazelo yokwenyaniso kudla ngokukhuselwa nguMphengululo wokuqala, i-doxx ingakhokelela ekungcungcuthekisweni, kwizisongelo, nakugonyamelo. Abaxhasi kufuneka baziqaphele ezi ngozi baze bathathe amanyathelo okukhusela ulwazi lwabo kwi-intanethi.
UMthetho oLawulayo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho elungiselelwe ukwandisa izigwebo kwiintlobo ezithile zoqhankqalazo okanye ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene nokuqhankqalaza. Le mithetho idla ngokuhlasela ingcelele yokuqhatha ngokuchasene nezibonelelo ezicelw'okruqulwayo (njengemibhobho okanye izityalo zamandla) okanye ukuqhatha okuvala iindlela okanye ukuphazamisana nemisebenzi yezoshishino.
Imibutho yenkululeko yamakhaya iye yacel ’ umngeni emininzi yale mithetho njengemiqathango engavumelaniyo namalungelo oMthetho wokuqala Wohlaziyo. Iinkundla ziye zayibetha eminye yale mithetho ngoxa zixhasa eminye, zidala umgaqo-siseko ogqwethekileyo abaxhasi abamele bahambe kakuhle kuwo.
Abaququzeleli kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngemithetho emitsha kumaphondo abo enokuthi ichaphazele amalungelo abo okuqhankqalaza kwaye bacinge ukuba bafanele bathabathe inxaxheba ekuchaseni imithetho ethintela imisebenzi yezehlo. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo angqalileyo ale mithetho kubalulekile ekucebeni ukuqhatha okunciphisa iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni ngoxa besafikelela usukelo lokukhuthuza.
UMthetho waMalungelo abantu Ehlabathi
Ngoxa abaxhasi bezentlalo-ntle baseUnited States besebenza ngokuyintloko phantsi komthetho wasekhaya nowemithetho engokwasemthethweni, umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe unikela imigaqo eyongezelelekileyo yokuqonda nokukhuthaza amalungelo alwela amalungelo abo. Izivumelwano nezindululo zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe samaLungelo aMasini nawamaProtilitiko kunye neSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu, siyawamkela amalungelo enkululeko yokuvakalisa, indibano kunye nentlangano.
Sibandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo ekucingisiseni ngemiqathango yesizwe, yengingqi neyezizwe ngezizwe, kwiinkundla, kwiinkundla, kwiikomiti, kwiikomiti nakwamanye amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe. Sikwenza oku ngokuzisa amatyala njengelitha eliphambili nangokuthobela kweqela lesithathu ukushwankathelwa iinkundla, kwakunye nokuxhasa abanye abazisa ukubekwa ityala nokusebenzisana namagunya aphendulayo.
Nangona umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe unganyanzelekanga ngqo kwiinkundla ezininzi zase-U.S., unakho ukuchaza umthetho wasekhaya kwaye unike iziphumo zokuziphatha nezopolitiko kwizizathu zolwaluko. Abenzi bezomthetho abasebenza kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe basenokukufumanisa kuluncedo ukubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, njengokuthobela iingxelo kwimibutho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo okanye ukufuna inkxaso kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe.
Isenzo Semozulu Nokhuselo Oluyimfuneko
Abaxhasi bemozulu baye babhenela ekungathobelini kwemibutho yabemi ukuze batsale ingqalelo kwingxaki yemozulu. Abanye abaxhasi bezopolitiko baye bazama ukuphakamisa i-"indlela yokuzikhusela," besithi izenzo zabo ezingekho mthethweni zifanelekile kuba ziyimfuneko ukukhusela imozulu eyingozi kakhulu.)
Iinkundla bezingakuthandi ukunyanzelisa ukukhusela imeko-bume, zifumanise ukuba iimfuno zokuzikhusela (kuquka ukuba ingozi isondele kwaye akukho zikho ezinye iindlela ezisemthethweni zokuyikhusela) azinakufezekiswa. Noko ke, abanye abaxhasi baye baphumelela ekusebenziseni iimvavanyo njengeeqonga ukufundisa amaqumrhu eethamsanqa kunye noluntu ngemozulu eguqukayo, kwanaxa ukhuseleko lwabo olusemthethweni lungaphumelelanga ekugqibeleni.
Ukusetyenziswa kwasemthethweni kwezenzo zemozulu kuyaqhubeka kuguquka, kukho imimandla ebonisa ukuba kukulungele ngakumbi ukuqwalasela intshukumisa ebangela ukuqhankqalaza kwemozulu kunye nezinye ezixhokonxa isigwebo esiqatha esilungiselelwe ukuthintela imisebenzi enjalo. Le nto isengummandla wokuphuhlisa okusemthethweni abaxhasi abafanele bakuqwalasele ngokusondeleyo oko.
Ukwakha Izixhobo Ezizinzileyo
Ukulungelelanisa Ingozi Esemthethweni Neenjongo Zezenyuko
Nangona ukungathobeli umthetho nokusebenzisa iindlela zokulwa zinokubangela ukuba kunikelwe ingqalelo kumaziko eendaba kuze kubonise ukuzibophelela, kukwakho nendleko yokubanjwa, ukuhlawula iindleko ezingokwasemthethweni, neengxelo ezisenokuba zezaphuli - mthetho.
Ezinye iintsebenziswano zisenokuvuma yaye ziyakwazi ukubandakanyeka ekungathotyelwanga zize zifumane ulwamkelo lwasemthethweni, ngoxa ezinye zisenokukhetha ukuxhasa intshukumo engokwasemthethweni enjengokuqokelela imali, umsebenzi wejelo leendaba, okanye ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukucinga ngendlela elungeleleneyo malunga nokuba kunini na ukunyuka kweyelenqe kunye nokuba kuphi na ukusukela iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezinokusetyenziswa kunceda inkqubela yogcino lokhuseleko lobuncwane nokukhusela abathathi-nxaxheba. Asiyonto yonke inyathelo efunekayo ukubandakanya ukungathobeli kwabemi, kwaye imibutho exhomekeke kuphela kumaqhinga aphezulu isenokutsha abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abaxhasi abanokuthatyathwa.
Ukuvelisa Imfundo Esemthethweni Ephakathi Kwezi nkampani
Amaqela aphumelelayo alwa nolawulo olufanelekileyo adla ngokuvelisa ubuchule obusemthethweni, mhlawumbi ngokubhalisa amagqwetha ukuba athelele le nkonzo okanye ngokuqeqesha abaxhasi bemigaqo esisiseko enxulumene nomsebenzi wawo.
Amaqela okanye iikomiti ezisebenzayo ezisemthethweni zingasebenza njengezibonelelo kwimibutho ebanzi, zinika uqeqesho lwamalungelo akho, zilungiselela abaqwalaseli bomthetho, zilungiselela ukumela ngokusemthethweni, ziphuhlisa iindlela zomthetho zokuqhubekisa iinjongo zombutho. La maqela ayakwazi ukuqwalasela inkqubela-phambili engomthetho enokuba nempembelelo kwintsebenziswano kunye nolwelo lobugqeba olukhusela amalungelo abo baxhasa inkxaso-mthetho.
Ulwalamano olunemfesane namagqwetha nemibutho engokwasemthethweni kufuneka lube yinto ephambili kwimibutho elwela ukulwela ukukhuthaza ulawulo.
Ukufunda Kuzono Zemithetho
Ukungalawuleki komthetho akunakugwetyelwa emsebenzini wobugcisa. Ukubanjwa, izigqibo zenkundla ezingafanelekanga, nokusikelwa kwemithetho kuyinxalenye yemibutho etshintsha intlalo. Indlela abasabela ngayo kwezi zinto zithintelayo isoloko imisela impumelelo yabo yexesha elide.
Iinkampani kufuneka zivelise iinkqubo zokuqwalasela ukuthintelwa komthetho, ukuchonga izifundo ezifundiweyo, nokulungisa iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa. Ityala lenkundla elilahlekileyo lingabonisa ubuthathaka kwiimpikiswano zomthetho ezinokuthethwa ngelinye ixesha. Ukubanjwa kunganika ingqiqo kwiindlela zokunyanzelisa umthetho ezinokukwazisa ukucwangciswa kwelixa elizayo. Ukuwiswa kwemithetho kungabalaselisa imfuneko yokwakha ngokulunge ngakumbi okanye yokufundisa abantu ngokubanzi.
Ukunyamezela ukujamelana nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni kufuna iinkqubo zoncedo ezisebenzayo zombini (ezinjengemali yebheyile kunye nemali yokukhusela engokwasemthethweni) nenkxaso yeemvakalelo yamalungu ajongene neziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni ngomsebenzi wawo. Imikhosi enokuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba kumadabi anzima asemthethweni inokuba nempumelelo ekudala ixesha elide.
Ukubhiyozela Uloyiso Olusemthethweni
Nangona kunikelw ingqalelo eninzi kucelomngeni nomngcipheko wokwenza izicelo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokubhiyozela uloyiso lwasemthethweni. Ukuphumelela kwephulo lomthetho, utshintsho olulungileyo, kunye nokugwetywa kwabaxhasi ababanjwayo konke kumela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezifanele ziqwalaselwe kwaye zisetyenziswe ukukhuthaza umsebenzi oqhubekayo.
Uloyiso lwasemthethweni lungafeza iinjongo ezininzi ezingaphaya kweziphumo ezisebenzayo. Zibonisa ukuba utshintsho lunokwenzeka, ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle phakathi kwabaxhasi, ukutsalela abatsha abaxhasi kwimibutho, nokumisela imizekelo enokusetyenziswa kwikamva elinobuchule. Izinhlangano zifanele ziveze iindlela zokubhengeza uloyiso lwazo nokulusebenzisa ukuhambisela phambili usukelo lwazo.
Kwangaxeshanye, intsebenziswano kufuneka ibe yeynyani malunga nomlinganiselo wokoyisa okusemthethweni. Isigqibo esilungileyo senkundla singaguqulela kutshintsho olutshintshiweyo ngoko nangoko emhlabeni. Utshintsho lomthetho lunganyanzeliswa ngokungafanelekanga okanye lunganyanzeliswanga okanye lungalawulwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukunyanzeleka kobugqwirha nokuphapha kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba uloyiso olusemthethweni luvelisa utshintsho oluhlala luhleli.
Isiphelo: Imvelaphi Eqhubekayo Yomthetho - siseko
Ulwalamano phakathi kobuGqirha neenkqubo zomthetho luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko ubugcisa obutsha, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye neemeko zezobupolitika zivela. Ukuqonda iinkqubo zomthetho akuthethi ukunyanzeliswa kwezenzo kodwa kubangelwa kukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafuna ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo ezibonisa ukuba bayazi kakuhle impembelelo yabo ngoxa belawula iingozi.
Ngokusisiseko, akukho mthombo unokuthiwa ubangelwa yingcamango yokungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi njengendlela yokufumana okusesikweni. Ingcamango yokuba imithetho engekho sikweni kufuneka icelw ’ umngeni, nokuba inkqubo ekhoyo yomthetho isenokuba yinxalenye yengxaki, isenokuba yeyokwexesha elide. Ukutyhubela imbali, ababoni nabaxhasi bemiqathango baye bayithatha le ngcamango kwaye bayikhuthaza ukuhlangabezana nokungekho sikweni abakucel ’ umngeni.
Isenzo esisebenzayo sifuna ukuhlonelwa komthetho nokuvuma ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho engekho sikweni kunye nezenzo. Olu xinezeleko aluyondawo yokuphikisana kodwa luyindlela yokuyila apho kunokwenzeka iinguqulelo zoluntu. Abasebenzi abayiqondayo inkqubo yomthetho banokusebenza ngaphakathi kwinkqubo xa oko kucel
Izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo kumalungu alwa nolwaluko (ukusuka ekucengeni nasekukhuthazeni nokungathobeli kwabemi) ukuya ekufumaneni ingcebiso entle yezoburhulumente kunye nokungathobeli. Akukho ndlela inye elungileyo yokuzilungisa. Akukho ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezilungeleneyo neenjongo ezithile. Okuhlala kusoloko kuyimfuneko yokuba abaxhasi bafumane ulwazi, bafezeke, bazinikele kwiinjongo zabo.
Njengoko ubandakanyeka kwizenzo zobuProfethi, khumbula ukuba ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni lunamandla. Zifundise ngamalungelo akho, qonda iziphumo zezenzo zakho, yakha ulwalamano nemibutho yenkxaso engokwasemthethweni, kwaye yenza ukhetho olusengqiqweni malunga nomgangatho womngcipheko okulungeleyo ukuwamkela. Ukuba ukhetha ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwimida esemthethweni okanye ukubandakanyeka ekungathobelini umthetho, yenza oko ngokuphandle ngeendawo ezisemthethweni kunye namaqhinga okuzikhusela wena kunye nabo udlelane nawe.
Imbali yemibutho yabantu ibonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo, abaxhobe ngenkalipho, abazibopheleleyo, nabacinga ngendlela elungeleleneyo, banokucel ’ umngeni amandla aqinileyo baze batshintshe ngokuhlala ixesha elide.
Ngoovimba abongezelelekileyo kumalungelo okhuthazo kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni, tyelela ACLU's Sazi iphepha Lakho lamaLungelo, i-National Law Lawrs Guide[, [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Amnety USAN [[[[FLT:]]] Ukhuseleko lwezizwe zonke [[FLT], uSocity [[FLT]] lwesenzo esithe ngqo, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] i-FLEctrontic Frogment [[FLT:]] ukwenzela ukhuseleko lwamanani. Le mibutho inika, inkxaso yolwazi, kunye nokuxhasa ukusebenza okulungele ulwano olusebenzayo.