Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingaphezulu kunelungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko elomileyo; lisiseko esisebenzayo solawulo lwaseMelika, esilungiselelwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla angathintelwayo. Ngokusasaza igunya phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji, esi sicwangciso siqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa komthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, kunye nokucaciswa kuhlale kuxhomekeke kwityala. Abaqululi, bezoba baphuma kuMontesquieus's [[FLT:] [FLD]] umlomo woMthetho [[FLT: 1], kwaye oku kwenzelwa ukuba oku kuqwalaselwe kwe-Rhulumente, kufakwe lo mgaqo womGawulayo, ukukhusela ukulawulwa nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Njengoko uJames Confcifism waphikisa kwiimeko zoburhulumente, kunye novavanyo lwemithetho yemithetho yomthetho ye-United States.[FT] Umthetho-53] Umthetho-oct: 0 [FM.], kufuneka ulwe uphatho lwezinzo lwenkcustolukezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwezo lwe

Isiseko Seengqinipho Neengqikelelo Zembali

Imvelaphi yobuchule bovavanyo nolungelelwano ebuyela emva kwiRoma yamandulo kwaye yasulungekiswa zinkcuba - buchopho ezikhanyiselweyo. UBaron de Montesquieu Umoya woMthetho (1748) ngokudumileyo ingqina ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukwahlulwa komthetho, ulawulo, amagunya ejaji, ingakumbi uMadison noAlexander Hamilton, baguqula le ngcamango ukuze babumbe urhulumente apho isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelwa kwabanye. Isiphumo yayingulwano lomgaqo-mthetho wesigqeba I, II, kunye nowesi-II.

Le nkqubo yacaciswa ngokubhekele phaya kwi Iphepha lobuzwilakhe. Le nkqubo ibingathethi mahluko nje kuphela kodwa ukudityaniswa kwamandla: umongameli uyakwazi ukubeka umthetho, iKhomishini, umphathi, kunye nenkundla yephondo, kwaye iinkundla zinokuvakalisa zombini izenzo zoBhunga kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingalunganga. Le nkqubo i-'active' ayikhange ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ichazwa ngokunguwodwa.'Inkqubo ibingeyoyahlula kodwa yayiyiyo eyamabhongo: umongameli u-veto umthetho, iBhunga liyakwazi ukubeka umthetho kwaye lisuse umongameli, kwaye iinkundla ziyakwazi ukuvakalisa zombini izenzo zomthetho wolawulo. Le nkqubo inguquluko ibangela ukuba kubekho ukusetyenziswa okunamandla okuye kwaphucukuqheliselwayo, ukuqheliswa kwenkqubo, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-antente.

Amasebe Amathathu Namagunya Awo OmGaqo-siseko

Phambi kokuhlolisisa indlela osebenza ngayo uvavanyo nolungelelwano, kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla asisiseko esebe ngalinye njengoko lichazwa ngumGaqo-siseko:

  • Icandelo elinomthetho (Icala): Inqaku le-I liwabeka onke amandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, eliquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kwaye lenze yonke imithetho “iyimfuneko kwaye ifanelekile" ukwenzela ukuphumeza amagunya ayo adweliswe.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo (uMphathi): Inqaku lesi-2 libeka igunya lolawulo kumongameli ojongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ayalele umkhosi, aqhube inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, amisele amagosa karhulumente (ngecebiso nemvume).
  • Isebe leJaji leMicitho:[[FUT:1] Inqaku III limisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo neenkundla zephondo eziphantsi ezilawula amatyala avela phantsi komthetho wesizwe, izivumelwano, nomGaqo-siseko. Ijaji ichaza imithetho kwaye ihlole ubugqeba bayo.

La magunya angenana kwaye angaphelelanga ``isebe ngalinye lifuna intsebenziswano yamanye ukuze lisebenze kakuhle, linyanzelisa uxolelwano kunye nokulalanisa.

Umatshini Weetsheki Nokulungelelana: Ukuwohloka Okunenkcukacha

Uvavanyo ngalunye luninzi kwaye lwenza umatshini osebenzayo obumba yonke impikiswano engundoqo. Ngezantsi luhlolo olunenkcukacha lwendlela isebe ngalinye elihlola ngayo ezinye, kuquka imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga lisebenzisa izixhobo ezinamandla eziliqela zokuvelela nokunyanzela umongameli norhulumente:

  • Ukuqinisekisa amadinga eZigqibo: Indlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso mayiqinisekise ukuba oomongameli bangabameli boomabhalane, abagwebi besizwe, izigidimi, kunye namanye amagosa omgangatho ophezulu. Eli gunya linokuvala okanye lilibazise ucwangciso lomongameli. Umzekelo, ngo2016, iBhunga elilawulwa yiRiphabliki lalalile ukuvalelwa kweNkulwano ePhakamileyo noMenko iMemneice Garland, ngokunelisa ngokunelisa uMongameli Obama uGarland, ozalisa igunya lokumisa umongameli omiselweyo phantse ngonyaka.
  • Ukuhlomela nokukhupha: Indlu ingamphelisa umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yomcimbi, yokunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala amakhulu kunye namatyala angekho mthethweni.] Indlu yecawa ngoko iyalizama elityala kwaye ingasusa ngevoti ezimbini-3. Oomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke bajongene nokungakhuthazi; uJohnson noTrump baphekwanga.
  • Amandla entengo: UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini epheleleyo igunya kwimali efanelekileyo. Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle koququzelo. Olu vavanyo lusoloko lusetyenziswa ukumisela inyathelo elilawulayo elimiselweyo (ngokomzekelo, iBhunga libeke imiqathango yemali yemisebenzi yomkhosi eYemen kwaye liyalela ukusetyenziswa kwemali ukudlulisela ii-Guantanamoetapesenti.
  • Ukuphanda kunye nophando: Iikomiti zingabamba ukuchotshelwa, amaxwebhu namangqina e-subpoena, zize zihlole imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Imizekelo ephezulu-profile iquka iKomiti yeNdlu ye-Watergate (1973)) kunye neNdlu yeKomiti yeSizwe (201-202022222).
  • I-Elegisparetie Engalawulekiyo yeVetoes: Congress ingayigqitha ivoti yomongameli yesithathu esibini kumagumbi omabini, nangona oku kunqabile. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-presidenti ye-Trump'' ye-Ireance Device Act ngo-202020 yayisinye seziganeko ezinjalo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

Umongameli unokuyihlola ngokuthe ngqo nangangqalanga iNgqungquthela:

  • Umkhosi we-Veto Empere: umongameli angarhoxa nawuphi na umnyaka odluliswa yiKhonkxa. U-veto angangalungiswa kuphela ngentlu - 2-3, eyenza ibe sisixhobo somthetho wemithetho-siseko esinamandla. Umzekelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt imiba eshukumayo 635, ngokuphawulekayo, i-New Commonment Recurence widect wild remodence.
  • Ukukhupha iZiqendu ezikhethekileyo: Umongameli angahlanganisa iKhonkela ukwenzela intlanganiso eyodwa, amandla amfiliba asetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa isenzo kwimicimbi enzima, njengoMongameli Truman ubiza iKhomishoni ukuba ibuye ithethe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kunye nokubetha kwabasebenzi ngo-1948.
  • Imiyalelo ephucukileyo: Ngelixesha engeyondlela engqalileyo yokukhangela umthetho, imiyalelo yegunya ivumela umongameli ukwalathisa isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lithathe izenzo ngaphandle kwemithetho emitsha. Oku kungaphembelela inkqubo yokufuduka, ukusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuxoxwa okanye kuxolelwano ngenjongo yengqungquthela.
  • Pocket Veto: Ukuba iBhunga libambene iintsuku ezilishumi lokuthumela ityala kumongameli, kwaye umongameli akasayityikityi, ityala liyafa ngaphandle kweveto esesikweni./lonto yipokotho kwaye ayinakuba yi-Norezín.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Uhlolo oluyintloko lwejaji lugunya lokuhlola kwetyala, “‘ igunya lokuphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lamiselwa ku [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT: 1] [1803] kwaye ibililungu eliphambili legunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo ukususela ngoko.

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeMithetho ePhakamileyo: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha izenzo zeKhomishini. Imizekelo ye-Landmark iquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kunye ne-Mongal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[[FLT:] [[FLT]] (202] ixhasa ummiselo womntu ngamnye we-Afford Cance Act womsebenzi njengomgunyazo werhafuno kodwa ulinganisela ulwando lweMDI.
  • Imbono yezenzo zolawulo: Iinkundla zingalawula ukuba imiyalelo yomongameli igqithe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwigunya loburhulumente. Abaselula Iheech & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkundla yavala ukuphamba okuthweswa kwemijukujelwa yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, iqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakwenza umthetho ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwe-burhulumente.
  • Ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko: ngamandla okutolika komGaqo-siseko, ijaji ichaza umlinganiselo wamalungelo nemilinganiselo yamalungelo karhulumente. Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mthetho wesine nxamnye nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni, umzekelo, lubunjwe ziingqhinga ezininzi zenkundla.
  • Ukujongwa kweMithetho yeSizwe: iinkundla zoMasipala zihlola kwakhona umthetho karhulumente ongqubana nomthetho karhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko, phantsi koMgaqo-siseko iSupremacy Claus.

Iingqiniwa Phakathi kwamaZwe noRhulumente (Federalism)

Nangona ingeyiyo ingxinano yesebe ukuya kwisebe, urhulumente usebenza njengovavanyo lolwakhiwo olongezelelekileyo. Ama-odonga agcina ulawulo kwaye angacel ’ umngeni urhulumente ngokumangalelwa, ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko (umz., uHlomelo lweshumi loGunyaziso), nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiKholeji ye-Electoral kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho-mthetho zikwathiwa zilungise isiseko somGaqo-siseko, zinika indima engqalileyo ekulungiseni ulungelelwanolo lwesizwe.

Indlela Eziphengulula Ngayo Nolungelelwano Olukuyo Umthetho Nomgaqo-nkqubo

Le nkqubo ingabonakaliyo iba nentsingiselo xa isetyenziswa kwimimandla yokwenene. Ngezantsi yimizekelo emithathu ebonisa indlela iziphumo ezifumaneka ngayo.

Inkqubo Yoqingqo - mali

Uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lweziko lolawulo lwemali luyityala lencwadi lokuhlola nokulinganisela ukusebenza. UMongameli unika isicelo soqingqo-mali, kodwa uMbutho unegunya lomgaqo-siseko wengxowa. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu idlulisa izigqibo zoqingqo-mali kunye neendleko zocalulo; kufuneka baxolelanise umahluko, ngoko bathumele uxwebhu oludityanisiweyo kumongameli ukuze atyikityelwe okanye akhuselwe. Ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli ukugqithisa umgaqo-mali, urhulumente uvala phantsi/awavala iintsuku ezingama-35 ngo-20182019, kunye nemali ehlawulwa ngumda. Imikhosi yenkqubo i-gxamplayelo phakathi kwamasebe kwaye isoloko iziphumo zokulalanisa iimpahla ezingaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhaswanga liqelangaxhaswangaxhaswanga.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango: UMthetho

ISithintelo Somtyali-phantsi noMthetho wokuLangulela (ACA) ka-2010 ubonisa indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenzisana ngayo. IKhomishini yawudlulisela ngayo umthetho emva kwengxoxo ephikisayo; uMongameli Obama wayisayina. Abachasi ngokukhawuleza balucel ’ umngeni umGaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo, NFIB v. Sebelius[[FLT][20] [202], u-2012], uxhakamfuno oluninzi kodwa lwaphelisa ulwandiso oluseko lwe-Medicaid, lokulawula ingxele ityala. Kamva, iBhunganelo yazama ukuphinda i-ayise iindleko ze-A ngokungeniswa kwemali. [i-Foctive, i-ANt.Nt.Nt.[2]

Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nenkululeko

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu welizwe ophawulweyo, njengoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo weVoting Rights ka-1965, osungulwe kwiKhomishini, watyikitywa nguMongameli Johnson noNixon, yaye kamva watolikwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wabekelwa umda ziinkundla. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Shelby County v. Hanger [2013]) yawisa intetho yeNkcaso yeSivumelo samaLungelo, iphumeza ngokunelisa imfuneko yayo ye-premistancestion, iphumeza ngokufanelekileyo imfuneko yayo ye-stativence project. Kwimpendulo, iBhunga eliye laqwalasela amalungelo amatsha okuvolo, ingqina indlela ukuqhuba ngayo ingxoxo ye-Roclation.

Umgaqo - siseko Wamanye Amazwe Namagunya Emfazwe

UMgaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emfazwe: iBhunga livakalisa imfazwe, uMongameli uyalela umkhosi, kwaye iNdlu yeQela ivumela izivumelwano. Isigqibo seWar Powers sowesi-1937 (esidluliselwe kuMongameli Nixon's sijongwa) sifuna ukuba umongameli ajongene neKhomishini ngaphambi kokuqalisa imfazwe kunye nokurhoxa imikhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga livume ukuqhubeka lisenza isenzo. Oku kuhlola kuye kwaba nengxabano: oomongameli baye basoloko baphikisana nesigqibo kumphathi-omphathi-ma mandla, kwaye iBhunga alifane lisebenzise ukunyanzela ukurhoxaba. Kodwa ke, lilungisa izenzo zomongameli, njengongenelo lwango-2011 eLibya, ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo lweSivumelwano, apho ulawulo lwemihla engama-60 osuku bengalusebenzisangasebenzisiyo. Le nkqubo inkxaso yemikhosi i-Obama ikhuthaza ungquzuliso phakathi kwamasebe emkhosi.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo

Ngoxa sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama - 230 kusenziwa uvavanyo nolungelelwano, zijamelene nobunzima obukhulu kwezobupolitika zale mihla.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Amaqela amakhulu asoloko eguqula uvavanyo lomgaqo-siseko lube zizixhobo zokuthintela. I-filibuster kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi (isixhobo sombutho esifuna amavoti angama-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo) ivumela iqaqobana ukuba lithintele umthetho, likhokelela kwiqhina lemiba yokusuka ekutshintsheni kwemipu ukuya kulawulo lwemipu. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi iye yaya isiba ngumvandedwa, ngokulibaziseka nokuva okuphikiswayo. Urhulumente uvala (ukuvala) okusetyenziswa njengokucetyo kwe-cpsps·apt-areas synomentificial propans. Ezi zinto zinciphisa amandla karhulumente okusabela kwiimeko ezimanqamlezileyo, njengoko kubonwa ngexesha lokurhoxakeka konyaka ka-202020.

ITheyibhile yesiGqeba esiPhezulu kunye noLawulo loMsebenzi weQela

Abalawuli bomabini abasemagunyeni baye bawandisa amandla olawulo, ngokufuthi batyhalela imida yegunya elisemthethweni. Ingcamango yeqela elilawulayo ikholelwa ukuba umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, kuquka ukukwazi ukukhokela abaphathi abasengaphantsi kunye nokuwasusa ngokuthanda. Le ngcamango iye yasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluphezulu, ukusayina kwezibhengezo, kunye nesenzo esizimeleyo kwimicimbi efana nokufuduka (DACA), imimiselo yemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Abagxeki bayo baphikisa ukuthomalalisa ukulawulwa kwemithetho kunye nee-checkingss ze-DRUSA. Inkundla ePhakamileyo maxa wambi ityhalela emva, umzekelo, [[FLTLT:] i-selland Security.[Foctive v.Regnuts of the systlity of syst syrtum of syms syms syms.[Flieans] [20]

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Indima yejaji njenge-eving iyaphikiswana. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla ziye zasebenza kakhulu ekwenzeni inkqubo, ukugalela imithetho esekelwe kwinkcazelo ekhuphiswano (umz. ] ICitaisens United v.FEC kwimali yezempempelo, okanye ii-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT] Intlangano yabafazi ekukhutshweni). Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwekomiti kunakho ukukhohlakaza okungundoqo. Uxinzelelwano phakathi koluvo lwezigwebo kunye nolwe-demo-demo-demokhrasi lufumaneka kwinkqubo. Ukumiswa kwabagwebi beembono ezinamandla, kunye nobomi babom basoloko besenza uvavanyo lwe-judiant

Imfundiso Yolawulo Neyokunganyaniseki

Urhulumente wanamhlanje uxhomekeke kakhulu kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho asebenzisa (ukwenza umthetho), abaphathi-mthetho, kunye namagunya okulawula (okudityanisiweyo). Oku kudityaniswa kuvavanya ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngokwesithethe. Imfundiso engagunyaziyo ikholelwa ukuba iKhomishini ayinakuwamisela amandla owiso-mthetho amaqumrhu. "iiBhunga elisebenzisa amaqumrhu amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo" eliye layeka kakhulu ukususela kwi-New Deal, kodwa iNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo ibonise umdla otsha wokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwimigaqo-siseko solawulo. [West Virginia v.[FLT:] [252]], iNkusebenza ngayo imithetho ye-EPA [FLT] [FLD] [202222], iNkuphekasana, iNkusebenzisa “imfundiso yemibuzo ye-ikhasi-" ukuphelisa umthetho we-EPA kumandla e-omatshini, ukulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwesebe.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ihlala ibalulekile kulawulo-mpukane lwaseMelika. Inyanzelisa ukucinga, ukukhawulezisa, nokukhusela amalungelo amancinane ekucinezelweni ngabaninzi, okanye ekusetyenzisweni komphathi omnye onamandla. Le nkqubo ayimi ndawonye; iguqula iphele kwimimiselo yoMgaqo-siseko (umz., iMimiselo yama-22Drando-Simiselo yokulinganisela amabinzana omongameli), imo ye-statecryryry, i-statery comment commentation (umz., i-ag., iSigqibo soMkhosi solawulo semfazwe solawulo) kunye nokucaciswa kwezahlulelo. Imikhosi yabo enyuliweyo kufuneka ihlale iphaphaka, i-okgracle enzile yomthetho nemigaqo-mthetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kunye nemigaqo-mthetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-odologosa. I-Madison, njengoko kwabhalwayo, “ukuba iingelosi, bekungayifanele ukuba iingelosi, kwaye bezilawula abantu abalawulayokulawula ngaphandle koorhulumente, kwaye bezingamele abantu

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona i [[FLT: 0] Intetho: Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya noluHlukwano kunye noManyano, uluhlu lwamanani noNo. 51, kunye [[FLT:] kunye nengxelo yophando lweBhunga] uhlalutyo lovavanyo nolungelelwano kwidemokhrasi yangoku. Okunye ukuvavanya inkangele ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]].[FLT]]