Table of Contents

Unyulo lwexesha eliphakathi lumela elinye lamathuba abalulekileyo kubemi baseMerika okubumba indlela karhulumente wabo, ukanti basoloko befumana ingqalelo encinci kunonyulo lomongameli. Olu nyulo, oluthi luvele phakathi kwexesha lomongameli leminyaka emine, luneziphumo ezifikelelayo eziya kuqhubeka ngaphaya kweminyaka emibini de kube ngumjikelo wonyulo olandelayo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba unyulo lwexeshanaphakathi lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi labo livakala kwimibandela echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yokhetho?

Unyulo lwemiba lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, kanye kwinqanaba eliphakathi lomongameli. Ngexesha lonyulo, abavoti kuzo zonke ii-50 basematyaleni aphosa iibhola kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente, zikarhulumente, kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni. Kumgangatho worhulumente, zonke izihlalo ezingama- 435 kwindlu yabameli zinyukela unyulo nyaka ngamnye, njengoko izihlalo zesithathu ze-U.S. Catalog zisebenza ngokwemiqathango yeminyaka emithandathu. Ngaphandle kwemihlathi, imimandla ephakathi, izihlalo zonyulo zonyulo lwe-graties, izihlalo zephondo, izihlalo ze-mthetho, ii-ofisi zolawulo, ii-odolokhwe, ii-odolot, kunye nezikhundla zezomthetho kumazwe amaninzi.

Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lomongameli, amaxa aphakathi agxininisa ngokuyintloko kukwenziwa kombutho wequmrhu kunye nokhokelo lomgangatho karhulumente. Oku kuwenza abaluleke kakhulu ekuboneni ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula isebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente nendlela umongameli anokuyiqhubela phambili ngayo ngokunempumelelo ngayo imimiselo yawo ngexesha lesiqingatha sesibini sexesha lawo.

Amandla Okuguqula Ukulungelelanisa Iindawo

Eyona mpembelelo ikhawulezileyo nebonakalayo yonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokujika yimpembelelo yabo kukulungelelanisa amandla kwiNgqungquthela. Iqela elilawula iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi linempembelelo enkulu ekuthi kubekwe kuyo imithetho, ekumiselwe umongameli, nendlela oovimba bakarhulumente ababelwa ngayo.

Ulawulo lweAgenda yoMqathango

Xa elinye iqela lilawula amagumbi omabini eBhunga, linokumisela imimiselo yemithetho, ligqibe ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana iikomiti zokuchongwa, lize ligqibe oko kufikela icandelo lomgangatho ukuze livote. Eli gunya lidlulela kwimimandla echaphazelekayo equka uhlaziyo lwezonyango, umthetho werhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo, imimiselo yezemfundo yemekobume, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo.

Ukutshintshwa kolawulo lwengqungquthela phakathi konyulo kungayiguqula ngokupheleleyo imeko-bume yowiso-mthetho. IiBhili ezingenalo ithuba lokuhambela phambili phantsi koninzi lungasebenza ngequbuliso phantsi komnye. Ngokuchasene noko, izinto eziphambili zenkqubo ezixhaswa ngumongameli zingajamelana nemiqobo engenakugotywa ukuba iqela elichasayo lifumana ulawulo lwegumbi elinye okanye zombini.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yamandla Iyaguquka

Abavoter bafuna utshintsho kwaye ngoko, iqela lomongameli liphulukana nonyulo lwendlu esembindini wendlu. Yiloo nto eyenzekayo kuma-20 kunama-22 exesha elidlulileyo kunyulo olususela emva ku 1938. Lo mlinganiselo wembali ubonisa ukuba amaxesha aphakathi asoloko esebenza njenge-arenderum kumsebenzi nemigaqo kamongameli ohleliyo.

Ukususela ekuqalweni kwenkqubo yeqela lale mihla elishumi ngaphambi kwemfazwe yamakhaya, le House iye yatshintsha unyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo lungaphezulu kancinci kwesithathu sexesha. Kodwa kwisimbuku sendlu eliyi 19 utshintsho lweNdlu ngexesha, kuquka iminyaka yonyulo lomongameli nobephakathi, ngaphezulu kwesithathu sekota eziye zenzeka phakathi kwexesha. Eli nani libonisa ukuba unyulo lusebenza njengamaxesha abalulekileyo ekutshintsheni kwezobupolitika kunye nokufudusa amandla.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika yenzelwe ngovavanyo nolungelelwano ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla amakhulu. Unyulo lwaphakathi kweminiterm luyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina olu ngqinelwano, inika abavoti ithuba lokuphinda bahlaziywe ngolwalamano phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Amandla Omphathi

Xa iqela lenkcaso lifumana ulawulo lweBhunga phakathi konyulo, lingawanyanzela ngokuphawulekayo amandla omongameli. IBhunga linika uhlolo nolungelelwano kwiSebe loLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente wethu, elikhokelwa nguMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli. Ukutshintshwa kokwenziwa kwengqungquthela kungenza utshintsho oluphawulekayo kumandla kumsebenzi wolawulo.

IKhomishini elawulwa yinkcaso ingathintela amanyathelo omongameli, ingavumi ukuqinisekisa ii-arhente zomthetho kunye neekhabhathi, iqhuba uphando, ide iqhubeke nokufuna iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba zifanelekile. Le mikhosi inamandla yoomongameli yokuxoxa, ukulalanisa, kunye nokwakha imibutho edibeneyo yokuphumeza iinjongo zabo, ngokunyanisekileyo, ulawulo lwabaseki benkqubo yokulawula abaqululeki.

IPhenomen Olawulayo Kwiminyaka Emibini

Ngokutsho kweProfes. Michael Genovese kwiYunivesithi yaseLoyola Marysty, kukho isiganeko solawulo kumongameli ohlala iminyaka emibini kwimine yegama likamongameli ngenxa yolungelelwaniso lwamandla kwingqungquthela isoloko itshintsha ngonyulo lwaphakathi. Ubalaselisa isibakala sokuba kukho inani elipheleleyo leenkomfa kumbutho omnye njengomongameli ngeminyaka emibini yokuqala yexesha lawo, ngaloo ndlela edala u-"195 precity".

Lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba oomongameli basoloko benefestile elinganiselweyo yokuphuhlisa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zemithetho efuna ingqwalaselo ephambili. Ukuqonda oku kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba abalawuli abatsha bamisele iinkqubo eziphambili ebudeni beminyaka yabo yokuqala emibini beseofisini, phambi kokuba unyulo oluphakathi kwisigaba sexesha lobuhlanga lungawutshintshi umlinganiselo womthetho ofanelekileyo kubo.

Ukunconywa nguMongameli kunye neziPhumo zeXesha eliphakathi

Imvume yomsebenzi kamongameli inempembelelo enamandla kunyulo lwendlu nendlu yeBhunga loMbindi weNtlanganiso. Kukho umahluko omkhulu, kodwa isivumelwano sinye sicacile: Okukhona imvume yakhe ephezulu, okukhona kulahlekelwa okuninzi okuye kwafunyanwa liqela lakhe. Olu lwalamano lwenza unyulo lube lulawulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kwexesha lokuphendula, luvumela abavoti ukuba bavakalise ulwaneliseko okanye ukunganeliseki ngomsebenzi womongameli.

Impembelelo kuRhulumente nakuLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa iinqanaba zentlalo zorhulumente zisoloko zibalaselisa ingxelo yamajelo eendaba, unyulo lwelizwe nolwasekuhlaleni olwenzeka phakathi kwiminyaka yexeshana lunokuba nempembelelo ethe ngqo ngakumbi kubomi bemihla ngemihla babavoti. Urhulumente unegunya elikhulu kwiinkqubo zemfundo, izibonelelo zezithuthi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukufikelela kwempilo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Unyuso lwe-injini

IRhuluneli zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kumaphondo azo, ngokufuthi zilawula uqingqo-mali oluninzi kunye nabasebenzi abangaphezulu kunee-CEO ezininzi. IiRhuluneli ziphethe uninzi lwamandla kumaphondo amatsha nahlaziywe iinkqubo eziquka imiyalelo yolawulo, uqingqo-mali olulawulayo, nezicelo zowiso-mthetho kunye nee-veto. Iijaji zingakulawula ukumiswa kwesebe neenkokeli zoshishino kunye neejaji zenkundla.

Imigaqo ephunyezwe ngabalawuli ingachaphazela yonke into ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo zikarhulumente ukuya kwimeko yeendlela neebhulorho, ukususela ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo zonyango ukuya ekukhuseleni ubuncwane bendalo. Kumazwe amaninzi, iirhuluneli zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusebenza koncedo longxamiseko.

Izizwe ezingokwasemthethweni zeRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zenza izigqibo ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Zimisela iimali zemfundo, zimisela imigangatho encinane yemali, zimisela amashishini, zimisela imilinganiselo yemekobume, zimisela nemithetho yokuvota. Kwakhona abamisi-mthetho bephondo batsala imida yesithili sombutho wengingqi ngendlela ephindaphindiweyo, enokuthi iphembelele iziphumo zonyulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Ukuqanjwa kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kuchaphazela inkqubo yemibutho kwiindawo apho oorhulumente banegunya eliphambili, kuquka umthetho wentsapho, amalungelo empahla, ukuthunyelwa kwemali yezobugcisa, umgaqo we-inshorensi, kunye noninzi lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ii-ofisi zangaphakathi kunye neMilinganiso yeBalot

Amavoti asembindini adla ngokuquka intlalo-ntlalo-ntle yabameli bephondo, amalungu ebhunga lesixeko, abameli bequmrhu lesikolo, amagqwetha esithili, namagqwetha esithili, kunye nabagwebi. La magosa enza izigqibo malunga nexabiso lerhafu yasekuhlaleni, imimiselo yokubekwa kwerhafu, isikolo, ukugcinwa komthetho okuphambili, kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Unyulo oluninzi lwaphakathi kwexesha lukwabonisa amanyathelo okuvota kunye namaqumrhu avumela abavoti ukuba bagqibe ngqo izigqibo ezisuka ekunyusweni kwerhafuthelwe irhafumfa yomgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhamba Kwegesi

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwabo, unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lusoloko lutsala abavoti abambalwa kunonyulo lomongameli. Ukuqonda lo msantsa wokujika kubalulekile ekuqondeni ucelomngeni namathuba aphakathi ekukho kuwo ukuthembisana kweso sizwe.

Imizekelo Engokwembali

Unyulo luka-2018 (49%) lwalunomlinganiselo ophezulu wexesha eliphakathi ukususela ngowe-1914. Kwanangonyulo lwama-2022, olunesantya esiphantsi kakhulu sama-46%, lwadlula olo lonke unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha ukususela ngo1970. Ngelixesha olu nyulo lutsha lubonisa ulwando olukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba, luseluncinane kakhulu kunyulo lonyulo.

Unyulo olungenayo kwiNdlu yoNyaka ludla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwiminyaka ephakathi kunakwiminyaka yonyulo lomongameli, into egcinwe kangangamashumi eminyaka. Lo msantsa ungapheliyo uthetha ukuba abanyuli abaphakathi badla ngokungabameli babemi bonke, namaqela athile amanani athathe inxaxheba kumlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu kunabanye.

Ukungalingani Kobudala Ekuthabatheni Inxaxheba

Ukususela ngo-1986, amanani abonisa ukuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngqo kwabavoti kuyavumelana nobudala, kunye nabo bakwiminyaka ephezulu basenokuba banokuvota kunyulo phakathi kwexesha. Iminyaka yonyaka ka-2018 yabona ulwando olukhulu ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwabo bathabatha inxaxheba kuwo onke amaqela abantu ababudala, nolwando olukhulu oluvela kubavoti abaselula; phezu kwako oko, abavoti abafanelekileyo abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala babesenokwenzeka ngokuphindwe kabini ukuba bavote njengabo bangaphantsi kwe-25.

Lo msantsa wobudala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba uthetha ukuba iinkqubo ezichaphazela amaMelika aselula afunyaniswe yimali yokuboleka, iimarike zengqesho, iinguqu zemozulu, kunye nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka-mali-ezinokufumana ingqalelo encinane kumagosa anyuliweyo asabelayo kwizinto ezikhethwayo ngabavoti abadala nabanokuthenjwa.

Imiphumo Yokungahambi Kakuhle

Xa abemi abaninzi bevota, abameli bethu abanyuliweyo babonakala benyanisekile ukuba bakhonze abantu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umvoti osezantsi uyakwazi ukuphethukisa idemokhrasi yethu kwiminqweno yabemi abancinane. Xa bembalwa abantu abavota, abo bathabatha inxaxheba banempembelelo engathethekiyo kwiziphumo zonyulo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, kwiisigqibo zenkqubo.

Ukujika okusezantsi kungachaphazela ukufaneleka nomelo lukarhulumente. Xa amaqela amakhulu abantu engathabathi nxaxheba kunyulo, urhulumente ophumezayo usenokungabonisi ngokufanelekileyo imbono, amava, kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Yakho Ibaluleke Kakhulu Phakathi Kwexesha Elithile

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhla konyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo kuthetha ukuba amavoti angabantu athwele ubunzima obungaphezulu kunokhetho lomongameli. Kuhlanga apho abantu abambalwa baba nenxaxheba kulo, ivoti nganye imela isabelo esikhulu, kwaye unyulo olusondeleyo lungagqitywa ngeengcango ezincinci kakhulu.

Imimandla eqokelela kunye neMimandla

Uninzi lwaloo mazwe aphezulu abonisa ukhuphiswano olushushu lonyulo lwerhuluneli, umlinganisi okanye zombini, nto leyo esenokuba yanyusa inani labantu abavota kwimijaho yeNdlu kunye neminye imidlalo ephantsi. Kwizithili nakumazwe akhuphisanayo, imigudu yokuvota ingenza umahluko phakathi koloyiso noloyiso.

Kwanakwimimandla ephantsi yokhuphiswano, unyuso oluphezulu lungathumela imiqondiso ebalulekileyo kumagosa anyuliweyo malunga nezinto eziza kuqala nezibalulekileyo nakumgangatho wokuganana. Abezobupolitika banikela ingqalelo kwimikhwa yokujika kwaye bayasabela ngakumbi kubantu ababonisa ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuzingisileyo kunyulo.

Imijaho esezantsi- kweBhalgot

Ngeli xesha imijaho yengingqi itsala eyona ngqwalasela iphambili, izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla zenziwa ngamagosa anyulwe kwimilo yemilo-ntlalo ephantsi. Amalungu equmrhu lesikolo amisela iinkqubo zemfundo kunye nezifundo zesikolo. Abameli bengingqi benza izigqibo ezichaphazela amaxabiso empahla kunye nobuntu bengingqi. Amagqwetha esithili agqiba ezona ziphambili ezibumba iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ezi ntlanga zidla ngokufumana intlawulo encinane nemali encinane echithwa ngamajelo eendaba, nto leyo ethetha ukuba, abavoti abatshate kunye nabo batshate banokuba nempembelelo engaphaya kwemiphumo yabo. Amakhulu ambalwa amavoti anokugqiba ukuba ngubani okhonza kwibhunga lesikolo okanye kwisixeko, yaye loo magosa enza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izikolo zasekuhlaleni, iipaki zasekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke neenkonzo zoluntu.

Iindawo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezichaphazeleke lukhetho oluphakathi

Iziphumo zempembelelo yempembelelo yonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomsebenzi karhulumente. Ukuqonda olu qhagamshelwano kunokukunceda abavoti bazixabise izibonda ezibandakanyekileyo baze benze izigqibo ezithe ngqo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

Ulawulo lweBhunga lumisela isiphelo somthetho wezonyango, kuquka imigudu yokwandisa okanye yokuthintela ukufikelela kwi-inshorensi, ukulawula amaxabiso eziyobisi ezithengisiweyo, ukuxhasa uphando lwezonyango, nokuxhasa amanyathelo oluntu. Amagosa omgangatho karhulumente anyulwe phakathi kwemiqathango enza izigqibo ezimalunga nolwando lweMedicaid, umgaqo-mali we-inshorensi, ukufikelela kwezonyango lokuziphilisa, kunye nesiseko sezezempilo zoluntu.

Imfundo Nemibandela Yabafundi

Inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente, kuquka iinkqubo zemali-mboleko yabafundi, iSihloko I sokuxhasa izikolo ezisweleyo, izindululo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo ekhethekileyo, namanyathelo aphezulu, axhomekeke kwinyathelo elifanelekileyo lembutho. Abamisi-mthetho nejaji-mthetho yezoburhulumente bamisela amaqondo emfundo, umvuzo wokufundisa, uqeqesho, imigangatho yocwangciso lwezifundo, kunye noqingqo-mali yemfundo ephezulu. Amalungu equmrhu lesikolo asenza izigqibo malunga nezifundo ezithile, imida yesikolo, inkqubela yezakhiwo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko sesithili.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezezoqoqosho nowerhafu

Congress controls federal tax policy, including income tax rates, corporate taxation, estate taxes, and tax credits for families and businesses. State officials determine state income taxes, sales taxes, property tax policies, and economic development incentives. These decisions affect take-home pay, business investment, job creation, and economic opportunity.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla

Imimiselo yemekobume, izikhuthazo ezicocekileyo zombane, ulawulo lwamazwe oluntu, kunye nokutshintshwa kwemozulu kufuna ugunyaziso kunye nenkxaso-mali. Urhulumente ulawula imigaqo esetyenziswayo, amisele imigangatho ehlaziyekayo yamandla, alawule ubuncwane bendalo, anyanzelise imigaqo yokukhusela indalo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni enza izigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, ubunjani bamanzi, kunye nokulondolozwa kwesithuba esiluhlaza.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nokhuseleko Loluntu

Ngoxa umthetho omninzi wolwaphulo-mthetho usekelwe kurhulumente, iBhunga liphembelela ubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho ngemithetho yowiso-mthetho yowiso-mthetho, ngokuxhasa umthetho, ngokuhlaziyiweyo, ngokuhlaziywa kwezeentolongo, nangenkqubo yeziyobisi. Abamisi-mthetho basemoyeni bamisela isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho, imigaqo-mthetho, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokugcinwa komthetho. Abatshutshisi bengingqi, abagwebi, nabagwebi basekuhlaleni, kunye nabagwebi (h) ngokufuthi benza izigqibo zemihla ngemihla malunga nokumangalelwa, nokubanjwa okuchaphazela ngqo ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko nobulungisa.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iimali ezisetyenziswayo zifuna ukuqokelelwa kweentlanganiso, ukuchaphazela iindlela, iibhulorho, ezothutho, izikhululo zenqwelo-moya, kunye nokufikelela kwimimandla ebanzi. Urhulumente ulawula iinkqubo zokuthutha, ukubonelela ngemali, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zezengqayiko, nokucwangcisa imisebenzi emikhulu. Amagosa asekuhlaleni enza izigqibo malunga nokugcinwa kwendlela, iindlela zokuthutha abantu, iindlela zebhayisekile, kunye nezinto ezixhasa abahamba ngenqwelo-moya.

Indima Yamaxa-nye Kwizigqibo Zokugweba

Nangona ukumiswa kwenkundla egweba kusenokungabi yinto yokuqala efika engqondweni xa ucinga ngonyulo phakathi kwexesha, ulawulo lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso lunemiphumo emikhulu kwijaji yephondo. INdlu yeeNtlanganiso kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba zonke iijaji zephondo, kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, zibhenela kwiijaji zenkundla yesithili, kunye neejaji zenkundla yephondo.

Xa iqela lenkcaso lilawula iNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ingavala okanye ilibazise ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ishiye izabelo zingagcwaliswa kwaye zichaphazela ulawulo lobulungisa. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iqela lomongameli lilawula iNdlu yeeNgwevu, isiqinisekiso sokugweba siqhubekeka ngokuphucukileyo, sivumela umongameli ukuba abumbe ijaji kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, abagwebi abaninzi banyulwa ngokungqalileyo phakathi kweminyaka yexeshana, benika abavoti inkcazelo engqalileyo kubatoliki nabasebenzisa umthetho. Amatyala aphakamileyo enkundla yaseburhulumenteni, abagwebi benkundla yokubhenela, nabagwebi benkundla egwebayo benza izigqibo ezichaphazela yonke into, ukususela ekugwetyweni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukusa kwiimbambano zomthetho wentsapho.

Ulungiso oluhle kunye nempembelelo yexesha elide

Unyulo lowiso-mthetho lwesizwe olwenzeka phakathi kwiminyaka yexeshana lunokuba neziphumo eziya kufikelela ngaphaya kwegama leminyaka emibini. Abamisi-mthetho besizwe balawula inkqubo yokuthatyathwa koomasipala elandela ubalo lwaminyaka yonke, bezoba imida yesithili sombutho kunye nesithili sowiso-mthetho sorhulumente.

Iqela elilawula urhulumente worhulumente ngethuba leminyaka yokulungisa ummandla lingazoba nemigca yesithili exhasa abo batshayelwayo kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengegerrymandering xa yenzelwe ukunceda abanqolobi, ingafaka amandla ezobupolitika angaphakathi kwaye inciphise ukhuphiswano olunyuliweyo. Unyulo lwemithetho-mthetho ye-202020, olwenzeka ngaphambi nje komjikelo wama-2021-2022, luye lwanofunoncomo lwengquthela kunye nokhetho lwemithetho yowiso kuphelelo lwamazwe kulo lonke ixesha lee-20202020.

Izixhobo Zokuthatha Uxanduva Njengee-democratic Access

Ngaphandle kweziphumo zomthetho ezikhawulezileyo, unyulo oluphakathi kwisigaba sexesha lusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo ekuphenduleni ngedemokhrasi. Banika abavoti ithuba elithe rhoqo lokuvavanya umsebenzi wamagosa abo anyuliweyo kwaye benze ulungiso lwendlela xa kufuneka.

Ukubeka Amagosa Enokuphendula

Umjikelo wonyulo ominyaka emibini wamalungu endlu uthetha ukuba abameli kufuneka baphendule rhoqo kwiinkonzo zabo. Oku kuphendula rhoqo kukhuthaza ukusabela kwimibandela ekhoyo kwaye kwenza kube nzima ngamagosa ukuba abatyeshele abantu abameleyo. Abalawuli, kunye nemiyalelo yabo yeminyaka emithandathu, bajongene nonyulo olunqabileyo, kodwa indlela enxunguphazelekayo yonyulo lweNdlu yecawa ithetha ukuba igumbi linyukele qho qho kwiminyaka emibini.

Ukuthumela Imiqondiso Yezobupolitika

Iziphumo zeMidter zithumela imiqondiso ebalulekileyo malunga noluvo nokhetho loburhulumente. Imisebenzi enzima eyenziwa ngumntu omnye inokuchazwa njengokuvunywa kocwangciso lukawonke-wonke, ngexa ukulahlekelwa kusenokubonakalisa ukungavumelani. Ezi ziphumo aziphembeleli kuphela ukuziphatha kwamagosa anyuliweyo kodwa kwanemacebo amaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela enzala, kunye nabaza kuthabatha ixa elizayo.

Ukuvavanya Iingcamango Neenkokeli Ezintsha

Unyulo lwaphakathi lunika amathuba eenkokeli ezintsha zezobupolitika ukuba ziphumele kwaye zifumane iingcamango ezintsha zomgaqo-nkqubo. Abasebenzi abaqhuba kakuhle phakathi kwemilo-ntlalo badla ngokuba ngabaphikisi besikhundla esiphezulu, kuquka nomkhosi womongameli. Izicelo zemithetho ezivakalayo nabavoti ebudeni bamaphulo okuchola ngeminyaka ezayo zingabumba ucwangciso lwesizwe kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ucelomngeni Lolwazi

Esinye isizathu sokuba unyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuphuma lungafumani ngqalelo luninzi kunemiba yemiba yomongameli lucelomngeni olukhoyo.

Imida Egqunywe Ngamajelo eendaba

Unyulo lomongameli lulawula ingxelo yamajelo eendaba, ngokunikela ingxelo ebanzi ngezikhundla zonyulo, ukuqhuba ingxoxo, kunye nenkqubela yamaphulo. Iintlanga eziphakathi, ingakumbi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni, zisoloko zifumana ingqalelo encinane kakhulu kumaziko eendaba. Lo msantsa wokupapashwa kwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba bafunde ngezikhundla zonyulo baze benze ukhetho olunolwazi.

Oovimba bokwenza ubugcisa

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, oovimba abaninzi banokunceda abavoti bayaziswe ngonyulo lwaphakathi. Izikhokelo zevoti zeNonpartistan zinikela ulwazi malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba kunye namanyathelo okuvota. Ii-website ze-condidate kunye neengxelo zezentlalo-ntle zinikela ukufumaneka ngqo kwimiyalezo yephulo kunye neendawo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Iindawo zokukhupha iindaba zoluntu, nangona zincitshisiwe kwiindawo ezininzi, zisanikela inkcaso exabisekileyo yorhulumente kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni. Amaqumrhu afana noManyano lwaManya oMasipala anika ulwazi olubanzi lonyulo kunye noomati.

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente, kuquka ezo zigcinwe ngoonobhala bakarhulumente namagosa onyulo asekuhlaleni, zinika inkcazelo esemthethweni malunga nexesha lokubhaliswa, iindawo zokuvota, iilocati, kunye neziphumo zonyulo. Ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo kunokukunceda uvoti basebenzise iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuvota phakathi kwexesha lokubhalisa baze benze ukhetho oluvumelana nemilinganiselo nezinto eziza kuqala kuzo.

Ukoyisa Izithintelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba

Ngoxa unyulo phakathi kwithuba lubalulekile ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, imiqobo emininzi ingathintela abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba. Ukuqonda nokuphendula le miqobo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanyuli abaphakathi bangabameli kwaye onke amazwi ayaviwa.

Iimfuno zoBhaliso

Ixesha lokubhalisa logcino-lwazi liyahluka ngokwemeko, kwaye amanye amazwe afuna ukubhaliswa iiveki phambi koSuku lokhetho. Ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, kunye nokubhaliswa nge-intanethi kungenza inkqubo ifikeleleke ngakumbi, kodwa ezi zinto azifumaneki kuyo yonke indawo. Iimfuno zemali zifuna ukuqonda iimfuno zobhaliso nommiselo wexesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba bangathabatha inxaxheba.

Ukufumana Imali Nendlela Elula

Ubuchule bokuvota bungabangela imingeni, ingakumbi kubantu abanocwangciso olungqongqo lomsebenzi, lwezithuthi, lokuthintela, okanye lweembopheleleko zokunyamekela. Ukuvota kwangethuba, ukhetho lweposi ngeposi, kunye neendawo zovotelo ezifanelekileyo zingandisa ukufumaneka. Amanye amazwe aye andisa ezinketho kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngoxa amanye ebeke imiqathango emitsha.

Uxanduva lweenkcukacha

Abavoti abaninzi abafanelekileyo abaqondi ukuba lunini na unyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuvota okanye into eyenzekayo kwibhoti. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lomongameli, olufumana ingqalelo yesixhobo sonxibelelwano kangangeenyanga phambi koSuku loNnyulo, amaqela aphakathi asenokungangeni kuluntu de kube kanye phambi konyulo. Imfundo yeCBIF, ukuvota, nokubophelana koluntu kunganceda ekucombululeni lo msantsalo.

Ikamva Elinzima Lexesha Eliphakathi

Izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo phakathi konyulo zinokuba nemiphumo efikelela nakwixesha elizayo. Abagwebi abatyunjwe ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtsimi zoLawulo zisebenza ubomi babo bonke. Iiprojekthi ezixhaswa yimithetho yolawulo zixhaswa yimithetho elungiselelwe amashumi eminyaka. Iinkqubo zemfundo eziphunyezwe ngabaququzeli bemithetho yezomthetho zichaphazela izizukulwana zabafundi. Imigaqo yokusingqongileyo ibumba impilo ye-ecutyratics kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo zinde zinokunceda abavoti baqonde isizathu sokuba kufuneka banikele ingqalelo enzulu kwaye babe nenxaxheba ekucingeni. Amagosa anyulwe kwezi ntlanga angenza izigqibo ezichaphazela kungekuphela nje iimeko zangoku kodwa kwanamathuba, ucelomngeni nomgangatho wobomi.

Ukwenza Ilizwi Lakho Live

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ephendulile. Nawa amanyathelo aqinileyo onokuwathabatha ukuze ilizwi lakho liviwe:

Bhalisa kwaye uqinisekise ubhaliso lwakho

Qinisekisa ukuba ubhalisile ukuvota kwaye ulwazi lwakho lokubhalisa lungoku. Ukuba uhambile, ulitshintshe igama lakho, okanye awuvotanga kwiminyaka emininzi, kungafuneka uhlaziye ubhaliso lwakho. Khangela i website yobhaliso karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ubume bakho kwaye wenze naluphi na uhlaziyo olufunekayo.

Uphando Ngezi Ngxaki

Zinike ixesha lokufunda ngabaza kufumana i-ofisi kunye nemiba ekwindawo yakho yokuvota. Ii-website zomvotelwa, yiya kwii-fourm okanye iingxoxo, jongana nezikhokelo zevoti engeyoyaparati, uze ufune ukuchongwa okunokuthenjwa kweendaba. Cinga ukuba yiyiphi imiba ebalulekileyo kuwe kwaye ziziphi iimeko zabaza kubhaptizwa ezihambelana namaxabiso akho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ceba Ukubolekisana Ngezinto

Khetha ukuba uzakuvota nini kwaye njani. Uza kuvota kwangoko, ngeposi, okanye ngoSuku lokhetho? Yintoni indawo yakho yokuvota? Luluphi ufako okanye uxwebhu olufuna ukuluzisa? Ukuba nesicwangciso sekonkrithi kunyusa amathuba okuba uzakulandela uze uphose ibhola yakho.

Khuthaza Abanye Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Thetha nabahlobo, amalungu entsapho, nabo usebenza nabo ngokubaluleka kokuvota phakathi phakathi kwexesha lonyulo. Yabelanani ngemisida yokubhalisa, iinketho zokuvota, kunye neendidi eziphambili. Zicelele ukunceda abanye benze amalungiselelo abo okuvota okanye bahambe nabo ukuya kuvota. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukhuthazo lobuqu oluvela kubahlobo nakwintsapho lolona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwandisa umvoti.

Hlala Ukho Emva Kosuku Lokhetho

Kubalulekile, kodwa luhlobo olunye lombutho wezentlalo. Xhumana namagosa akho anyuliweyo ukuze wabelane ngeembono zakho kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye neentlanganiso zoluntu. Ngenela imibutho yokhuphiswano esebenzela inkathalo yakho. Zivotelele amaphulo okanye amanyathelo oluntu. Idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuqhubekayo, hayi nje ukuvota ngamaxesha athile.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo malunga nokhetho lwexesha eliphakathi

Ukuthetha ngempazamo eninzi kunokubenza bangathabathi nxaxheba kunyulo oluphakathi kwexesha elithile.

"Umlomo Wam Awubalakali"

Le mhlawumbi yeyona ngcamango ixhaphakileyo neyonakalisa kakhulu. Enyanisweni, unyulo luninzi lugqitywa ngemida emincinane kakhulu. Iintlanga zongingqi zingamiswa ngomahluko omninzi okanye kwanangemvo omnye. Kwanakwimibutho emikhulu, ukhuphiswano olusondeleyo luqhelekile, kwaye ivoti nganye inegalelo kwisimbuku. Ngaphezu koko, naxa amanani entlalo nganye ingasondelelananga, amanani akhutshwayo athumela imiqondiso ebalulekileyo kwinkokeli zezobupolitika malunga nokuganana kwebutho labantu kunye nezinto eziphambili.

"Ama-midter akubalulekanga njengokhetho loMongameli"

Ngoxa unyulo lomongameli lubalulekile, iintlawulo eziphakathi zibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuboneni iziphumo zenkqubo. IBhunga kufuneka limise umthetho woninzi lweenyathelo zomongameli ukuze lube zezokwenene, kwaye amagosa aseburhulumenteni kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni enza izigqibo ezisoloko zinempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunemigaqo karhulumente worhulumente waseMerika. Ingcamango yokuba ngumbandela wonyulo kuphela ongakuhoyi ukubekwa kwesiseko sikarhulumente waseMerika nokusasazwa kwegunya kumazwe, kumazwe, nakwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni.

"Andazi Kwanele Ukuqamba"

Ngeli xesha ulwazi lubalulekile, linda de uzive unolwazi olupheleleyo ngalo lonke uhlanga kunye nenkupho ingakhokelela kubuthathaka nokungabi nanxaxheba. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ube yingcaphephe yokuvota .=ufuna nje ukwenza umgudu wokholo olungileyo ukufunda ngabahlohli kunye nemibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe. Yamkeleke ngokugqibeleleyo ukuvota kwezinye iintlanga ngexa ushiya abanye bengenanto ukuba awuzivanga ufundile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungakhetha.

"Iziqendu zombini ziyafana"

Nangona amaqela ezobupolitika enokufana, ahluke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi, ukususela kwinkxalabo yempilo nemfundo ukuya kwirhafu kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume. Oku kwahlukahlukana kuneziphumo zokwenene kubomi babantu. Ukuhlolisisa amaqonga eqela, isikhundla somvotelwa, neengxelo zokuvota zityhila umahluko onzulu ochaphazela iziphumo zenkqubo.

Imeko ebanzi: Ulawulo-melo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba

Unyulo lwaphakathi lukho phakathi kobume obubanzi bolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda le meko kungalwenza luxabiseke ngakumbi uluvo ngesizathu sokuba olu nyulo lungumbandela nendlela olulufaneleke ngayo kwiprojekthi enkulu yolawulo lobuqu.

Ulingo Lwedemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi yaseMelika luvavanyo oluqhubekayo lokuzilawula. Abaseki benza inkqubo eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe, nokuvumela ukudluliswa koxolo kwamandla. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, kuquka nexeshana, luyinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni le nkqubo isebenze. Banika amathuba okulungisa indlela, ukuhlaziya ukhokelo, kunye nolungiso lwenkqubo olusekelwe kwiimeko eziguqukayo kunye nezinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke.

Imbopheleleko yeBhunga

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo kunelungelo kunye nembopheleleko. Urhulumente wedemokhrasi uxhomekeke kulwazi, abemi abathe bathabatha indima yabo nzulu ekukhetheni iinkokeli nasekubumbeni inkqubo. Xa abantu abaninzi bekhetha ngaphandle kwenkqubo yezobupolitika, idemokhrasi iyancipha kwaye abasabeli ngokupheleleyo kwiimfuno neembono zoluntu.

Ukwakha Amandla Ezobupolitika

Ukuthatha inxaxheba rhoqo kunyulo, kuquka naphakathi kwexesha, kubalulekile ekwakheni igunya lezobupolitika nempembelelo. Ingingqi ezivota rhoqo kwaye ngamanani amakhulu zifumana ingqalelo engakumbi kumagosa anyuliweyo kwaye zinempumelelo engakumbi ekuhambiseleni phambili izinto zazo eziza kuqala. Ngokuchasene noko, abantu abahlala phantsi badla ngokufumanisa ukuba amaxhala abo akahoywa okanye acekelwe phantsi kwiingxoxo zemithetho.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Iinkalo Zexesha Elizayo

Unyulo ngalunye phakathi ngexesha lonyulo luveza iimeko zalo ezikhethekileyo, ucelomngeni, namathuba alo. Imiba ekhethekileyo esengozini iyahluka ngokwemijikelo nomjikelo, ibonakalisa ukutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala kumazwe, ukuvela kweengxaki, nokucombulula inkxalabo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ukubaluleka okungundoqo konyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuzalwa komhla kuya kuhlala kungaguquki.

Amanqanam exesha elizayo aza kuqhubeka emisela ulawulo lwengqungquthela, ubume kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukumisela impembelelo kumthetho, kunye nokuchaphazela inkqubo kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi karhulumente. Aya kunika abavoti amathuba okuba abasebenzi baphendule, baphawule izinto abazithandayo, baze bathabathe inxaxheba kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wolawulo-demokhrasi.

Umgangatho wedemokhrasi yaseMerika uxhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngamandla kolu nyulo. Xa abantu abaninzi bevota, xa kuviwa amazwi amaninzi, kwaye xa kumelelwa iimbono ezingakumbi, urhulumente ophumeleleyo usemthethweni, uyasabela ngakumbi, kwaye uphumelela ngakumbi ekucombululeni iingxaki ezijongene noluntu nohlanga.

Ukuthabatha Inyathelo: Indima Yakho Kwidemokhrasi

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba umbandela wonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo linyathelo lokuqala. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukuthabatha inyathelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kolu qheliselo lubalulekileyo lwedemokhrasi.

  • Ukuphakamisa kuzo zonke iinyulo, hayi ukhuphiswano lomongameli kuphela, ukuqinisekisa ilizwi lakho lisoloko livakala kwimicimbi echaphazela uluntu kunye nelizwe lakho
  • [[UMTL:0] Hlala unolwazi [ malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba, imiba, kunye neengxoxo zenkqubo ngokulandela imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo nokubuza ubuncwane bolwazi obungengolungu leqela
  • Ukufumana amagosa anyuliweyo ngokuqhagamshelana nawo ngemibandela oyikhathaleleyo, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, nokuthatha inxaxheba kumaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke
  • Imfundo yezentlalo-ntle ngokuxubusha ngezobupolitika norhulumente nabahlobo kunye nentsapho, ingakumbi abantu abaselula abafunda ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi
  • Ivolunteer yamaphulo, iidrayivi zomvoti, okanye imigudu yokuncedisa ukwandisa inxaxheba kuluntu lwakho
  • imiqobo yedilesi yokuvota ngokuxhasa iinkqubo kunye noqheliselo olubangela ukuba ubhaliso nokuvota kufikeleleke ngakumbi kubo bonke abemi abafanelekileyo
  • KCtha ixesha elide malunga neziphumo zonyulo, uqwalasela iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nje kuphela kodwa nendlela izigqibo zanamhlanje eziza kuwabumba ngayo amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwexesha elizayo

Isiphelo: Amandla Okukhetha Okuphakathi

Unyulo lwexesha lexesha eliphakathi lungaphezulu kakhulu kunombhalo osemazantsi phakathi kokhuphiswano lomongameli. Ngamaxesha abalulekileyo amisela ulawulo lwengqungquthela, ubume kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukuphembelela ukumiswa kwekomiti, kunye nokuchaphazela phantse yonke imiba yomsebenzi karhulumente. Amagosa anyuliweyo phakathi kweminyaka yexeshana enza izigqibo eziphathelele impilo, imfundo, imeko yezoqoqosho, imekobume, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, izibonelelo, nezinye izinto ezingabalwanga zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Olu nyulo lusebenza njengee-checks ezibalulekileyo kumandla obungameli, zinika amathuba okuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi, kwaye zivumela abavoti baphawule izinto abazithandayo zomgaqo-nkqubo nezinto eziza kuqala. Bangaguqula umlinganiselo wamandla eWashington nakumakomkhulu ephondo, bevula amathuba amatsha okutshintsha inkqubo okanye ukuqinisekisa iindlela ezikhoyo.

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwabo, unyulo oluphakathi kwesigaba lusoloko lutsala unyulo olusezantsi kunemijaho yobumongameli, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abo banenxaxheba banempembelelo engathethekiyo kwiziphumo. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuvota konke okubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye nasiphi na isenzo sombutho siphumele phambili.

Ikamva ledemokhrasi yaseMerika lixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngamandla kunyulo oluphakathi. Xa abemi beluthatha nzulu olu khuphiswano, bezazi kakuhle ngabaza kufumana inkxaso-moya, bephosa amavoti abo, bomeleza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abamkhonzayo. Ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lokukhetha akuyolungelo kuphela `````igalelo'''' esiyimfuneko kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wolawulo lwakho kwaye indlela enamandla yokubumba ikamva lengingqi yakho nelizwe lakho.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga novotelo nonyulo, tyelela isikhokelo sovota [.gov isikhokelo sovota okanye iwebhsayithi yakho yesebe lenyusi yonyulo . Ukufunda okungakumbi ngokubaluleka kombutho woluntu, ujonga ubuncwane obusuka kwimibutho efana ne [[FLT:] , [[FLT:]], ], [[FLT]], i-Rock [[FLT]