Ziizicelo eziphakathi kwezixhobo ezindala nezithe ngqo zobumi, ezisebenza njengenkqubo esemthethweni yoluntu ukunxibelelana neemfuno zequmrhu lemithetho. Ukusukela kwimisongo ephantsi yephepha ukuya kumaphulo anamhlanje e-intanethi, izibongozo ziguqukile kodwa zigcine injongo yazo engundoqo: ukunyusa ilizwi labantu. Ukuqonda iindlela ezicacileyo apho izicelo ziphembelela ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho ziyimfuneko ukuze ziqonde amandla azo kunye nokulinganiselwa kwazo kwidemokhrasi yale mihla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zembali, iindlela zophando, iimvavanyo, kunye nezixhobo zexesha elizayo zokucela abantu njengesixhobo sokulungisa umthetho kunye nenkqubo.

Imvelaphi Yezibongozo Embalini

Ilungelo lokucela lidala njengorhulumente ongummeli. ENgilani, i- Ukuqulunqwa kokuQalisa (1628) imigaqo esisiseko eyathi kamva yaphembelela ukucinga komGaqo-siseko. Le ngcamango yafakwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo 1689, eyaqinisekisa ilungelo lemiba ukuba icele umlawuli ngaphandle kokoyika ukumangalelwa. Lo mgaqo uhamba ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantiki, obonakala kuMgaqo-siseko wokuqala weUnited States: “ilungelo labantu... ukucela uRhulumente ukuba aphindeze izikhalo.”

Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya Kwiipalamente Zanamhlanje

Kwanaphambi kwelungelo elisemthethweni lokucela, iindibano zamaxesha aphakathi zazisebenzisa izibongozo ukucela ukuthatha inyathelo lobukumkani. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izibongozo zaba yinxalenye yenkqubo yepalamente, zivumela abantu neenkampani ukuba bacele ulungiso lwezomthetho. Kwinkulungwane ye-19, izibongozo ezininzi kwimibandela efana nokupheliswa kobukhoboka nokukhuthuzwa kwezixhobo zomhlaba wonke zabonisa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kolawulo lwezopolitiko kungaguqula ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Umbutho weSibhexeko eBrithali, umzekelo, waqokelela izigidi zabantu abafuna utshintsho lwedemokhrasi, yaye ngoxa izicelo ezithile zikhatywa, ekugqibeleni ingcinezelo ephambili yakhokelela ekuququququzelweni kolawulo lwabantu kwimisebenzi.

Ilungelo Lokucela Isicelo KwimiGaqo-siseko Ehlabathini Lonke

Namhlanje, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ongaphezulu kwe-100 uqinisekisa uhlobo oluthile lwesicelo esifanelekileyo. Ubunzima obuchanekileyo bomthetho buyahluka. EJamani, abemi bangacela iBundestag, ekufuneka bayiqwalasele kwaye bayinike ingxelo ngokuzithoba ngako. I-European Union ivumela abemi ukuba banxulumane nePalamente yaseYurophu ngemicimbi esebugqeni be-EU. Ezi nkcukacha zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa ukuba izicelo azingobomfuziselo nje kuphela; zifakwe kwiinkqubo zokulawula.

Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Impembelelo

Izibongozo ziphembelela umthetho ngemijelo emininzi, ngokufuthi esebenza ngokufaka ezinye iindlela zobuchule. Impembelelo ixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nenani lotyikityo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupapashwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye nomongo wezobupolitika. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho izicelo eziphambili eziguqulela utyikityo kwisenzo somthetho.

Imida yosayino neenkcukumiso

Amaqumrhu amaninzi owiso-mthetho anemithetho emisela izicelo ezinyuswayo xa ewela umqobo wotyikityo. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeZibongozo zePalamente ye-UK iqwalasela nasiphi na isicelo esinotyikitya olungaphezulu kwe-100 000 ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano. Kwi-US, i- “Thomage" qotton (ngoku egcinwe) ifuna utyikityo oluyi-100 000 ngeentsuku ezingama-30 ukuze kungenelwe impendulo yeNdlukwano yeNdlukwano. Le miqobo yenza uphawu olucacileyo: isicelo esinenkxaso kawonke-wonke sifuna impendulo esemthethweni, nokokuba impendulo ayiyo esemthethweni. Abacebisi bomthetho abanyanzeli bomthetho bayavuma ukuba bavume ekuhleni, abanokuguqula iwindow yendlela yokhetho olusemthethweni.

Ulwandiso lwamajelo eendaba

Isibongozo esinamashumi amawaka otyikityo sifanelekile. Isicelo esigqumangelwe yingxelo. Abacholacholi-ndaba bachaza kunye neempumelelo eziphambili, babangela ukubhengezwa ngokukhululekileyo ngenxa yolu tshintsho. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba eguqula abalawuli ngokwenyusela imicimbi enzima ngokuphakamisa inkalo yombango phakathi kwamaqumrhu. Umzekelo, isicelo sika 2016 sokuphelisa uDonald Trump karhulumente utyelelo lwe-UK tharm safumana intsko yosayino olungaphezulu ko-1.8 lezigidi kunye nenkxaso ye-mente yosasazo eendaba, ukunyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba anikele ingxelo emininzi. Ngexesha utyelelo lwasekugqibele, utyelelo lwentetho yezopolitiki oluxoko oluphekelele ingunxa.

Isakhiwo Esinemisonto Eninzi Nesonwabisayo

Izibongozo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zinqabile ukusebenza zodwa. Zidla ngokuba yinxalenye yesixhobo sokufaka ubuchule esiquka iintlanganiso nabenzi bomthetho, amaphulo oluntu, kunye nonxulumano kunye neentlangano zezentlalo-ntle. Isicelo esilungiselelwe kakuhle singasebenza njengoluhlu lwabamele ukuba ngabaxhasi, abaquququzeleli abanokuthi kamva bahlanganise iintlanganiso, iileta, okanye umnxeba. Ingcinezelo edityanisiweyo: abenzi bemithetho babona inani elikhulu kwaye bayaqonda ukuba abaquququzeleli bemi bophawu balungelelanisiwe kwaye bayazingisa.

Izicelo zamanani: Ukutshintsha Umhlaba

I-Intanethi iguqule isikali nesantya sokucela. Iplatform efana noTshintsho.org, i-Avaaz, kunye nee-portal zikarhulumente zenze ukuba kungabi ncinci ukundulula nokudibanisa isicelo. Oku kusetyenziswa komgangatho wecawa kunezingenelo nemiqobo.

Iinguqu Nendlela Ezifikelela Ngayo

Utshintsho.org luziqhayisa ngabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwama-400 ezigidi kwaye luzibanga luphumelele kwiphulo elisuka kwiinkqubo zentengiso ukuya kumthetho wesizwe. Izicelo ze-algorithm yeqonga ziqhutywa ngamandla, zibangela ii-checks. Ngo-2019, isicelo sotshintsho.org sibongoza i-Amazon ukuba iyeke ukuthengisa ubugcisa bokuqwalasela ubuso bomthetho ukuba iqokelelwe iintsebenzo ezingaphezulu kwekota yezigidi ze-okthorium yexeshanala. Ngokufanayo, “Thina bantu” phantsi komphathi we-Obama sabona izibongozo kwimibathatho ukusuka kwi-mnethi yerhafu ukuhlanganisa amakhulu amawaka eencwadi yotyikityo, ngokuphendula ngokusemthethweni kwiNdlulo-White.

Iingenelo kunye neePatries zeNqamngampuzi yoNxibelelwano

Izibongozo zamanani zihlisa umqobo ukuze zingene kwinxaxheba. Nabani na one-intanethi angatyikitya isiqinisekiso esithelekelelwayo sesatifiketi. Kodwa oku kulula kungenza ukwenziwa kwento ebonwayo yokutyikitya. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi “cliv" ithatha indawo yoqikelelo olunzulu, kwaye utyikityo oluvela ngaphandle kwesithili sommisi-mthetho alunampembelelo ithe ngqo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungakwazi ukubhalisa okanye ukunikela ingqalelo ephantsi kungakhokelela ekuqhatheni intswana okanye umsebenzi we-bot. I-Platformss ithathe amanyathelo ahlukene ayinyaniso, kodwa ukuthembeka kwezicelo zamanani kusekho inkxaso.

Imida Nokugxekwa Kuyaphinda Kutyelelwe

Ngoxa izibongozo zinokuba luncedo, azinakukwazi ukuphembelela impembelelo karhulumente.

Umsantsa Wokusayina

Ubalo losayino aluguquleli ngokuyimfuneko kwivoti zowiso-mthetho. Abenzi bomthetho bahlola oothunywashe abaninzi: iingxelo zeekomiti, uhlalutyo lweziko, ukhokelo lweqela, kunye neenjongo zomnikeli. Isibongozo esinama-500 000 sosayino sisenokungahoywa ukuba singqubana nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho ezinamandla okanye sijongwa njengemo yexeshana likawonke-wonke. Uphando lweUK Hansard Society lufumanise ukuba lincinane kakhulu leemfuno zengxoxo ezinqamleza umqobo wenkqubo enyanisweni. Umsantsa phakathi kwemfuno kawonke kunye nezenzo zomthetho usoloko usanda.

Ukudubulela Nokungawazi Kakuhle

Izicelo zingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo. Izicelo ze-astroturf . .adified roots transmittes systems", ulungelelaniso lwemityikityo kunye ne-operations zomgunyaziso ukuze zenze inkxaso exhaphakileyo. Ngexesha lonyulo lwama-202020 e- US, izicelo zokugunyazisa ukuqhatha kovoti zisasazwe ngokubanzi, kodwa ezininzi zakhutshwa. Izicelo ezidityaniswe kwizicelo zingenza neziphumo zokwenyaniso, zisenza abashicileli-mthetho bathandabuze yonke imigudu yotyikityo.

I-Enteria

Kwanaxa isicelo siqalisa impendulo yomthetho esesikweni, isiphumo sisenokuba sesomthetho. Ikomiti yepalamente isenokubamba ityala, inikezele ingxelo, ize loo mbandela ufe. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kunye nokulandelelwa okulungelelanisiweyo, izicelo zinokuba zisiphelo esingapheliyo. Ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho ixinene, kwaye izicelo zisoloko zikhuphisana ukuze kuqwalaselwe iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo kunye namadabi alwayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Xa Izibongozo Zazenza Umahluko

Ukuze uqonde ukuba lichaphazeleka ngokwenene ihlabathi, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa izibongozo ezikhethekileyo ezifak ’ isandla ekutshintsheni imithetho.

IXesha Lokufumana Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ngoo-1960, i-National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP) yasebenzisa izibongozo njengenxalenye yeqhinga elibanzi lokucinezela umthetho wamalungelo abantu. U-1963 “UMatshi eWashington ngenxa yemisebenzi nenkululeko” yandulelwa zizicelo zokukhutshelwa kwe-Rom Act. Ngoxa umthetho wawudluliswa ngenxa yoothunywashe abaninzi, amaphulo okusayina anceda ukubonakalisa ukuxengaxenga kumalungu eBhunga awayeneembono zikawonke wonke.

Uloyiso Lokusingqongileyo

Ngo-2013, isicelo sika-Avaaz sokuvalwa kwemicrobeads kwizithambiso saqokelela iintsayithi ezingaphezu kwama-500 000 saza safak' isandla ekuwisweni kwemithetho e-UK, e-US, naseK. Urhulumente we-UK wakwalela ukuvalwa kwemicrobead kwizinto zokuthambisa ezisusiweyo ngo-2018. Ngokufanayo, izicelo ezichasene nombhobho weKeystone XL e-US zaba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokusingqongileyo enkulu eyaphembelela ulawulo lwe-Obama iprojective

Uguqu-guquko lomgaqo-nkqubo olusandul' ukubakho

Ngo-2021, isicelo soTshintsho.org esifuna ukuba ingxowa-mali ibhatala kubasebenzi ababalulekileyo eOstreliya baqokelele intsalela engaphezu kwama-200 000. Emva kwengcinezelo kawonke-wonke kunye nengxelo yamajelo eendaba, oorhulumente abaliqela basungula ucwangciso lwexeshana lokufumana ikhefu lokugula. Ngoxa esi sicelo sasingeso sodwa umqhubi, sanyusa amazwi abasebenzi saza sagcina umba umba ukhona ezindabeni. Omnye umzekelo: “Yima iCuts” isicelo e-UK ngo-2011 sahlanganisana ngaphezu kwesigidi sosayino oluchasene ne-NHS kwaye ifunda idityani, kwaye xa isithulo siqhubeka, urhulumente wanyanzelela urhulumente ukuba aphikise impikiswano ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye alungise imigaqo ethile.

Ukulinganisa Imiphumo Yokwenene Yezibongozo

Ezinye izibongozo zitshintsha intetho yesidlangalala, zakha ibutho labantu okanye zisebenza njengemiqondiso elumkisayo ukuze kumiselwe umthetho kwixa elizayo.

& Ubalo Olungagqibekanga Losayino

Isicelo sisenokungaluphumeleli usukelo lwaso lwangoku kodwa sinokubeka isiseko seenguqu zexesha elizayo. Umzekelo, izibongozo zokulingana komtshato kwi-US ngo-1990 azikhange ziphumele ekubhalisweni ngokusemthethweni ngokomsinya, kodwa zayibeka ingcamango zaza zayila i-nethwekhi yokuxhasa. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, inkcubeko incede ekulungiseni indlela yesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ngo-2015. Ngokufanayo, ukucela utshintsho kwintlalo-ntle yezilwanyana ngokufuthi kukhokelela kwienguqu ezithelekelelo kwimimiselo kwanokuba imfuno engundoqo inqabileyo.

Ukutshintsha Okubalulekileyo KwiNtshukumo

Izibongozo zingaguqula indlela efakwa ngayo imiba. Xa isicelo sisasaza ingqalelo, izibhengezo zetheminali kunye nabezobupolitika bamkela ulwimi lwaso. Igama elithi “ungxamiseko olungxamisekileyo” ngokwenxenye lifumene igalelo lezicelo zobuninzi kumaqonga njenge Avaaz. Le nguquko egqithisileyo iphembelela uludwe lweenketho zenkqubo eziqwalaselweyo, ukwenza iingcamango ezichaphazelekayo zangaphambili zibonakale zibaluleke kakhulu.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokukwenza Ngayo Ukucela Okuphumelelayo

Kubo bafuna ukusebenzisa izibongozo njengesixhathiso sokutshintsha, ubuchule bokulungisa imicimbi. Isibongozo esicwangcisiweyo sisenokufumana igalelo kwaye sibe nempembelelo ehlala ixesha elide.

Ukuchwetheza Izinto Ezininzi

Isicelo kufuneka sibe nesicelo esingqalileyo nesinokufumaneka. Izibongozo ezishushu ezifana “zenze okuthile ngokutshintsha kwemozulu” azisebenzi kakuhle kunelithi“ ukuphinda uhlaziywe komandla avuselelekayo [iiibhiliyoni eziyi - R579] okanye “ukunxiba iingxowa zeplastiki enye ngo-2025.” uPrecision unceda abenzi bemithetho baqonde oko kuceliweyo kwaye bakwenze kube lula ukukhangela iziphumo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwimi kufuneka luhlonelwe kwaye lungasekelwe kwintsontela enokuthi ibangele ukuphelelwa yithemba.

Ukwakha Isivumelwano

Izibongozo zifumana amandla xa zixhaswa yimibutho enezinxulumani ezikhoyo. Ukusebenzisana noNGOs, amaqumrhu, okanye amaqela oluntu kunika izibonelelo zokukhuthaza nokugunyazisa. Isibongozo esivela kumntu ozihlaleleyo asikho nempembelelo encinane kunomntu oxhaswe lumanyano lwezinto ezihlonelwayo. Ngaphezu koko, amaqabane asebenzisanayo anokuncedisa ekulandeleni emva kokuvalwa kwesi sicelo, ukuguqula intsayino lube kukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-advocard.

Ukunxulumana Nabenzi Bemithetho Nabasemadilini

Ubalo lotyikityo lulodwa lunqabile ukushukumisa ummisi-mthetho. Abaququzeleli kufuneka bashicilela ukhupho xa kufikelelwa iziganeko eziphambili, basebenzise ijelo leendaba zoluntu ukuchonga amagosa anyuliweyo, kwaye bacele iintlanganiso ukudlulisela isicelo esisemngciphekweni. Amabali obuqu avela kwimiboniso angaqwalaselwa ukuvelisa iziphumo zobuntu. Kwizicelo zesicelo zikarhulumente eziqhutywayo, ukulandelela amanyathelo alandelayo nokucwangcisa esidlangalathisi (umz., amagqabaza kawonke, angqinela ekuvinyweni) anyusa amathuba eziphumo.

Ikamva Lokucela Isicelo Ekwenzeni Isigqibo Somthetho

Njengokuba ubugcisa nenkqubo yezobupolitika zitshintsha, nendima yokucela iya kujongwa.

Ngaba Kukubhiyozela Nokuzikisa?

Ubuchule bokwenza bungaguqula uhlalutyo lwesicelo, ukunceda abashicileli bemithetho baqhube imiqulu emikhulu yotyikityo kwaye bakhuphe inkxalabo ezikhoyo. Ubugcisa beblockchain bungasetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukutyikitya nokukhusela ukuqhatha, ukwandisa ilungelo. Amanye amaqonga avumela abameli ukuba bafake imiqondiso kwiziphumo, bedala imibutho emincinane edibanisa ukudityaniswa kwezezezezentlalo. Kodwa ke, ezi zindululo zinyusa imicimbi yobuqu kunye nenkxalabo yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Unyuso lweziko

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zizama ngokunzulu ukudibanisa izicelo kumjikelo wenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, iPalamente yaseFinland, izenza ngokuzenzekelayo inyathelo eliququzelela abami bale mithetho engama-50 000, ibathumele kwiikomiti ukuze baqwalaselwe. Lo mzekelo unciphisa ingqiqo yabagcini-sango kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba izicelo zikawonke-wonke zifumaneke ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba amazwe amaninzi amkela imigaqo ebophekayo okanye adibanisa izicelo, impembelelo yesixhobo ingakhula ngokuphawulekayo.

Isiphelo

Izibongozo zihlala ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuququzelelwa kwezixhobo zedemokhrasi, zinika abemi indlela yokunxibelelana nabenzi bomthetho. Ngoxa bengeyiyo indlela eqinisekisiweyo yokutshintsha umthetho, amandla abo okunyusa uluvo, ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo, kunye nentetho yokuguqula izenza zibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwibhokisi yezixhobo zoluntu. Ezona zisebenzayo zinxulunyaniswa namaqela adibeneyo, asekelwe kwizicelo ezicacileyo, kwaye axhaswa yimibutho eyahlukeneyo. Njengoko izixhobo zamanani ziqhubeka zisanda kwaye oorhulumente abathile besamkela izibongozo ezivumayo, ukuncedwa kokuyila umthetho kuya kwanda. Ekugqibeleni, izibongozo zisikhumbuza ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi alusetyenziswanga kuphela kwibhokisi yebhola kodwa kwincoko eqhubekayo phakathi kwabalawulwayo nabo balawulayo nabalawulayo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundo lweenkqubo zokucela kunye nesiphumo somthetho, ubuchule bokuhlola i- UK Izicelo zeKomiti yePalamente , isikhokelo sikarhulumente SUS sokucela [[, kunye nocalulo lwezifundo ezinjenge- E-E-PTYP " kwiNhlolo yenzululwazi ye-political Science.[FLT]