Indima Esisiseko Yezigqibo Zomthetho Kulawulo Lwamanzi

Amanzi angundoqo wemeko-bume, yezoqoqosho, kunye nebutho labantu. Indlela enikwa ngayo, esetyenziswayo, nekhuselwa ngayo ayimiselwa ngendalo yodwa; iphenjelelwa kakhulu zisigqibo sowiso-mthetho. Imithetho, imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho edityanisiweyo yesizwe yenza ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kwamalungelo amanzi kunye nemigaqo yolawulo. Ezi zigqibo ziphembelela yonke into ukusuka kumandla omlimi okunkcenkcelela izitya zezityalo kumgangatho wamanzi okhusela impilo entle yoluntu. Njengoko ukhuphiswano lwethano lokuhlala emanzini acocekile, iimfuno zezolimo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemozulu, ukuqonda ukulawulwa kwamanzi kuyafuneka kubafundisi, abenzi benkqubo kunye nabaxhasi beli nqaku. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ezichaza ngayo amalungelo omgangatho wolawulo, iinkqubo zokuqhuba ulawulo, kunye nocelomngeni olukhulayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Isiseko Samalungelo Amanzi: Imfundiso Esemthethweni Ephenjelelwa Ngumthetho

Amalungelo amanzi akazalwanga; adalwa kwaye achazwa ngomthetho. Izibonelelo ezibini eziphambili zomthetho ```amalungelo e-aripararian'' nangaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwe-appropria'''. Zimveliso zembali yowiso-mthetho nenkcazelo yezomthetho.

Amalungelo e Riparaan

Eqanjwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, amalungelo okuphanga abaninimzi anika abangenisi abangena kwimijelo ebaleka okanye emelene nempahla yabo. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, umnini ngamnye orhwebayo unelungelo lokusebenzisa amanzi ngendlela engabonakalisi ngokungekho ngqiqweni abanye abasebenzisi bomsinga. Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle kwimimandla enempompompo apho amanzi aninzi, kodwa ixabana kwimozulu eyomileyo apho ukusweka kwamaxesha onyaka kubangela ukungqubana. Utshintsho lwemithetho, olufana nokuvumela iimfuno kunye nokukhuselwa komsinga omncinane, luye lwenziwa ukuba lucocelwe amalungelo okuhlala abantu kwaye luthintelwe ukusetyenziswa.

Uhlolo lwangaphambili: Okokuqala ngexesha, Kuqala ngasekunene

Kwimimandla yasentshona ye-United States kunye neminye emininzi ehamba ngamanzi, imfundiso yangaphambili yokukhupha amanzi ilawula amalungelo amanzi. Le nkqubo iqiniswe ngomthetho womgangatho wesizwe, inika igalelo kumalungelo asekelwe ekukhuleni: umntu wokuqala ukuphambukisa amanzi okusetyenziswa okuluncedo ubambe intengo yokuqala kubasebenzisi bexesha elizayo. Ngexesha lembalela, abanikazi bamalungelo amancinci banokunqunyulwa ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo esemthethweni ikhuthaza utyalo lwamanzi kodwa ingatshixa ngokungenankathalo ekusebenziseni nasekungxwelerheni kwi-iatrate ekholo-mentine. Iziguqulo zale zincwadi zale mihla zizama ngamandla ukudibanisa ukuhamba komgangatho ominye nolawulo lwamanzi omhlaba kwimijikelo.

Iinkqubo zeHyrid Nemithetho

Ulawulo oluninzi luye lwahamba ngaphaya kweemfundiso ezinyulu. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya isebenzisa inkqubo edityanisiweyo edibanisa amalungelo akrazulayo kunye ne-appritive, ecwengisiwe ngemithetho yamanzi kunye nezigqibo zomthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Oregon no-Washington, aye asebenzisa imithetho edityanisiweyo yemicebo yamanzi efuna ukusetyenziswa okutsha ukuze kufunyaniswe iimvume zokulungelelanisa iimfuno zendalo nezobume bendalo.

Umatshini ogunyazisa ulawulo lwamanzi

Inkqubo yolawulo lwamanzi isetyenziswa ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo nganye yenzelwe ukuchaza iinkalo ezithile zolawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi, ukusuka kumgangatho ukuya kumlinganiselo ukuya kwimpilo yemekobume.

Imigangatho yobunjani bamanzi

Imithetho enjenge-Gradiyo Framew Direct eUnited States, i-Mater Fourmark Directive in the European Union, kunye noMthetho wamanzi kwimimandla emininzi yesizwe umisela imigangatho encinci yezongcoliso, ubushushu, kunye neemeko zokuhlala. Umthetho ugunyazisa amaqumrhu alawulayo ukukhupha imvume, ukunyanzelisa imida kwimizi - mveliso kunye nokukhutshwa kwezolimo, kunye nokufuna ujongo. Le mithetho ithoba ihlazeke ngokuphawulekayo ungcoliseko lwencam kodwa izama ukumelana nemithombo engalinganiyo enjengendawo yokuphuma kwezolimo, ehlala ingunobangela umgangatho ophambili wokukhutshwa kobunjani.

Ukufuduka Kwamanzi Nemvume

Amaqumrhu alawula umthetho adala iinkqubo zokuvumela ukuba amanzi anokukhutshwa kangakanani kwimilambo, kumachibi, kunye nezitya zamanzi asemhlabeni. Imvume ichaza umthombo, ubungakanani, ixesha, kunye nenjongo yokusetyenziswa. Kwezinye iindawo, zivumela iinkqubo zenzelwe ukuphinda zivuleke okanye zihlolwe ngamaxesha athile, zivumele ulawulo olulungelelaniswayo njengemeko zitshintshwa. Ucelomngeni kukuba imvume ezininzi zakhutshwa phambi kokuba uluvo lwemekobume zale mihla ziqikeleziwe, zidala ilifa lendawo ekufuneka umthetho uthenge idilesi ngoku, iimfuno zohambo oluncinci, okanye imiyalelo yokuzikhulula yexeshana.

Ukulondolozwa Komhlaba Nokusetyenziswa

Amazwe namazwe aye amisela imithetho efuna iiplani zokulondoloza amanzi, imilinganiselo esebenzayo yesixhobo esisebenzayo, kunye nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela. Umzekelo, uMgaqo we-Energy Policy ka-1992 wamisela imilinganiselo esebenzayo yamanzi ekwizindlu zangasese kunye nee-fayiki eUnited States, ukunciphisa amanzi asetyenziswa kakhulu. Umthetho wakutshanje, njengoMthetho weSilifoniyali yaseKhalifoniya, ugunyazisa amaqumrhu abangela ukuba alungelelanise amathafa asemhlabeni ngo-2040. Le mithetho idla ngokuquka inkxaso, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye namalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukuba asebenza.

Ukhuseleko lokuhamba komsinga

Impilo yendalo ixhomekeke ekulondolozeni amanzi aneleyo emilanjeni nasemijelweni. Umthetho ungamisela iimfuno ezincinci zokuhamba, amanzi okugcina intlanzi nezilwanyana zasendle, okanye ukudala amalungelo okuhamba kwemisinga aphambili kunemisebenzi esetyenziswayo. Urhulumente we-Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan eTexas, egunyaziswe yiKhonkrali, umlinganiselo wamanzi asedolobheni othe wamanzi anokukhutshwa kwizidalwa ezisengozini. Ngokufanayo, uLawulo lwezibonelelo lweZibonelelo lwezibonelelo zemali yendalo eNew Zealand lufuna iibhunga lamazwe ukuba amisele aze anyanzele imikhosi yezokomkhulu elungele ukujikeleza kwemeko-bume.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lobunzulu: Indlela Iziphumo Zokubekwa Komthetho Ezimi ngayo

Ukuqwalasela iziganeko zowiso-mthetho ezizingqonga zinika ingqiqo ecacileyo kwindlela umthetho oguqulela ngayo kulawulo lwamanzi lwasemhlabeni.

UMthetho Wamanzi Acocekileyo: Iminyaka Engamashumi Amane Yokulawula Ungcoliso

Ngo-1972, iDeveloption Act (CWA) yaguqula inkqubo yamanzi yaseMelika. Injongo yayo esembindini . "Ukugcina nokugcina nokugcina imilinganiselo eqinileyo yemichiza, yomzimba, neyokwenyama yamanzi alo lonke ilizwe(is) efunyenwe ngesakhiwo esinolawulo esiquka i-National Polutanttion Devoration Devoration System (NPES), imodelity i-methe icandelo lamaqondo amanzi, kwaye icandelo lama-404 lesivumelwano sokulungisa nokuzinzisa imisebenzi. ICWA ngempumelelo inciphisa ungcoliso lwamanzi kunye nodaka lwamanzi kwaye inceda ukuhlazinziswa kweminye imibhobhobho yamanzi. Noko ke, imingxube yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho i-EFoctive i-E.[231], i-EFT.

Isivumelwano soMlambo iColorado: Ukulawula ukuhlawuleka okunokuthelekelelwayo

IColorado River ikhonza abantu abazizigidi ezingama-40 kwaye inkcenkcelela izigidi zeehektare kumzantsi-ntshona we-United States kunye ne-Mexico. Uxwebhu lwesiseko sowiso-mthetho yiColorado Commorado River Common yango1928, isivumelwano sesizwe esahlula amanzi phakathi kweMntla weBasinin (Utah, iWhoming, iNew Mexico) kunye ne-Sussel Basin (Arizona, i-Nevada, eKhalifoni). Ukumiswa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yesizwe, kuquka i-Boulder Canyon Project (1928) kunye ne-Colorado River Basin Project Act (1968), kunye nemithetho egunyazisa amadamu eenkqubo okuhambisa impahla. Amashumi eminyaka amashumi amabini eminyaka, uquluko-ote lusebenza ngenxa yokuba kuthelwe imali eendleko oluthelwe ngemvume, kodwa imozulu kunye nemba eentukelelwa-oglobani i-ogradial, ifuna ukuthoba i

I-European Union Isakhelo Samanzi Esisetyenziswayo: Indlela Edityanisiweyo

I-WFD ifuna ukuphuhliswa koLawulo loMfula iSicwangciso solawulo soMjelo-oknaye (WFD) oyalela ukuba kubekho ulawulo oludityanisiweyo oluya kufikelela kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu e-EU. Imisela iinjongo zokusingqongileyo kuwo onke amaqumrhu asemanzini, `ibhungane, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kwaye idibe ifuna ukuphuhliswa koLawulo loMlambo iBastin kunye nenxaxheba ephakathi kweminye imimandla. Noko ke, umthetho uqhubele phambili “kwe-onke amanzi ngokusebenza okudityanisiweyo, okuxhaswa zizinto ezisetyenziswa yiNkundla yeJastime. Ukudityaniswa kweminye imikhosi yamazwe anamhlanje bekungalingani; amanye amazwe alwa nongcoliso olukhutshwayo kunye notshintsho lwe-hydmorf.

Umthetho wamanzi waseOstreliya wama-2007 kunye neSicwangciso saseMurray-Darling Basin

I-Murray-Darling Basin yenye yezona nkqubo zemijelo elawulwa kakhulu ehlabathini. Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yokufuduka yakhokelela ekungcoleni kwemekobume kunye nokhuseleko lwamanzi. Ukuphendula, iPalamente yase-Australia yawudlulisa uMthetho weManzi 2007, owaseka i-Murray-Darling Basin Aguvertive kwaye wafuna ukuphuhliswa kweSicwangciso seBasin. Isicwangciso simisela imida ezinzileyo exhobisayo (SDLS) kwaye sibandakanya inkqubo yokufumana amanzi okusingqongileyo ngezixhobo zokuziiiimarikelele nokuthengela amanzi. Phezu kwayo nje impikiswano yezopolitiki kunye neengxabano eziqhubekayo, isakhiwo somthetho siphuculendawo, siphucul uphuhliso kulwazi lwamanzi, kwaye sinika isikhokelo sokuphatha izitya zamanzi phantsi kokungaqiniseki. Amava aseOstre be-Australia amele baquququze izilule imigaqo zenzululwazi, imigaqo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kolawulo, kunye nokusebenzisa ulawulo.

Iingxaki Zokusetyenziswa Kwamanzi

Kwaneyona mithetho yamanzi ifakwe kakuhle ijongene nengcinezelo enyukayo evavanya ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokulingana kwayo. Abalawuli ngokomthetho mababambene nezibango ezintsha ezikhoyo zesakhiwo esisemthethweni ezingazange zenzelwe ukuphatha.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuguquguquka Kwamanzi

Izigqibo zomthetho zisekelwe kugcino-lwazi lwemozulu olungasaxeli kwangaphambili iimeko zexesha elizayo. Ukuncipha kwekhephu, ukuphuma kwekhephu, ukuphuma phambili, ukomeleza imbalela, kunye nezikhukula ezisoloko zikho zifuna imithetho ebhetyebhetye nelungelelanisayo. Izigqibo eziqhelekileyo “zokuqala ngexesha” eziyingozi ziba yingozi xa ababambi bamalungelo aphezulu beqhubeka besebenzisa amanzi kwizilimo zexabiso eliphantsi ngelixa izixeko kunye neenkqubo zendalo zisehlelwa yintlekele. Umthetho ofana neplani yokungqubaniselana kwemba, abaphathi bezixhobo zogcino-zixhobo, kunye nezixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoncedo lwexesha likaxakeka ukwenzeka. Kodwa, ukudlulisa imigaqo enjalo ixhomekeke ekuxhathisweni kwemiqatha le mithetho kuxhomekeke kwizilangazelelo ezimanyuko ezimanyeneyo.

Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nomsantsa ekugqunyweni ngokusemthethweni

Kwimimandla emininzi, amanzi angaphantsi aye alawulwa ngokungephi kunamanzi angaphezulu. Lo msantsa womthetho uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinane ezihamba phezu kwamanzi, ubangele umhlaba unciphe, ukungena kwamanzi anetyuwa, kunye nokuhla komgangatho ophantsi. Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya agqithisa iSiteratimente yoLawulo lweGrand Waters Act (2014, ukuze kuvalwe lo msantsaba, kufuneka abameli basekuhlaleni benze amaqumrhu axhasa amanzi asemhlabeni (GS) kwaye babhale izicwangciso. Ukuditya kusekhona, kwaye ukunyanzeleka komthetho kuyaqhubeka kuselunxibelelwano olubuthathaka. Utshintsho lwe-Galislativetiveltio kufuneka lwandise ukugquma wonke amanzi asemhlabeni, kuquka nemithombo yeendawo ezithile ezikuthethwayo ngenxa yokurhoxabana nokurhoxa.

Amalungelo Amanzi Nemvisiswano YaboMthonyama

Ngokwembali, umthetho udla ngokususa abantu belizwe lakubo ekufumanekeni kwamanzi kunye negunya lokwenza izigqibo. Kumazwe amaninzi, amalungelo amanzi akwindawo yoluntu akacaciswe okanye abhaqwa ngokuphumelelayo. Isindululo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samalungelo abantu base-Indidual Peoples (UNDRIP) siyaliqaphela ilungelo lokuba lisebenzisa, kwaye silawula ubuncwane bamanzi, kodwa kuphela amazwe ambalwa afake le mithetho yasekhaya. Umzekelo, New Zealand iyavuma ukuba abantu basemthethweni woMlambo weWhangani, iwunika amalungelo kwaye imisela ulawulo oluquka abameli beMāori. EUnited States, urhulumente obekelwe amalungelo amanzi, ngokufuthi amiselwe amaxesha ezivumelwano, amele aqhutyelwe. Umthetho wangoku kufuneka ulungelelanise ngokuqaphela amalungelo amanzi phambi kwe-Whanniquelkn, kuquka nezigqibo zesizwe ekulawuleni.

Ukwenziwa kwamanzi kunye nokuguquka komfanekiso

Izigqibo zomthetho zithatha amanzi njengezinto ezintle ngokwezoqoqosho, zivula umnyango wokungenisa ulungiso lwamanzi kunye nolwabiko olusekelwe emarikeni. Ngoxa iimarike zamanzi zinokuphucula impumelelo ngokuvumela ukuthunyelwa ngokuzithandela, zikwanyusa inkxalabo epheleleyo. Imimandla engakwaziyo ukuhlawula amaxabiso aphezulu isenokulahlekelwa, kwaye ukuqokelelwa koqikelelo okungaqinisekiyo kunokwenzeka. Umthetho kufuneka umisele imigaqo-siseko: ukuthemba uluntu, iimfuno zemali, kunye nokungavunyelwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanzi amakhulu ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla. Imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yelizwe yeChile, enika amalungelo amanzi amanzi asisigxina, anokungatshintshi ncam, okubangelwa kukungalawuleki, ikhokelela kwimigudu yolungiso-siseko somgaqo-siseko.

Ulawulo lwamanzi adlulayo

Imilambo kunye nee-aquifers zinqumla imida yezobupolitika, zifuna umanyano lwemithetho phakathi kwamazwe, amaphondo, okanye amaphondo. Iingxelo kunye nee-propati ezidibeneyo ziluhlobo lomthetho.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Umthetho wamanzi wesizukulwana esilandelayo

Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neengxaki zexesha elizayo, izigqibo zowiso-mthetho kufuneka zitshintshe ngendlela engaphaya kokulungelelaniswa.

UoClaus Bolawulo Abalungelelanisayo

Phambili kokujonga imithetho yamanzi kubandakanya amalungiselelo okuhlola ngamaxesha athile, imihla yokutshona kwelanga, kunye nobuchule bokulungisa izabelo ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi. Isicwangciso soMrray-Darling Basin siquka imfuneko yokuhlola imida esebenzayo rhoqo kwiminyaka eli-10 esekelwe kuhlolo oluhlaziyiweyo lweemfuno zamanzi okusingqongileyo. Iingxelo ezinjalo ezilungelelanisayo zivumela umthetho ukusabela ekutshintsheni imozulu nakumaxabiso entlalo ngaphandle kokufuna ngokupheleleyo imimiselo emitsha ixesha ngalinye.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi ezidityanisiweyo (IWRM) kuMthetho

Amazwe amaninzi akwimigaqo ye-inshrine IWRM kumthetho wamanzi wesizwe, efuna umanyano kumacala nakumacala. Oku kuthetha ukunxulumanisa ucwangciso lomhlaba lokusebenzisa umhlaba, inkqubo yokulima, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume yezinto eziphilayo nezigqibo zokwabiwa kwamanzi. UMthetho weSizwe saManzi waseMzantsi Afrika kunye neEU Water Framed Directionive imizekelo ekhokelayo. Ulwimi lwe-Legislative kufuneka lugunyazise ukudibana kweqela eliphakathi, ukubotshelelwa kwemingxube, kunye nomiselo olusekelwe kwinzululwazi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nonyanzelo

Umthetho wamanzi wanamhlanje uyaqhubeka usetyenziswa. Imithetho ingafuna ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwemitha, ukuxilongwa, kunye nokuxelelwa ukuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi. I-SGMA yaseKhalifoniya ifuna ukuba amasebe angaphantsi kwamanzi ajonge aze anike ingxelo yogcino-lwazi. Umthetho unakho ukugunyazisa ukusebenzisa uluvo olukude, ugcino-lwazi lwesatellite, kunye nemizekelo yokwazisa ukuthotyelwa nokugcinwa kwamanzi. Isizukulwana esilandelayo semithetho yamanzi kufuneka siquke amalungiselelo okwabelana nogcino-data, ukhuseleko lwangasese, kunye nenkxaso yokuhlola isiseko.

Amalungelo endalo nomthetho womntu wemizimba yamanzi

Utshintsho olusemthethweni lunika amalungelo asemthethweni emilambo, amachibi, kunye namaqumrhu. Oku kuphakamisa indalo ngokwayo njengento esemthethweni ekwindawo ekwi-inteyivile. UMlambo i-Whanganiu eNew Zealand, iGanga neYamuna eIndiya (kungona kulandelayo iphendulwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya kummandla ophakamileyo), kwaye uMlambo iMagpie eCanada uqatshelwe njengowasemthethweni. Umthetho omisela ibhodi zabagcini-mikhosi equlukileyo ekwiphondo, i-Irienland, kunye nabameli boluntu bayakwazi ukusebenzisa la malungelo. Nangona kusenqabile, olu lawulo lubonisa ukutshintshela kwimithetho ejonge amanzi kwindawo ekhoyo kunokuba kusetyenziswe imali.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokusesikweni Kwemeko - bume

Umthetho wexesha elizayo kufuneka uqukelwe kwimvume yamanzi, imigaqo yokusingqongileyo, imisele imigaqo-nkqubo yokumisela imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yamanzi. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa iintsapho ezingaphantsi kwexabiso lemali ukuze zibe nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zebhodi yamanzi, iimfuno zokunxibelelana namazwe esizwe, kunye nemiyalelo yokuqhuba iingcebiso zokuthelekisa phambi kokuvumela iinkqubo ezintsha zamanzi. Imigaqo yezobulungisa yokusingqongileyo mayibhakwe kwiimvume zamanzi, iinkcitho zemali, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba i-Olthorini ye-Olderston ichaza ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko, ukulingana, nokufumaneka kwamanzi anokusetyenziswa, kwaye uwiswa kwemithetho emele ikhokele kwinyathelo lokulawula.

Isiphelo

Izigqibo zomthetho aziyomithetho engqukuva ebekwe ngamatye; zizixhobo eziphilayo ezibonisa ezona ziphambili zentlalo-ntle yokhuseleko lwamanzi kwaye zibumba ikamva lexesha elizayo. Ukusuka kwiimfundiso zamalungelo ongcoliseko-mali zaseNgilani ukuya kwiinkqubo zangaphambili zenkcaso yemeko-ntle yeNtshona Merika eyinkqantosi, ukusuka kwimimiselo edityanisiweyo yeManzi yeManzi ehambayo ehamba kunye ukuya kwinkxwaleko yemeko yemeko-manqam ekhoyo yoMlambo iColorado, ukhetho lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho ifumanisa ukuba ngubani ofumana amanzi, ngamalini, ngexabiso kangakanani, nangeziphumo zemekobume yendalo. Njengokuba abafundi behlola inkqubo yamanzi, kufuneka bayihlolisise indlela ehamba ngayo imithetho yezoqoqosho, ekhoyo, ebanzi nemekobume yamanzi, apho uninzi lweemeko-grobini lwezigwebo, apho ii-e-oppoppel, kodwa ngokunjalo, nangoko yokuzimonga kwehlabathi, kunye nokuguquka kwemithetho.