Isiseko soMthetho womtshato kwiU.S.

Amalungelo omtshato eUnited States anendawo entsonkothileyo engokoqobo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imimandla emininzi yomthetho engoorhulumente kuphela okanye epheleleyo, umtshato ulawulwa yinkqubo emanyala amabini apho omabini amanqanaba karhulumente asebenzisa ulawulo olunentsingiselo. Eli candelo lisuka ngqo kumGaqo-siseko, ongaliniki igunya likarhulumente elicacileyo kulwalamano lwasekhaya. Ngenxa yoko, amandla okuchaza, ilayisensi, kunye nokulawula umtshato awe phantsi kwamazwe awo onke amapolisa. Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente wesebe uyaqhubeka ufumana impembelelo ebalulekileyo ngegunya lawo elikufuduka, irhafuthelo, ukhuseleko, ukuma koluntu, ukumanyana, ukubekwa komthetho, nokugunya-malungelo asekuhlaleni.

Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko aliyilwanga ukudala ingxabano. Noko ke, livelise inkqubo engapheliyo yemithetho enokuthi yahluke ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye icala. Umtshato owenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe ungaqwalaselwa ngokuyinxenye kwenye. Iingenelo ezinxulumene nobume bomtshato phantsi komthetho wezwe zisenokungahambelani nendlela urhulumente awuwuchaza ngayo umtshato ngokweenjongo zakhe. Le migaqo ayiyo engekho ngqiqweni engokomthetho i-— ineziphumo ezicacileyo, kwizigidi zamaMelika ezimele zihambele phambili kumhlaba osemthethweni ohlukeneyo yonke imihla.

Igunya Lomanyano Nokholo Olupheleleyo NoYehova

IThe Faith and Claus Ezeleyo neCertificale of Article IV yeQhinga ifuna ukuba kufunyanwe amazwana okuhlonela nokunyanzelisa izenzo zikawonke-wonke, iirekhodi, neenkqubo zokugweba kwamanye amazwe. Ngokujongene nalo, eli binzana libonakala ligunyazisa ukuqwalaselwa okufanayo kwemitshato kwiintambo zikarhulumente. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ibambelele ekubeni amazwe angafumani mtshato apho izibini zinokutshata kwimo ezimandundum. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "umthetho kawonke" yayisetyenziswa ngokwembali ukuvumela ukuvunywa kwemitshato yemi, imitshato enxulumene nemilinganiselo ethile yobugqwelene.

Umthetho woManyano ungenelele ngamanye amaxesha ukunyanzelisa umanyano. UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko wowe-1996, uvumela amazwe ukuba angakuvumi ukugqalwa komtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo kwamanye amazwe aze awuchaze ngokubhekiselele kuphela umtshato njengomanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi omnye ngenjongo zikarhulumente. Oku kwadala inkqubo yemiboniso emibini eyaqhubeka de iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabhukuqa amacandelo angundoqo eDOMA ngo-2013 kwaye kamva kwafuneka ukuba onke amazwe aphumeze amkele imitshato efanayo ye-xx.

Amagosa asebupoliseni aseburhulumenteni noMthetho weNkcubeko

Imfundiso esemthethweni yokuba umtshato ngumbandela womthetho karhulumente ihlala isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimithetho yesizwe. Urhulumente unika amalayisensi omtshato, amisela iminyaka kunye neemfuno zokuvuma, amisela amaxesha okulinda, agqiba ukuba ngubani onokwenza izithethe, amisele imithetho yokuqhawula umtshato kunye nokuqhawulwa komtshato. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezisisiseko ezifana nexesha elincinane lomtshato, imfuneko yovavanyo lwegazi, kunye nezizathu zokuqhawulwa kwegazi ziyahluka ngokwamandla. Kwanasemva kokuba iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo imisele ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezingoonobudlelane, ezinye iinkalo ezininzi zomthetho womtshato zisekho phantsi kolawulo lwengingqi.

Igunya lesizwe kulwalamano lwasekhaya likwakwafikelela kumalungelo empahla, inkxaso yomtshato, ilifa, kunye nobuchule bomzali. Isibini esitshatileyo kurhulumente wempahla yoluntu esifudukela kwimfuno yempahla yomthetho eqhelekileyo singafumana ukuba amalungiselelo aso emali aphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunaleyo sasiyilindele. Ngokufanayo, umzali obhaliswe ngokusemthethweni njengalo rhulumente omnye usenokungaqashelwa ngendlela efanayo ngokuzenzekelayo komnye umntu, ingakumbi xa encediswa ngobugcisa bokuvelisa inzala okanye ukwamkelwa komntu kubandakanyekile. Ezi ntlobo-ntlobo zidala ukuntsonko lweentsapho, izicwangciso zeendawo, kunye nooogqirha bomthetho wentsapho abamele baphendule ngemithetho emininzi emsebenzini wabo.

Iimbambano Zembali Phakathi Kwemithetho Yomtshato Kazwelonke NeyamaRhulumente

Imbali yomthetho womtshato eUnited States yimbali enkulu yokungqubana phakathi kokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu kunye nemiqathango yomgangatho karhulumente. Kwinkoliso yobukho bohlanga, amazwana asebenzisa amandla awo phezu komtshato ukunyanzela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, lonqulo, nolwelungu. Ungenelelo lomanyano lwaye ludla ngokuthatha inyathelo eliqhelekileyo, emva kokuba lunyanzelekile ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nokuhlaziywa komthetho wesizwe. Umzekelo uye wasebenzisa amandla awo ngokuzinzisa imithetho engqongqo, abantu ngabanye ukuvavanya loo mithetho enkundleni, kwaye urhulumente worhulumente olawula ekugqibeleni unyanzelela umgangatho omnye ngomgaqo-siseko okanye ngesenzo sombutho.

Imithetho echasene neMiski kunye noLoving v. Virginia

Omnye wemizekelo ecacileyo yenkcaso yemeko-bume ecacileyo ibandakanya imithetho ethintela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, urhulumente omninzi wamisela imimiselo ephazamisa imitshato phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe nabantu ngabanye bezinye iintlanga. Le mithetho yokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho yayingeyoyoyomiqondiso nje; yayiphethe izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye yanyanzeliswa ngonyanzelo, ingakumbi kuMzantsi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayeka kuqala ukubetha imithetho enjalo, ngokubalaseleyo kwi- Pace v. Alabama [183], eyayikholelwa ukuba izibini ezohlwayayo zolwaphulo-mthetho zazinobuhlanga zazingqwalalisa ngolunya ngakumbi kunezibini ezikwakwamdlalwane.

Kwakungo1967 apho iNkundla yayisicombulula ngokunyanisekileyo umba kumthetho we-16 wolawulo . Virginia. Ngoluvo lwamaqabane ahlukeneyo, iNkundla yathi umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko kwaye iiyahlula-hlula-hlula imigaqo yomtshato. Isigqibo esidaliweyo sinyanzelekile ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo. Isigqibo esichasene ne-miqathango sisezixekweni ezili-16 simisela umgaqo othi awanawasebenzisa amandla omtshato ukuze kunyanzele ucalucalulo lohlanga. Noko ke, isigqibo asikhange siphelise lonke igunya lombuso. Kwanasemva kokuba Livelt, siyaqhubeka sibeka eminye imiqathango, kuquka nolulawulo oludityaniyo, esinokuthi lungabhekisiselwa ngokupheleleyo kolunye ulu mtshato olukwisiqingatha se-exx.

Ukuvalwa komtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini kunye noMthetho womtshato

Idabi elingaphaya komtshato osisini omnye lalandela umgaqo ofanayo, kodwa ngolwaleko olongezelelweyo lwenxaxheba kumthetho wesizwe. Ngoo1990, njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseHawaii yaqwalasela ukuba izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo lokutshata phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, iKhomishini yadlulisela ukhuselo lomtshato (DOMA) ngo1996. IDOMA yayinemimiselo emibini engundoqo: yayichaza umtshato phantsi komthetho wesizwe njengomanyano lwendoda enye nomfazi omnye, kwaye ivumela ngokuphandle ukuba amazwe angakuvumeli ukuvuma ukuqwalaselwa kwemitshato yomtshato omnye oweshumi nangaphezulu owenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Umthetho wasayinwa nguMongameli Bill CNTBSTIN, kwaye wabonakalisa imbono exhaphakileyo ngexesha lokuba umtshato umgangatho wemithetho yemithetho kunye noweencwadi yezo komiti yesizwe, i-vocans.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini elandelayo, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko womgangatho karhulumente kunye nemithetho evaliweyo yomtshato ongokwakwasemgaqweni kwatshabalalisa ilizwe. Ngo-2004, amaphondo ali-13 aye agqitha ezo ziphendu, kwaye ngo-2008, la manani aye ande afikelela kumaqondo angaphezulu kwe- 30. Le mithetho yadala indawo engalinganiyo. Izibini ezifanayo-sxx zinokutshata eMassachusetts, Connectic, ne-Iowa kodwa zatshate ngegama kuphela ukuba zihlala eTexas, eOhio, okanye eVirginia ngenxa yeenjongo zomthetho. Iinzuzo zeSizwe zazingafumaneki konke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isibini sihlala phi. Le misebenzi yaqhubeka de iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathatha imbambano [FLD: 0] kunye nemibutho yomtshato efuna imbono efanayo.[2]

Obergefell v. Hodges noTyhilo lokufana

[[NTL:0] isigqibo [i-Obergefell sasilixesha elishenxiswayo lokulingana komtshato. Ukubhalela inkoliso, uMgwebi uAnthony Kennedy wakholelwa ukuba ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata likwasulelwa kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngokumanyeneyo phantsi kwazo zombini i-Seed Proced Clause kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo lwe-Celassistem Claus eMfunxelezelisiweyo. Umthetho owenziwe ngokunempumelelo unelungelo lokutshata nokuphelisa amandla okuchasamvo kumtshato kwizibini ezidibeneyo okanye ukungavumi ukuqwalaniswa kwemitshato enye esuntsx eqhutywa kwenye indawo.

Ngeli xesha ewell isombulula eyona ngxabano ibonakalayo yorhulumente ngomtshato, ayikuphelisanga konke ukungavumelani. Ummiselo waseka umgangatho womgaqo-siseko, hayi uphahla. Amazwe ahlala enegunya phezu komakhandisi womtshato, iinkcukacha zamalungelo omtshato, kunye neenkqubo zokuphelisa. Ngaphezu koko, isigqibo asikhange sicombulule imibuzo malunga nesithembu, intembeko, okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwemitshato evela kumazwe asemzini.

Iingcinga Zanamhlanje Ezingapheliyo Emva Kokoyiswa NguObergefell

Kwanakwixesha lokuphuma eliweleyo , ukuphikisana kwemeko kuyaqhubeka ukwenza ubunkimbinkimbi kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukungalingani. Ezi ngxengxezo ziwela kwiindidi ezininzi, nganye ineziphumo ezisebenzayo kwizibini nakuentsapho. Ukuqonda apho ezi zikhephe ziyimfuneko khona nabani na otshatileyo okanye oceba ukutshata, ingakumbi ukuba zilindele ukushukuma phakathi kwamazwe okanye ukuqhubana nenkqubo yolawulo lokufuduka.

Iimfuneko Zelayisenisi Yomtshato Nemithetho Yokuzithethelela

Enye yezona ndawo zisisiseko zezahluka-hlukeneyo yilayisensi yomtshato ngokwayo. Amazwe ayahluka ngamaxesha okulinda, iimfuno zovavanyo lwegazi, iminyaka yokuvuma, iimfuno zokwalatha, kunye nemali enxulumene nokufumana iphepha-mvume. Amanye amaphondo afuna izibini zisebenzise inkqumlo yazo; amanye avumela izicelo ze-intanethi kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo. Kwakhona iimfuno zokwahlukana: amanye amazwe, njengeNevada, akanayo yonke into efunekayo, ezenza zifuneke iindawo ezithandwayo zemitshato, ngoxa amanye kufuneka izibini zihlale kwiphondo ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba zifumane ilayisense.

Le ngxaki ingaphezulu kuneemeko ezisenokubonakala kuqala. Isibini esitshata kwilizwe elinemfuno engekho mthethweni sisenokufumanisa ukuba umtshato waso uhlolisiswa ngokusondele ngakumbi xa sibuyela kwimo yekhaya elingqongqo. Ngoxa ukholo olupheleleyo noluthi Credit Clause ngokuqhelekileyo lufuna ukunconywa komtshato osemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe, umthetho kawonke-wonke ochaseneyo nomthetho kawonke-wonke usekho kwiingcamango, yaye iinkundla ziye zawusebenzisela ukubuza ukutshata okungeniswe ekuphuleni imithetho yekhaya. Oku maxa wambi kubizwa ngokuba yi "evasition ," kwaye uhlala umba ohlala ukho ngeminyaka engqongqo yemvume okanye imithetho egunyazayo.

Ukuqatshelwa kwemitshato yangaphandle

Kubantu abatshatayo abasemzini, ingongoma yokunconywa inokuba yingxaki enkulu. I-United States ayinayo inkqubo efanayo yokuqaphela imitshato yangaphandle. Endaweni yoko, ulwamkeleko luxhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente, osebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kumgaqo ofanayo: umtshato ongene ngokomthetho welizwe lasemzini uza kuqwalaselwa ngokuqhelekileyo eUnited States, logama nje ingangqubani nenkqubo kawonke wonke yelizwe apho kufunwa khona ukunconywa.

Oku kushiya izithuba ezithe ngqo zokutolika. Imitshato engokwabelana ngesondo eyenziwa kumazwe apho imitshato enjalo isemthethweni ngoku iqashelwa ngokulinganayo kulandela . Obergefell[, kodwa ezinye iintlobo zomtshato zisenokungabikho. Imitshato ekho ngokusemthethweni, imitshato yabantwana eyayisemthethweni kwigunya lamazwe angaphandle, kunye nemitshato ebandakanya ukunyanzeleka isenokujamelana nocelomngeni ku-U.S. Isiphumo siyindlela apho umtshato ofanelekileyo kwilizwe elinye okanye ongenakuqalwa ngokuxhomekeke kwi-U.S.

Ukwahluka Kwiingenelo Nenkuselo Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto

Umthetho wesiZwe unika iingenelo ezininzi kwizibini ezitshatileyo, kuquka iinzuzo zerhafu, iinzuzo zeNtlalo-ntle ekhoyo, amalungelo okuxhasa ukufuduka, nokufumana inkxaso yentsapho kunye nekhefu lezezonyango. Noko ke, ukufumaneka kwezi ngenelo kusoloko kuxhomekeke kumtshato osemthethweni, kwaye urhulumente uxhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente ukugqiba enoba umtshato uyasebenza kusini na. Oku kudala ingxaki ebanzi: iingenelo zikarhulumente zixhomekeke ekuqwalaselweni ngurhulumente, kodwa amagunya angasoloko evumelana ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo yomtshato efanelekileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, isibini esitshatileyo esikwimeko engafuni msitho osemthethweni sisenokufumana umtshato oqhelekileyo obonwa kwimo yasekhaya kodwa hayi ngemeko esifuduka kuyo kamva. Isibini esitshatileyo singazifumanisa sitshate kwinjongo zerhafu karhulumente kodwa singatshati ngenxa yeenjongo zomthetho karhulumente, sidala ukudideka kunye netyala. Ngokufanayo, isibini esitshatayo esitshata kwilizwe eligqala imitshato phakathi kwezalamane ezisondeleyo (ezinje nezalamane) sinokufumanisa ukuba umtshato waso ufanelekile kwiinjongo zolawulo kodwa ungasebenzi ngenxa yenjongo yokurhoxanduva irha yerhafu karhulumente.

Iziphumo Zehlabathi Lokwenene Zesibhaka- bhaka Esisemthethweni

Ukwahluka okusemthethweni phakathi kwemithetho yomtshato karhulumente norhulumente akuyomfundo nje kuphela. Zineziphumo ezinzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla bezibini ezitshatileyo, amandla eentsapho okuhlala kunye, nokhuseleko lwemali lwamaqabane. Le miphumo iyingozi kakhulu kubemi abasengozini, kuquka iintsapho ezifudukayo, izibini ezifumana imali ephantsi, kunye neentsapho eziveliswe ngobugcisa bokuvelisa inzala okanye ukukhulisa.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlala Eluqilima Nentsapho

Enye yezona ndawo zilandelayo apho imithetho yomtshato karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni idibana khona nokufuduka. I-U.S. ivumela abemi base-U.S. kunye nabahlali abasisigxina abasemthethweni ukuba baxhase amaqabane abo ngemvume esekelwe entsatsheni nangamakhadi aluhlaza. Noko ke, ukufezeka komtshato ngenxa yeenjongo zokufuduka ekugqibeleni kunqulwa ngumthetho wezwe apho umtshato wawenziwa khona. Ukuba urhulumente akavumi ukuvuma ukutshata nangasiphi nasizathu, urhulumente usenokungakuvuma oko ngenxa yezizathu zokufuduka.

Oku kubangela ubunzima obubalulekileyo kwizibini ezitshatileyo eziphantsi kwemithetho yelinye ilizwe kodwa ezihlala okanye ezifudukela kwimeko engawuqondi umtshato wazo. Izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zazisengozini enkulu kule ngxaki phambi [ obergefell[, kodwa nasemva kokuba zigqibile, impikiswano ingavela. Umzekelo, isibini esingena kumtshato kwimo esithi kamva sitshintshe imithetho yaso yokwamkelwa kwayo, okanye isibini esitshatene kwelinye ilizwe kwimfuno engangqinelani, sinokuzifumana singakwazi ukuxhasa iqabane ngenxa yokufuduka. Ezi meko zidla ngokufuna ucalucalucalucalulo olude kwaye zinokuphumela kukwahlulo oluqhubekayo kwentsapho.

Ukufumaneka kwerhafu, ukhuseleko nokhuseleko

Umthetho werhafu ulandela umthetho karhulumente jikelele ukugqiba ukuba isibini sitshate kusini na ngenjongo yerhafu. Phantsi kweKhodi yeMpahla yeNguqu yoMgaqo-siseko, umtshato uvunywa ngokweenjongo zerhafu karhulumente ukuba uvunywa ngurhulumente apho sihlala khona isibini. Noko ke, i-IRS isebenzisa umthetho wemo yokuhlala, kungekhona urhulumente wetheko, ukugqiba ukuba isibini esitshatayo sinomtshato ovuma umtshato waso kodwa sifudukele kurhulumente ongafumaniyo ukuba singumntu omnye okanye intloko yendlu kunokuba sibe sisibini esitshatile, sineziphumo eziphawulekayo zerhafuthe.

ISebe lezeNtlalo - ntle lisebenzisa umthetho karhulumente ukuze libone enoba iqabane elisele lihleli lifanelekele ukuphumelela kusini na. Iqabane elitshate ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe kodwa elifudukele kwilizwe elingawuqondiyo umtshato lisenokungamkeleki iingenelo, nangona umtshato wawusebenza apho wawusenziwa khona. Oku kubangela imiphumo ebuhlungu ngokukhethekileyo kwiqabane elihleliyo elilindele ukufumana iingenelo ezisekelwe kumtshato osemthethweni ngexesha eliye langena kulo.

Ukufikelela kwezonyango yenye indawo apho iimfanteko zesizwe zikarhulumente zinokuvakala. IMicimbi yeNtsapho neyoMchatho ivumela abasebenzi abafanelekileyo ukuba bathathe ikhefu abangahlawulwayo ukuze banyamekele iqabane labo elikwimeko enzulu yempilo. Kodwa, ingcaciso ye "spouse" phantsi kweFMLA ibandakanya umthetho wesizwe. Isibini esitshatileyo kwelinye ilizwe kodwa esihlala kwilizwe elingawuqondiyo umtshato singafumani ukuba umqeshwa akafaneleki ukushiya anyamekele iqabane laso, nangona sitshatile ngokusemthethweni kurhulumente apho umtshato wawenziwa khona.

Amalungelo Omzali Namathuba Okugcina Abantwana Ngaphaya Kwemiqathango Karhulumente

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo ichukumiseke kakhulu ngokweemvakalelo ibandakanya amalungelo abazali. Xa izibini ezitshatileyo zinabantwana, zombini ezitshatileyo zicingelwa ngokuba ngabazali abasemthethweni. Noko ke, oku kusenokuphazanyiswa xa umtshato ungaqatshelwa kwimo apho intsapho ihlala khona. Izibini ezifanayo ezingokwasemgangathweni, ezi yayingumthombo ophambili wokuchanabeka okusemthethweni phambi kokuba Obergefell[.

Kwanasemva obergefell, imicimbi iyaqhubeka kwiintsapho ezithiwe ngokumisela inzala yokuzalwa kwendoda, ukukhawula inzala yomntwana, okanye ngokuyikhulisa. Ama- States anemithetho eyahlukileyo ngokuphathelele izivumelwano zokumiselana nokufumana umzali omnye. Isibini esitshatileyo esisebenzisa umbindi kwicala elivumela ukuba uqheliselo lungafumani ukuba amalungelo aso abazali akavunywa phantsi kwemeko ekwamkeleka phantsi kokholo olupheleleyo okanye ebeka iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, isibini esitshatileyo esitshatileyo esamkela umntwana kwelinye ilizwe sisenokujamelana neengxaki ukuba sifudukele kwimeko echaseneyo nokukhulisa abantwana, nangona ukukhulisa abantwana ngokwaso kumele kubhaliswe phantsi kokholo olupheleleyo okanye uClaus. Aba bantwana banokuzifumana ngokwasemthethweni omnye, kodwa ababhaliswa ngomnye.

Indima Yomthetho Womanyano Ekuthinteleni Imida

Ngenxa yokungavisisani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho yomtshato karhulumente, umthetho wesizwe uye wenza indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekumiseleni ukhuseleko olusisiseko nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omtshato ahlala ehleli kwimida yephondo. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela ngokwemigaqo-siseko ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezifanayo, iKhomishini iye yenza umsebenzi wokulungiselela ukhuseleko lomthetho kwimitshato nokukhusela amazwe ekuchaseni izibini ezazitshate ngokusemthethweni kwezinye iindawo.

Ukuhlonelwa koMthetho womtshato (2022)

IThe Theiss for Marriage Act, etyikitywe nguMongameli Joe Biden ngoDisemba 2022, imela umthetho wesizwe obalulekileyo womtshato ukususela eDOMA. Umthetho uphumeza iinjongo ezimbini ezingundoqo. Okokuqala, i-DoMA esemthethweni inika i imitshato esebenzayo phantsi kwemithetho yesizwe apho yayisenziwa khona kufuneka ibhaliswe yizo zonke ezinye imimandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubuni, uhlanga, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe yabafazi. Okwesibini, iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe uchaza umtshato ngendlela enye equka i-exx-sty ne-6, inika intelekelelo ephambili yemitshato ephambili ukuba iNkundla yeNkundlalelwano ephakamileyo ifanele ibhukule [[FLD:] okanye [FLF] [2]

IThe Refesing for Marriage Act ayifuni ukuba kubekho iirejista zikarhulumente zokunikezela imvume yomtshato kuzo zonke izibini. Kufuna kuphela ukuba kuqwalaselwe izivumelwano eziye zasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwezinye iindawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibinokubhukuqa [[FLT: 0]] Obergefell[[, urhulumente ngokubhekiselele ekucingeni ukuba unokuthi akuyi kumele ukukhupha imvume yomtshato kwizibini ezingokwaseziintlo ezingokwanyana ezingokwasemgangeni, kodwa kusenokufuneka ukuba iqaphele imishadolo enye engokwamanye amazwe. Ngalo ndlela umthetho unika umgangatho wolawulo olunolwazi olungaphaya kwemilinganiselo emiselwe yiNkuhlalo.

Imida Eqhubekayo Nemfuneko Yotshintsho Olungakumbi

Ngaphandle kokudlula kweTheir for Marriage Act, izithuba ezibalulekileyo ziseleyo. Umthetho awuthethi ngokwahlukana kwemithetho yokudilika komtshato, ukwahlulwa kwempahla, okanye inkxaso yomtshato. Ayivumelani nemithetho yombuso yokwazi abazali, ukuqaqanjelwa, okanye ukuncedwa kokuzala. Yaye ayikucombululeli ngokupheleleyo ukungquzulwana phakathi kwenkqubo karhulumente echaseneyo nemfuneko yoluntu yokuqaphela ukuba imitshato ayifani neyahlulwayo. Amanye amazwe asenokuzama ukusebenzisa umahluko woluntu ekukhanyeni ukuqwala iqhina lomtshato, nokuba umthetho ufuna ukuqwalaselwa kwiimeko ezininzi.

Inyathelo elithe kratya lesizwe lingathabatha iindlela eziliqela. IBhunga linokumisela umthetho ofuna ukuba nasiphi na isibini esitshatiweyo sifumane imigaqo efanayo yemithetho yomtshato neyokubhalisa, efana noMthetho womtshato we-Fractive and Divorce Act owacetywa yiNgqungquthela yeSizwe yooKhomishina ekwi-Umthetho weSizwe. Okanye, amasebe alawulayo angakhupha imithetho ecacisa ukuba nasiphi na isibini esitshatileyo esitshate phantsi kwemithetho yalo naliphi na ilizwe, ngaphandle kokubhekiselele kurhulumente apho sihlala khona. Okokugqibela, isebe eliphetheyo linokomeleza ukugcinwa kwaso kokhuseleko lwalo khuseleko olukhoyo, liqinisekisa ukuba ukucalulwa kwemitshato evela kwamanye amazwe kumele kubekelwe.

Iinkupho Ezisebenzisekayo Zezibini Namagcisa Asemthethweni

Kubantu abatshatileyo okanye abaceba ukutshata, ukuqonda ummandla welizwe eliseburhulumenteni kubalulekile. Ngoxa imekobume esemthethweni ithelekelelwa ngakumbi kunangaphambi konyaka ka-2015, ukuzingisa komgangatho worhulumente wolwahluko kuthetha ukuba izibini azinakuthatyathwa ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke indawo. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwizibini eziceba ukufuduka, ezineemfuno, ezinempahla ekwimimandla emininzi, okanye ezinezingqwalasela zemeko yokufuduka.

Oko Izibini Zifanele Zikwazi Ngendlela Efanelekileyo Yokutshata

Umthetho oqhelekileyo, umtshato owenziwe ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe uza kuqwalaselwa kuwo onke amaphondo. Lo mgaqo ngoku ukhuselwe kwiThember for Marriage Act yaye uxhaswa ngamashumi eminyaka emizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Noko ke, izibini kufuneka ziqonde ukuba umtshato olinganayo" womthetho ophantsi korhulumente uxhomekeke ekuthobeleni imfuno yelo lizwe kunye nemfuno yomsitho. Umtshato owenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume, okanye owenziwa ngamagosa angagunyaziswanga, usenokungaqwalaselwa njengofanelekileyo nakwimeko apho uwenziwe khona, kwaye awunakuqwalaselwa naphi naphi na.

Izibini ezitshatayo kwelinye ilizwe kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo awongezelelekileyo. Kufuneka zifumane ikopi ebhaliweyo yesiqinisekiso sazo somtshato wamanye amazwe kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ukuba siguqulelwe saza sakhutshwa. Kufuneka zidibane negqwetha eliyaziyo imithetho yokugunyaziswa komtshato wesizwe apho zihlala khona kunye nalo naliphi na ilizwe ezinokufudukela kulo kwixesha elizayo. Amanye amazwe afuna izibini ukuba zibhalise umtshato wangaphandle neofisi yoonobhalana basekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba ubhaliswe, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungenza imiqobo yezo yolawulo.

Indlela Ezilwa Ngayo Iiantineyi ZaseNavigate

kumagqwetha omthetho wentsapho, abacebisi bezindlu, namagqwetha afudukayo, umsebenzi wemithetho yomtshato odityanisiweyo unika iingxaki eziqhubekayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bayazi imithetho yomtshato kuwo onke amazwe apho abaxhasi babo banxulumene khona, hayi kuphela urhulumente apho igqwetha lisebenza khona. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kuqhawulo-mtshato, apho kusenokufuneka ukuba kumiselwe khona ukufaneleka komtshato ngaphambi kokuba inkundla iqhubeke ngokuwohloka, ukwahlulwa kwempahla, okanye izigqibo zokugcina abantwana.

Amagqwetha aceba ukutshata amele aqwalasele impembelelo yomthetho karhulumente kumalungelo okuhlala kunye. Iqabane elisaphilayo linokunikwa isabelo esinyuliweyo somhlaba weqabane elifileyo phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kodwa kuphela ukuba umtshato uvunyiwe kwelo lizwe. Ukuba isibini sitshatile kwimo eqonda umtshato kodwa idendeki ife kwimeko engakuvumeliyo, iqabane eliseleyo lingashiywa ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunikelwa ngumthetho karhulumente kubahlolokazi nabaziimfelwayo. UAttoney angathetha ngezi ngxaki ngokufaka izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo, uthanda, kwaye uthemba okokubalixela ngokucacileyo ukuba kungenzeka ukuba iqabane eliseleyo lingafangalufumani ukhuseleko olungekho semthethweni, kwaye linikela iindlela ezithile zokuxhasa inkxaso.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemithetho yomtshato karhulumente norhulumente yenye yezona nkalo zinamandla nezinesiphumo somthetho wentsapho yaseMerika. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela ilungelo elisemthethweni lokutshata zonke izibini, kwaye ngoxa iBhunga liye lalungiselela ukukhuselwa ngokwemithetho yomtshato, ukuphikisana okubalulekileyo. Oku kungavisisani kuchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimeko yokubekwa kwerhafu kunye nengenelo yokhuseleko loluntu ukuya kumashishini axhasa ukufuduka kunye namalungelo abazali.

Kubantu abatshatileyo, isikhokelo semeko yomtshato singokuba umtshato asingomsitho omnye osemthethweni oneziphumo ezifanayo. Lulwalamano olusemthethweni olumele luqondwe ngokomo wemithetho engqalileyo yemo apho isibini sihlala khona, urhulumente apho sitshatile khona, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezinika iingenelo ezisekelwe kwimo yomtshato. Ukulungiselela umtshato nokhokelo lobugcisa luyimfuneko kuye nabani na onemigca yomtshato enqamlezayo, enoba kukufuduka, ukuhambela kwelinye ilizwe, okanye ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuncedisa ukuzala. Njengoko ulawulo olusemthethweni luqhubeka lusanda, ukugcinwa ngokupheleleyo nokukhuselwa kwazo zonke izibini ezitshatileyo kuhlala kungumsebenzi wophuhliso, kudinga ingqalelo eqhubekayo kubaxhasi, abaqululeki bemithetho, neenkundla.