Imeko

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente namagunya angorhulumente lusiseko lolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko ngokwawo wazalwa ngenxa yokusilela kweManqaku eSithintelo, awenza urhulumente obuthathaka ophakathi ongakwaziyo ukusingatha iingxaki zesizwe ezifana neSays Region. Abalawuli kwiNgqungquthela yePhiladelphia ngowe-1787 babefuna ukuyila inkqubo eyaneleyo enika urhulumente wesizwe igunya elaneleyo lokusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngelixa ukulondoloza i-IMPUNIC yemimandla njengezinto ezizimeleyo. Olu ngqiniselwano olulu hlobo ludla ngokuchazwa njengolawulo lwesizwe okanye [FLT:] ulawulo loburhulumente [FLT] [FLT:]]

Ekuqaleni, amaphondo ahlala enegunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi yamakhaya, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe wasebenza kwingingqi encinane yamagunya adwelisweyo — ikakhulu ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, iMfazwe Yoluntu ngokusisiseko yaliguqula eli lungiselelo. Ukwenziwa kweZiko lokwandiswa kwe-Reconsolation — ishumi elinesithathu, ishumi elinesine, kunye neshumi elinesihlanu — igunya lolawulo lorhulumente lokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokungenelelana kwezo zivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho. Kwinkulungwane elandelayo, ukufikelela kukarhulumente wamazwe eNtshona Koloni, umbutho wamalungelo oluntu, kunye nolwando lwawo lwezorhwebo. Phezu kwako oko, ukuphakama kombuzo wendlela urhulumente kunye nolawulo oluhlala lungumthombo wengxoxo engomthetho nezopolitiko.

UClaus osisiHloko: Isiseko seGunya loMasipala

Umbhalo

I-Supremacke, ekwi Article VI, Claus 2, isebenza njengelitye elibhaliweyo lamandla karhulumente kumthetho wengingqi ongqubanayo. Ifundeka ngolu hlobo:

“ Lo mGaqo-siseko, kunye neMithetho yaseUnited States eya kwenziwa ePunication yawo; nazo zonke iiNgxelo eziza kwenziwa, okanye eziya kwenziwa, phantsi kweGunya leUnited States, ziya kuba nguMthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe; kwaye abaBagwebi kuzo zonke iiRhulumente baya kubanjwa ngaloo ndlela, nayiphi na iNgxelo yomGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho yayo nayiphi na iRhulumente, ngaphandle kweNxaba.”

Olu lwimi lumisa imigangatho ecacileyo: umthetho karhulumente — xa usebenza phantsi komGaqo-siseko — umiliselo oluchaseneyo nomthetho worhulumente. Igatya libopha wonke umgwebi worhulumente ukuba anyanzelise umthetho karhulumente phezu komthetho karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo yaloo rhulumente. Njengoko kuphawulwe yiNtloko uJohn Marshall kwi Mcloch v. Maryland, iSupremacy Classiaste ayingomthombo wamandla orhulumente ngokwawo kodwa umthetho owenza umthetho wequmrhuluko lubala xa ungquzulane nomthetho wesizwe.

Umbono Wabo Bafana

Abaphathi be-Spremacy Claus baquka u-Supremacy Claus ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente omtsha wesizwe ungenza ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokonakaliswa ngumthetho karhulumente ongqubanayo. Ngaphantsi kweMigaqo yeNkqutyana yeSivumelwano, urhulumente wayedla ngokungazihoyi izicelo nezivumelwano zikarhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe neyasekhaya. Ngokwenza umthetho wesizwe ube ngowona uphakamileyo, umGaqo-siseko ugqibele oko. Noko ke, igalelo lalikwalinganiselwe ngononophelo: ngumthetho owenziwe “kwiPucursu" yeMithetho-mGaqo-siseko — ngokwentsingiselo yemiqatha yamandla karhulumente onikezelweyo — ukufanelekela njengowona negunya elikhulu. Lo mgaqo uthintela iBhunga lombuso kwiphondo elilawula kwimimandla egcinelwe kumazwe phantsi komgaqo-10.

Ukhukuliso: Indlela Imisebenzi Yokuziqhelisa

ISupremacty Claus inyusa imfundiso ye ukukhulula , ethetha xa umthetho wesizwe ususa umthetho karhulumente. Ukuhlangulwa kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye iinkundla zihlaziywa ityala ngalinye ukugqiba injongo yeBhunga.

Phumeza ucimo

Phumeza ukukhululwa kwakho xa umthetho karhulumente uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ukhupha umthetho karhulumente kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, uMqeshwa Womqeshwa Indime Security Act (ERIS) ukhulula ngokucacileyo “yonke imithetho kunye nayo yonke iRhulumente ekwimeko entle njengoko inxulumene okanye emva koko nayiphi na inzuzo yomqeshwa.” Olu lwimi lucacileyo lushiya igumbi elincinci lokuhlaziya okanye elongezelelwe. Ingqungquthela isebenzisa intelekelelo yomgaqo-siseko sobuzwe efana nobhanki, inqwelo-moya, kunye nokhuseleko lwenyukliya.

Ukucinywa: Ungquzulwano kunye nocimo

Kwanaxa iBhunga lingathethi ngokuphandle, iinkundla zingafumanisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthe walahlwa ngokucacileyo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezincinci:

  • [[FLT: 0] Intethelelo ecacileyo ivela xa kungenakwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni ukuthobela zombini umthetho wesizwe noworhulumente, okanye xa umthetho karhulumente umi njengomqobo ekuphumezweni ngokupheleleyo kweenjongo zikarhulumente. GEier v. American Honda Motter Co. [2000], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ifuna ukubhabhaza-bhaza okuchasene nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko karhulumente evumela abakhi bobu tyolobo.
  • ukhukuliso olukwindawo ebanzi luyasebenza xa iBhunga lilawula jikelele kummandla kangangokuba lingashiyi thuba lolwandiso lombuso. Umzekelo, urhulumente wezwe uthatha lonke ukhuseleko lwenyukliya ngoMthetho we-Atomic Energy Act, intsingiselo yamazwe akanakumisela imilinganiselo yemitha yalo kwizitya zamandla.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilumkise ngokungeyonto ingenayo ilahleko, ingakumbi kwiindawo zobuzwe obungokwesithethe obunenkxalabo enjengempilo nokhuseleko. Meditronic, Inc. v. Lohr (1996], iNkundla yagxininisa ingcamango echasene nokukhululwa kwemihlaba elawulwa ngamazwe ngokwembali.

Uphawu lwelizwe lwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo eliTshaba

[[UMTL:0] McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Eli tyala lavavanya umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente kunye nokusetyenziswa kweSupremacy Claus. Xa uMaryland wazama ukuhlawula iBhanki eqeshwe ngurhulumente eUnited States, uMgwebi omkhulu uMarshall wagqiba kwelokuba “amandla erhafu abandakanya amandla okutshabalalisa.” Wathi awanakukwazi ukuhlawula amagunya asemthethweni kuba loo rhafu iSupremacy Claus. [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]] uMculloch wamisela imfundiso yezomthetho kubanziwa yimithetho yezokuba i-[FLT:]:: iingqungquthela zingasebenzisa zonke ezithetha ukuba “ziyimfuneko kwaye zifanele ukuthwala amandla ayo. Le nkcazelo isetyenziswa ekulungiseni i-glone. Le nkcazelo isetyenziswa ekulungiseni i-grountsty, ukuxhasa ukuququququm, ukusetyenziswa kwemigrorhorho.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Eli tyala lalithetha ngobukhulu bamandla eBhunga phantsi kweCommunicane Claus. INew York yagunyazisa ukulawula isikhephe esinomphunga emanzini ayo, kodwa umthetho karhulumente wagunyazisa iGibbons ukuba isebenze ngendlela enye. INkundla ePhakamileyo yangqubana nolawulo lorhulumente, ilawula ukuba amandla okulawula ushishino lwezoshishino “aphelele ngokwayo” kwaye nawuphi na umthetho karhulumente ongqubana nomthetho wesizwe kufuneka unikezele. [[FLT: 0] Gibbons Gibbons [[FLT]] wabeka isiseko sokuqonda kwale mihla yoqoqosho lwezoqoqosho.

Ukushicilela uz v. United States (1997)

Asiyiyo yonke imithetho karhulumente enandipha ubungangamsha. Ukushicilela u-, iNkundla yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyafuna ukuba amagosa omthetho karhulumente aqhube uvavanyo lwesiqalo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wequmrhu akanako “umyaleli” wamagosa anegunya ukunyanzelisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwamagunya karhulumente. Lo mgaqo wokulwa nomthetho ochasene nomthetho, osekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko we-10, ulinganisela ukufikelela kobukhulu borhulumente ngokukhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente phezu kwabaphathi bawo.

[[UMTL:0] Arizona v. United States (202)

Kwityala elikhulu lokufuduka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yahlola iS.B. 1070, eyayifuna ukwenza umthetho womgangatho wokufuduka karhulumente. INkundla yabetha isithathu kwimiqathango emine, ibambe ukuba inkqubo yokufuduka ngumhlaba osetyenziswa ngumthetho wequmrhu elingurhulumente jikelele. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisiwe ukuba amagosa akakwazi ukwenza inkqubo ehambelanayo yokunyanzelisa engqubana nezinto eziphambili zikarhulumente. Noko ke, iNkundla yaphakamisa “ukundibonisa amaphepha akho” ilungiselelo elisebusweni bayo, nangona yalumkisa ukuba ingabangwa ukuba kamva xa isetyenziswa kwindlela yokulawula idiski. Oku kubonisa indlela uSupremacle anokuthi angayimisela ngayo inyathelo lokumisela umthetho xa ethetha ukuba“ uncedisa umthetho karhulumente.

IFederal of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Ityala leAffordal Care Act, esi sigqibo sasibizwa ngokuba yityala leAffordal Care Act, ukuba umthetho karhulumente unokunyanzela amazwe ukuba andise iMedicaid phantsi kwesisongelo sokuphulukana nemali ekhoyo. Inkundla yathi ingxengxezo enjalo yaphula umthetho woMgqibo weshumi elinesiThandezi ngenxa yokuba yashiya amaphondo kungekho khetho lokwenene. Ngoxa igunya lomntu ngamnye laxhaswa njengerhafu (kungekho phantsi koMphathi-Msebenzi ka-Clauska), ulwando lweMedicaid lwawiswa ukuba lungalawulwa ngokusemthethweni. Eli tyala libonisa ukuba ulawulo lorhulumente urhulumente urhulumente uzama ukusebenzisa igunya elifanelekileyo lolawulo.

Iindawo Zoxinezeleko

Izixeko Ezingcwele Nezonxibo

Umthetho wolwando ude waba yindawo enkulu. Ngelixesha i-Arizona v. United States iqinisekisiwe ubungangamsha bolawulo lwamazwe, amanye amazwe kunye nezixeko ziye zamkela “imigaqo-nkqubo emisela intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kwelizwe. Urhulumente worhulumente usongele ukugatya ukuyeka ukunikezela imigaqo enjalo, ikhokelela ekucinezeleni kwimida yokuhlawula imibandela ethile. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zihlala zahlulwe enoba urhulumente uyakwazi ukudibanisa iimeko zokugcinwa kwemiqathango yokufuduka kwimibutho yabantu kwimibutho esekelwe kwimiqathango yomthetho. USupremacree uzinqumla zombi iindlela apha: umthetho womthetho ungakhupha urhulumente othile, kodwa ukhusela umgaqo womgaqo wolawulo malunga nendlela yokuzinzisa iimpahla zawo.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Nangona ulwahlulo lwemithetho-siseko lomya wesiChwephesha njengeSedyuli Ndilawula uMthetho oLawulweyo, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa unyango kunye ne-cannabis. Urhulumente wesizwe uye wamkela inkqubo yokunganyanzeli kwe-metalrada njenge Cole Memory (ngoku irhoxisiwe) kunye neRohracer-Modelrantementment, nto leyo ethintela iSebe leJaji ukuba lingasebenzisi imali ekungeneni nemithetho yezonyango yezamayeza nezokuzonwabisa. Noko ke, imithetho yombuso ayiwuvumeli umthetho we-Clauscasme ithetha ukuba abatshutshisi borhulumente banokuwunyanzelisela umlomo. Oku kudala ukuvavalwa okuntsonko lwemeko oluntsonkothileyo, ii-Rokerbank, nabasebenzisi bayo. Umthetho ujongene ngokomthetho njengomthetho we-SAFE Act, kodwa awusayina isala umgaqo-sombululo.

Ukuzinziswa konyango

Ulawulo lwempilo lulawulo lwegunya likarhulumente kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente olungenayo. Umthetho we-Affordal Care Act, umzekelo, useke imilinganiselo karhulumente ye-inshorensi kodwa uvunyelwe amazwe ukuba aqhube iintengiso zawo aze andise uMdicaid ngokuzithandela. Xa amazwe awavumayo ukwandisa iMedicaid, urhulumente wesizwe kwafuneka axhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali ngqo esetyenziswa ngurhulumente ngokugqithisileyo. Imfazwe yokungalawulekiyo iyenzeka ngenxa yeziyobisi, imiyalelo ye-inshorensi, kunye nemithetho ye-telemedicine. Umzekelo, ukuvunywa kwe-FDA yeziyobisi ngokuqhelekileyo kulula urhulumente ukuba athethe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba anyanzele imilinganiselo engqongqo yokhuseleko. Kodwa amagunya aphambili agcina igunya ekusetyenzisweni kwezonyango, adala ingxhulumali eqhubekayo.

Imigangatho yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ngomnye umgaqo-nkqubo wesithintelo sokuzimela. ICeaner Air Act ivumela ukuba kumiselwe imithetho engqongqo yokukhupha ukhupho kunemithetho karhulumente — iKhalifoniya, umzekelo, inesithinteli esikhethekileyo sokulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi yemoto. Noko ke, ulawulo lweTrump lwazama ukuphelisa ukupheliswa kweKhalifoniya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekumangalelweni. INkundla ePhakathi i-Oyena uPhakamileyo i-Coopera Deart i-Act i-more ikhupha inkathazo yomthetho eqhelekileyo echasene negesi efudukayo. Ngokuphikisana noko, kumatyala uMassussettss v. [[FLT:] [2001] [2001], iNkuNkundla ekwathiwabela ukuba i-omatilo-mo elawula i-ase. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka ukuguqula imo-moyenzibo-mo ye-moye-yonga.

Ukulungelelana Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla

I-Daal Federalism iphikisana nemanyano

Ababhali-mbali badla ngokuchaza uburhulumente baseMerika njengobutshintshayo phakathi kwemizekelo emibini. ulawulo lwe-avalism , olulawulayo phambi kwe-New Deal, olutyunjwe ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente abahlukeneyo njengamasebe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yamisela imiqathango engqongqo kwigunya lesizwe, igalela imithetho efana nomthetho wokuqala wolawulo lwabantwana. Ukuqala ngo-1930, iNkuNkundla yaqhubela phambili kulawulo lwamazwe urhulumente , apho urhulumente umisela inkqubo ebanzi kwaye umisela ukuba imigaqo yesizwe iphumelele ngolawulo olugunyaze lwesizwe. Iinkqubo ezifana neMidi, uMthetho wamanzi ococekileyokuqala noNtolikiwokunye umgaqo we-Chovelcer Ser Movelmple. Umthetho wesizwe uphando olawulayo

Imikhwa Neengxaki Zale Mihla

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zakutshanje ziye zavuselela imida yamandla karhulumente, ingakumbi ngemfundiso echasene nomyalelo (njengaku ] Shicilelaz) kunye nokucaciswa okumxinwa kweCommerce Claus (njengoko ku]] United States/[FLT]][3]] kunye [[FLT]] United States v. Morrison [[FL:5]]). Ngelixesha elinye, urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente uyaqhubeka esebenzisa igunya elikhulu kakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kwalo, ukuhlawula irhafuthelo, namandla , namazwe angaphandle. ENtshona Koloni athe , asabela ngokunyuka komthetho kwiindawo eziqwalaselweyo, ukukhokelela koko “kumazwe oluntu. [FLT]

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Komkhwa KaClaus

Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwamagunya karhulumente namagunya karhulumente kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kuSinyuko sikaClaus kunye nokutolikwa kwaso kwetyala. Eli binzana liqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ukho kwimimandla esemthethweni yenkxalabo yesizwe, ukanti awuyicimi indima yolawulo lukarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekuxambuliseni iimfazwe ivelise iqumrhu elinomthetho olingana umanyano lwesizwe nolwahlukaniso lwasekuhlaleni. Njengoko iUnited States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha — ukusuka kwi-i - Internet ukuphembelela ingxwaleko — unxulumano lwesizwe kunye namandla karhulumente luya kuqhubeka lubumbanisa ulawulo lohlanga. ISupremacle ihlala ingumthetho olungele ulungele ulungelelwaniso olukhoyo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga i Constitution Anotedion’s uhlalutyo lweSupremacy Claus. Iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezifana [FLT]][FLT]]]Mcloch v. Maryland[[FLT][4][FLT]] kunye ][iiinteleging'. United States[FLT:][5] inikeza umongo obalulekileyo. [ngentlalo, bona imfundiso [FLT:]